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宾语从句定义在句中充当宾语的从句称为宾语从句L连接词
2.连接词是否有意义是否做成分是否可以省略在不影响句意的情无意义that况下，可省略从属连词不作成分，从句完整有意义，不可省略whether,if“是否”who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,连接代词作成分，从句不完整whichever,whatever有意义不可省略when,where,why,how连接副词作状语，句子完整引导的宾语从句
3.that引导宾语从句时，由于只起连接作用，本身没有意义,所以常常省略，特别是在that believe,等动词的后面think,know,sayEg:He believedthat thatman wasa criminal.The girlknows thather parentswont lieto her.Do youthink thatour teamwill win the game.There is no doubtthat its going to rain soon.引导的宾语从句
4.if whether⑴、引导宾语从句时，意为“是否”,不可省略if whetherEg:I dont know if/whether hewill come.Bill wonderedif/whether hecould getsome advicefrom his friends.一般情况下，和可互换使用，但在以下情况通常用不用2if whetherwhether,if
①当宾语从句位于主句之前Eg:Whether they can helpyou,Km notsure.
②与连用时orEg:I wonderwhether hewill pickme upor not.
③与动词不定式连用时Eg:They dontdecide whetherto visittheir teachers.状语从句定义在句中充当状语成分的从句
1.分类初中阶段主要学习了大状语从句，分别是时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状
2.9语从句，比较状语从句，方式状语从句，条件状语从句，让步状语从句，目的状语从句，结果状语从句⑴时间状语从句时间状语从句用来表示主句动作发生的时间，常用when,while,as,as soonas,before,等引导after,until,till,since引导的时间状语从句
①When,while,as连接词意义特点从句的谓语动词既可以是持续性动词，也可当……时when以是瞬息性动词从句的谓语动词只可以是持续性动词，常表while当.・…时示主从句的动作同时发生as当.・…时，一边..…一边……强调主从句动作同时进行Eg:We werehaving dinnerwhen therainstorm came.Ill callyou whenits arranged.While thechildren wereplaying with the toys,their motherwas watchingTV.Bruce becamehappy as he sawhisfriends.引导的时间状语从句
②as soonas意为“一……就……”,引导的时间状语从句一般用现在时表示将来意义as soonas Eg:Ill writeto youas soonas Iarrive inFrance.As soonashesaw us,he ranto shakehands with us.引导的时间状语从句
③before意为“在……之前”，引导的时间状语的动作发生在主句动作之后beforeEg:Before Igo to bed,I alwaysbrush myteeth.We waiteda longtime beforewe goton theplane.引导的时间状语从句
④after意为“在……之后”，引导的时间状语的动作发生在主句动作之前afterEg:After therain stopped,we wentdown themountain.I feltbetter afterI talked with myparents.引导的时间状语从句
⑤until,till和意为“直到”，很多时候可以互换使用用于肯定句时，主句谓语动词是until till持续性动词；用于否定句时;主句谓语动词用瞬息性动词需要注意的是可用于until句首，不用于句首tillEg:We stayedat the hotel until/till thestrong winddied down.I didntgo tobed until/till myson cameback home.Until youtold me,I didnt know anythingof thenews.引导的时间状语从句
⑥since意为“自从……以来”，常与现在完成时连用sinceEg:It hasbeen tenyears sincewe lastmet eachother.My grandmahas livedhere sinceshe wasa littlegirl.地点状语从句2表示位置或方向的从句叫地点状语从句，主要由等引导，意为“在……地where,wherever方，在任何……地方”Eg:Wherever yougo,I will be herewaiting foryou.Where there is awill,thereis a way.原因状语从句3在句中作原因状语的从句叫作原因状语从句，常由等引导because,since,as意为“因为”，引导原因状语从句口寸，语气最强，表示直接原因
①becauseEg:He gaveup hisjob becausehe couldntstand hisboss.引导原因状语从句时意为“既然，由于语气比弱
②since becauseEg:Since everyone is here,lets discussabout ourworking plan.引导原因状语从句时意为“因为，既然，由于，语气不如、强
③as becauseasEg:As she was shy,she hadfew friends.⑷比较状语从句在句中作比较状语的句子叫作比较状语从句主要由等引导as,thanEg:Her foreignfriend speaksChinese asfluently asshe does.Tom isnot so/as outgoingas Peteris.He canearn moremoney thanyou can.⑸方式状语从句描述主句中动作或状态发生的方式或方法的从句叫作方式状语从句，主要由as,as if,as though引导引导方式状语从句时，意为“按照、正如、像、如同”
①asEg:You mustdo asI require.Everything happenedas thedetective expected.Friction isnot alwaysa badthing as you mightthink.Water is to fishas airis toman.引导的方式状语从句时，意为“似乎，好像”，
②as if,as though引导的方式状语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示所说的情况不是现as if,as though实Eg:He spokeas ifhe werethe ownerof thishouse.但是当说表示的情况是事实或者实现的可能性较大时，从句用陈述语气Eg:The skyis darkas if itsgoing torain.条件状语从句6表示条件或前提的从句叫作条件状语从句主要由等引导if,unless,as/so longas引导条件状语从句时，意为“如果”
①ifEg:If youget up late,you willmiss thetrain.
②unless引导条件状语从句时、意为“除非.・…否则……”Eg:Unless you are famousenough,you wontreceive aninvitation.引导条件状语从句时，意为“只要”
③as/so longasEg:As/so longasyoustick toyour dream,youll makeit cometrue oneday.⑺让步状语从句表示主句中的某一动作或状态与从句中的某一动作或状态在意义上有部分矛盾主要由等弓导although,though,even if/though,whatever whichever,whenever,wherever,whoever I意为“尽管,虽然”，不与连用
①although/though butEg:Although/though hetried hisbest,he failedin theend.意为“即使,尽管
②even if/thoughEg:Even if/though Isee itwith myeyes,I cantbelieve it.弓导让步状语从句时，相当于3whatever,whichever,whenever,wherever,whoever I“nomatter+wh-Eg:Whatever youwant,Ill giveit toyou.=No matterwhat youwant,KII giveit toyou.Wherever mysister visits,she willsend mea postcard.=No matterwhere mysister visits,she willsend mea postcard.Whichever adviceyou take,you/ll benefitfrom it.=No matterwhich adviceyou take,you/ll benefitfrom it.目的状语从句8表示主句中的动作或状态发生的目的或动机，引导目的状语从句的连词主要有以便，so that为了等in orderthatEg:I decideto workharder so that/in orderthat I can getbetter grades.Ill playthe videoagain so that/in orderthat you can noticethe difference.结果状语从句9结果状语从句表示主句中某一动作或状态所产生的结果，引导结果状语从句的连接词有so等that,so...that,such...that意为“因此，以致于
①so thatEg:He wasoften absentso thathe didntpass the exam.……意为如此……以致于”
②s that形容词/副词so++thatEg:I wasso hungrythat Iate threeapples.The thiefran sofast thatno onecould catchhim.名词so+many/much/few/little++thatEg:We hadso littlemoney thatwe couldafford anew car.There areso manytrees that the airis fresh.意为“如止匕……以致于”
③such…that可数名词单数such+a/an++thatEg:He issuch alazy manthat hisroom isalways in a mess.可数名词复数/不可数名词such++thatEg:Smart phoneshave became such importanttools thatwe carrythem withus allthe time.He gavemesuchgood advicethat Ifinished thetask easily.练习
1.Gray isgoingtogive awaysome foodto thefood bank,he isnot richenough.A.if B.unless C.since D.though
2.Jimmy hasbeen in the companyfor twoyears hegraduated.A.when B.since C.as soonas D.as
3.Youd bettermake a list yougo to the supermarket.A.before B.during C.until D.after
4.She raisedher voiceeveryone in the roomcould hearher.A.sothat B.as soonas C.no matterD.even though
5.He willwash hishands atonce hegets home.A.so B.as soonas C.because D.though
6.I walkedinto office,!saw himsitting onmy chair.A.While B.When C.lf D.Because
1.1ts quitecommon inBritain tosay/zThank you^tothedrivers_people getoff thebus.A.before B.since C.until D.unless
8.Her youngestson isyoung hecant dresshimself.A.too;to B.so;that C.such;that D.very;that
9.-Did youcall Saraback-I didntneed to,well have a meetingtogether tonight.A.though B.unless C.because D.if
10.Lucy knewlittle about the bookshe readit yesterdayafternoon.A.if B.since C.until D.because
11.Miss Whitehas ahabit ofbrushing histeeth shehas supper.A.after B.before C.because D.since
12._it isoften coldinthemountains,you needto wearwarm clothes.A.Though B.Unless C.As D.until
13.You willsee manychildren playingtogether on the squareifitintheevening.A.doesnt rainB.rains C.will rainD.wont rain
14.my cousinis very young,she canhelp withthe housework.A.Once;/B.Though;but C.AIthough;/D.Because;/
15.Erics motheris gettingold.He will go backhome to see herit isconvenient.A.because B.whenever C.although D.unless
16.We didntenjoy theday theweather wasso bad.A.because B.though C.unless D.till
17.Mr Blackhas taughtus mathwe came to thisschool.A.for B.since C.before D.when
18.One importantaim ofour schoolistoprepare usfor thefuture we can faceall thechallengeswith confidence.A.so farB.sothat C.even if D.if only
19.The situationwill becomeworse andworse wetake measures.A.since B.if C.until D.unless
20.You can use Englishor Chineseyou travelin Singapore.A.whether B.whatever C.where D.if
④作介词的宾语时Eg:It dependson whether wecanget thepermission.连接代词引导的宾语从句
5.连接代词具有意义，除了连接who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whichever,whatever主从句外，还在从句中充当句子成分，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语
①在宾语从句中作主语Eg:A childknows wholoves himtruly.The policemenfound outwhat causedthe accident.
②在宾语从句中作宾语Eg:They wantto knowwhich helikes best.He believedwhatever hisbrother said.
③在宾语从句中作表语Eg:Do youknow whohe isI dont carewhose itis.
④在宾语从句中作定语Eg:Idon/tknowwhich bookis Lilys.The littlegirl wanderedwhose candyit was.连接副词引导的宾语从句
6.连接副词具有意义，除了连接主从句外，还在从句中充当地点、时when,where,why,how间、原因、方式方法、程度等状语Eg:His parentsdidnt decidewhen theywere goingto leave.He realizedwhere heleft hiswallet.I wonderedwhy mywatch didntwork.She wantsto know how weget there.Most villagersknowhowdeep theriver is.宾语从句的语序
7.宾语从句的连接词位于从句句首，从句用陈述语序Eg:The reportertold mewhere thescientist lived.Foreigners arealways askedwhat Chinesefood theylike best.All thestudents wantto knowif theart festivalwill beheld.宾语从句的时态
8.从句的谓语动词与主句的谓语动词要保持时态一致，一般遵循以下原则当主句是现在时态时，从句可用任何所需要的的时态，不受主句时态的限制和影响1Eg:He thinkshis sisteris verysmart.Many peopleguess thisregulation willtake effectsoon.She doesntbelieve herhusband liedto her.当主句是过去时态时，从句需使用相应的时态2
①当主从句的动作同时发生Eg:I onlyknew he was studyinginawestern country,but I didntknowwhich countryhewasin.
②当主句动作先发生，从句动作后发生Eg:He promisedhe wouldgo tothe movieswithus
③当主句动作后发生，从句动作先发生Eg:Ben saidhe hadfinished readingthe book.
④当从句表示客观真理或事实Eg:My fathertold methe moontravels aroundthe earth.宾语从句的否定转移
9.当主句的主语是第
一、三人称，且谓语动词是表示“想、认为”等意义的词，如think,believe,等，从句的否定一般要转移到主句中suppose,expectEg:I dontthink heis honest.He doesntbelieve hecan passtheexam.宾语从句中不能省略的情况
10.that当引导两个或两个以上宾语从句时，只有第一个可以省略1that thatEg:I realizethat Imin chargeand thateveryone acceptsmy leadership.介词后的宾语从句中不能省略2thatEg:The movieis unsatisfactoryin thatit doesnthaveahappy ending.⑶当作形式宾语，后面的不能省略it thatEg:Some studentsconsider itdifficult that theycanlearn mathwell.当宾语从句的主语是、或被、修饰时，连接词不可以省略4this thatthis thatthatEg:The teachersaid thatthis wordcouldnt beused likethat.练习
1.-What didhe sayjust now-He askedA.if theywould meetat10oclock B.when wouldthey startC.thattheywould takesome foodD.how theywill getthere
2.-Im goingto buya computer.Any advice-Well,it dependson.A.when willyou buyone B.what colordo youlikeC.how muchyoucanafford D.where areyou driving
3.-can youtell meA.what thelion likeseating B.why thelion looksunhappyC.when thelion wasborn D.where thelion comesfrom-Africa.4-Id liketo knowA.whetherwewill gocamping B.where wewill gocamping-Maybe inthe forest.C.whether willwe gocamping D.where willwe gocamping
5.Could youtell mea momentagoA.what werethey talkingabout B.what arethey talkingaboutC.what theywere talkingabout D.what theyare talkingabout
6.-Ididn/t seeDavid thismorning.Do youknow hewasnt atschool-He wasill.A.how B.whether C.when D.why
7.-Im sorrytobelate.-Could youtell meA.why youare lateagain Bwhy areyou lateagainC.what wereyou doingD.who didyou talk with
8.-Could you please tell me youwillgoto worktomorrow-Sure.Ill takea bus.A whetherB.why C.when D.how
9.Eric toldmetobe inBeijing again.A.how happyhewasB.how he happy wasC.how happywas heD.how washehappy
10.1knew thatthe sunintheeast whenI wasveryyoung.川A.w riseB.rose C.rise D.rises
11.-Do youknow hewould besuccessful ornot-Sorry,Ive noidea.A.that B.whether C.ifD.which
12.She wantsto know_.A.whether ornot willhe comeB.whether ornot hewill comeC.if ornot hewill comeD.if ornot willhe come
13.Lily toldher friendsthat shea coughfor threedays.A.has B.had hadC.had caughtD.has had14-We canuse We-chat totalkwith eachother onthe phone.-Really Willyoupleaseshow meA.how canI useB.how Ican useC.how canI useit D.how Icanuseit15-Your dressis quitebeautiful.Could youtellme-In theshop behindmy company.A.where didyou buyit B.where youbought itC.why didyou buyit D.why youbought it定语从句定义
1.充当定语作用的从句，用于限制、描绘或说明主句中某一个名词、代词或整个句子先行词
2.被定语从句修饰的对象称为先行词关系词
3.引导定语从句的词叫作关系词关系词分为关系代词和关系副词先行词所作成分指人指物主语宾语表语定语状语thatwhichwho关系代词whom qwhoseasq等day,year,date,timewhen时间名词关系等地place,city,Beijing副词qwhere点名词why reason分类:
4.按定语从句与其先行词的关系，分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与其先行词的关系密切，其间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与其先行词的关系比较松散，其间要用逗号隔开关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
5.关系代词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分当关系代词作宾语时，通常可省略（作主语）Eg:The manwho/that isstanding underthe treeis ournew Englishteacher.（）（作宾吾）I boughtthis bookwhich/that Ithought wasinteresting.t（作表吾）The cityisnolonger the same asit was.i（作定语）Bill doesntlike thehouse whosewindow isbroken.关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
6.关系副词在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点、原因等Eg:I still remember theday whenwe metfor thefirst time.They bookedthehotelwhere theystayed lastsummer holiday.The teacherdidnt acceptthe reasonwhy hewas lateagain.非限制性定语从句
7.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有关系副词有和as,which,who,whom,whose;whenwhere.Eg:As weall know,water willturn intoice whenthe temperatureis belowzero.My grandpa,who isover eighty,exercises everyday.Many peopleare used to stayinguplate,which isbad for their health.Jimmy knewthe boy,whom Italkedwithjust now.Frank visiteda smallfarm,where hisfather workedtwenty years ago.关系代词和关系副词的选择
8.从句缺少成分，则选择关系代词1从句不缺成分，则选择关系副词2Eg:They talkedabout thecity thesinger helda concert.A.whose B.that C.where D./解析从句不缺成分，因此需选择关系副词C.where.They talkedaboutthecity wasfamous asa tradecenter.A.whose B.that C.where D./解析从句缺少主语，因此需选择关系代词，且根据句意应选择B.that.关系代词和用法辨析
9.that which和在定语从句中都可指物，且可作主语或宾语一般情况下，和可互that which that which换使用，但在以下情况却不可互换⑴用不用的情况that which1当先行词既有指人，又有指物的名词时Eg:Little Cindyis lookingatthethings andpeople that are aroundher.They madealistof themovies and the actorsthat wonprizes.2当先行词是some,any,all,none,everything等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时Eg:You canborrow anybook thatyouare interested in.I wantto buyall that I need.
③当先行词是形容词最高级、序数词或被这类词修饰时Eg:This isthe biggestbox that Icanfind.4当先行词被thesame,the only,the very,the next,the last修饰时Eg:The lastperson thatgets herewillbepunished.She wasthe onlystudent thatpassed theexam.5当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时Eg:Who wasthe girlthat waitedfor thebus withyouWhich of the pensthatareonthedesk isyours⑵用不用的情况whichthat
①非限制性定语从句中Eg:There is something wrongwiththecomputer,which wasbought bymy fatherfour yearsago.
②先行词是时thatEg:Whats thatwhich isnext tomy dictionary
③在定语从句中作介词的宾语时Eg:I forgotthe dateon whichwe met.关系代词和用法辨析
10.that who和在定语从句中都可指人，且可作主语或宾语一般情况下，和可互换that whothat who使用，但在以下情况用不用who,that先行词是指人的不定代词如等时1one,ones,anyone,nobody,everyoneEg:He wasthe onewho brokethe window.Everyone whoreceives aninvitation cancome tothe party.⑵先行词是指人的thoseEg:Those whoareintrouble needsome advice.⑶结构中主语是指人的名词There beEg:There weretwo womenwho wantedtoseeyou.练习
1.The catplayed withyour daughterjust nowis.A.which;mine B.which;my C.what;mine D.what;my
2.Everyone hasbeen tomy hometownsays itisabeautiful village.A.why B.whose C.who D.which
3.This isthe middleschool Istudied twelveyearsago.A.where B.when C.that D.which
4.The manmakes abig differencein mylife ismy father.A.which B.who C.whom D.what
5.Its badfor healthto hurryto moveinto ahouse hasnew furniturein it.A.who B.where C.that D.what
6.Being disabledissomethingmany peoplecan*t accept.A.Who B.what C.that D.whom
7.-Do youknow theoneishelping theold mancross theroad-No.But hownice heis!A.which B.who C.whom D.that
8.The houseChairman Maousedtolive isnow amuseum.A.which B.that C.in which D.there
9.Yesterday Mangowent tothe townshe wasborn.A.when B.which C.where D.that
10.Ill neverforget thelesson lastyear.A.thatIlearn B.thatIlearned C.what Ilearn D.what Ilearned
11.1love theuniversity I have studiedin forfour years.A.where B.when C.that D.who
12.-What areyou lookingforIm lookingforthewatch_I boughtyesterday.A.which B.who C.whose D.when13-Look!That isthe girlI metyesterday.-She ismy daughter.A.what B.who C.where D.when
14.Please enterinto thehouse dooris white.A.which B.its C.whose D.what
15.1stillrememberthe collegeandtheteachers Ivisited inLondon yearsago.A.what B.who C.that D.which
16.Winter isthe timeoftheyear thedays areshort andthe nightsare long.A.when B.that C.where D.which
17.It isone ofthe mostinteresting moviesIhaveever watched.A.that B.which C.what D.whom
18.You cantalkwithanyone youthink isfriendly.A.thatB.whom C.whichD.who
19.He doesntknow thatrule_everybody knows.A.which B.who C.what D.whom
20.The novelwas writtenby MoYan wonthe NobelPrize inliterature.A.who B.thatC.when D.what。
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