考研英语一试题及答案（2）

）考研英语一试题及答案（2Text3Up untila fewdecades ago,our visionsof the future werelargely-though byno meansuniformly-glowingly positive.Science and technology wouldcure allthe illsof humanity,leadingto livesof fulfillmentand opportunityfor all.Now utopiahas grownunfashionable,as we have gainedadeeper appreciationof therange ofthreats facingus,from asteroidstriketo epidemicflu and to climate change.You mighteven betemptedto assumethat humanityhas littlefuture tolook forwardto.But suchgloominess ismisplaced.The fossilrecord showsthatmany specieshave enduredfor millionsof years-so whyshouldnt1we Takea broaderlook atour speciesplace in the universe,and itbecomesclear thatwe havean excellentchance ofsurviving fortens,if nothundreds,of thousandsof years.Look upHomo sapiensin the-Red Listof threatenedspecies of the InternationalUnion fortheConversation ofNature IUCN,and youwill read:Listed asLeastConcern asthe speciesis verywidely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and thereare nomajor threatsresulting inan1overall populationdecline.So whatdoes ourdeep futurehold Agrowing number ofresearchers andorganizations are now thinkingseriously aboutthatquestion.For example,the LongNow Foundationhas itsflagshipproject amedical clockthat isdesigned tostill bemarking timethousandsof yearshence.Perhaps willfully,it maybe easierto thinkabout suchlengthytimescales thanabout the more immediatefuture.The potentialevolutionof todaystechnology,and itssocial consequences,isdazzlingly complicated,and itsperhaps bestleft toscience fictionwritersand futurologiststo explorethe manypossibilities wecanenvisage.Thafs onereason whywe havelaunched Arc,a newpublicationdedicated to the nearfuture.But takea longerview and there isa surprisingamount thatwecan saywith considerableassurance.As sooften,the pastholds thekeyto thefuture:wehavenow identifiedenough of the long-termpatterns shapingthe historyof theplanet,and ourspecies,to makeevidence-based forecastsabout thesituations inwhich ourdescendantswill findthemselves.This longperspective makesthe pessimisticview ofourprospects seemmore likelyto bea passingfad.To besure,thefuture is not allrosy.But we arenowknowledgeable enoughtoreduce manyof therisks thatthreatened theexistence ofearlierhumans,andtoimprove thelot ofthose tocome.

31.Our visionof thefuture usedto beinspired by[A]our desirefor livesof fulfillment[B]our faithin scienceandtechnology[C]our awarenessof potentialrisks[D]our beliefin equalopportunityZ

32.The IUCNs RedList suggestthat humanbeing are[A]a sustainedspecies[B]a threatentotheenvironment7[C]the worlds dominantpower[D]a misplacedrace

33.Which of the followingis trueaccording toParagraph5[A]Arc helpslimit thescope offuturological studies.[B]Technology offerssolutions tosocial problem.[C]The interestin sciencefiction ison therise.[D]Our Immediatefuture ishard toconceive.

34.To ensurethefutureof mankind,it iscrucial to[A]explore ourplanet sabundant resources[B]adopt anoptimistic viewoftheworld[C]draw onour experiencefrom thepast[D]curb ourambition toreshape history

35.Which ofthe followingwould bethe besttitle forthe text[A]Uncertainty aboutOur Future[B]Evolution ofthe HumanSpecies[C]The Ever-bright Prospectsof Mankind[D]Science,Technology andHumanityText4On afive tothree vote,the SupremeCourt knockedout muchof Arizona s immigration lawMonday-a modestpolicy victoryforthe ObamaAdministration.But on themoreimportant matterofthe Constitution,the decisionwas an8-0defeat forthe,Administration seffort toupset thebalance ofpower betweenthefederal governmentand the states.In Arizonav.United States,the majorityoverturned threeof thefourcontested provisionsof Arizonas controversialplan tohavestate andlocal policeenforce federal immigration law.TheConstitutional principlesthat Washingtonalone hasthe powerto〃establish auniform Ruleof Naturalizationand thatfederal lawsprecedestate lawsare noncontroversial.Arizona hadattempted tofashionstate policiesthat ranparallel tothe existingfederal ones.Justice AnthonyKennedy,joined byChief JusticeJohn Roberts7and theCourt sliberals,ruled that thestateflew tooclose tothefederal sun.On theoverturned provisionsthe majorityheld thecongresshad deliberatelyoccupied thefield”and Arizonahad thus7intruded onthe federals privilegedpowers.However,the Justicessaid that Arizona policewould beallowedto verifythe legalstatus ofpeople whocome incontact withlawenforcement.That sbecause Congresshas alwaysenvisioned jointfederal-state immigration enforcement andexplicitly encouragesstateofficers toshare informationand cooperatewith federalcolleagues.Two ofthe threeobjecting Justice-Samuel Alitoand ClarenceThomas-agreed withthis Constitutionallogic butdisagreed aboutwhichArizona rulesconflicted withthe federal statute.The onlymajorobjection camefrom JusticeAntonin Scalia,who offeredaneven morerobust defenseof stateprivileges goingback totheAlien andSedition Acts.The8-0objection toPresident Obamaturns onwhat Justice/zSamuel Alitodescribes inhis objectionas ashocking assertionoffederal executivepower”.The WhiteHouse arguedthatArizonaslaws conflictedwith itsenforcement priorities,even ifstate lawscompliedwith federalstatutes tothe letter.In effect,the WhiteHouseclaimed thatit couldinvalidate anyotherwise legitimatestatelaw thatit disagreeswith.Some powersdo belongexclusively tothe federalgovernment,and controlof citizenshipand theborders isamong them.But ifCongresswanted toprevent statesfrom usingtheir ownresourcesto checkimmigration status,it could.It neverdid so.Thezadministration wasin essenceasserting thatbecause itdidn twantto carryout Congress simmigrationwishes,no stateshould beallowedto doso either.Every Justicerightly rejectedthisremarkable claim.

736.Three provisionsofArizonas planwere overturnedbecausethey[A]deprived the federal policeof Constitutionalpowers.[B]disturbed the power balancebetween differentstates.[C]overstepped theauthority offederalimmigration law.[D]contradicted boththefederaland statepolicies.

37.On whichofthefollowing didthe Justicesagree,accordingto Paragraph4[A]Federal officersduty towithhold immigrantsInformation.[B]States independencefrom federalimmigrationlaw.1[C]States legitimaterole inimmigration enforcement.7[D]Congresssintervention inimmigrationenforcement

38.It canbe inferredfrom Paragraph5that theAlien andSeditionActs[A]violated theConstitution.[B]undermined the states interests.[C]supported thefederalstatute.[D]stood infavor ofthe states.

39.The WhiteHouse claimsthat itspower ofenforcement[A]outweighs thatheld bythestates.7[B]is dependentonthestates support[C]is establishedby federalstatutes.[D]rarely goesagainst statelaws.

40.What canbe learnedfrom thelast paragraph[A]Immigration issuesare usuallydecided byCongress.[B]Justices intendedto checkthepowerof theAdministration.[C]Justices wantedto strengthenits coordinationwithCongress.[D]The Administrationis dominantover immigrationissues.Part BDirections:In thefollowing article,some sentenceshave beenremoved.For Questions41-45,choose themost suitableone fromthe listA-G tofit intoeach ofthe numberedblank.There aretwo extrachoices,which donot fitin anyofthegaps.Mark youranswers onANSWERSHEET

1.10pointsThe socialsciences areflourishing.As of2005,there werealmosthalf amillion professionalsocial scientistsfrom allfields intheworld,working bothinside andoutside academia.According totheWorld SocialScience Report2010,the numberof social-sciencestudents worldwidehas swollenby about11%every yearsince

2000.Yet thisenormous resourcein notcontributing enoughto7today sglobal challengesincluding climatechange,security,sustainable developmentand health.41Humanity hasthenecessary agro-technological toolsto eradicatehunger,fromgenetically engineeredcrops toartificial fertilizers.Here,too,theproblems aresocial:the organizationand distributionof food,wealth andprosperity.42This isa shame-the communityshould begrasping theopportunityto raiseits influenceinthereal world.To paraphrasethegreat socialscientist JosephSchumpeter:there isno radicalinnovationwithout creativedestruction.Today,the socialsciences arelargely focusedon disciplinaryproblemsand internalscholarly debates,rather thanon topicswithexternal impact.Analyses revealthatthenumberofpapers includingthekeywords environmentalchanged orclimatechange”haveincreased rapidlysince2004,43When social scientists dotackle practicalissues,their scopeisoften local:Belgium isinterested mainlyintheeffects of,poverty onBelgium for example.And whetherthe communityswork contributesmuch toan overallaccumulation ofknowledgeis doubtful.The problemisnotnecessarily theamount ofavailable funding44this isan adequateamount solong as it isaimed inthe rightdirection.Social scientistswho complainabout alack offunding7should notexpect morein todays economicclimate.The trickis todirect thesefunds better.The EuropeanUnionFramework fundingprograms havelong hada categoryspecificallytargeted atsocialscientists.This year,it wasproposed thatsystembe changed:Horizon2020,a newprogram to be enactedin2014,would nothave sucha category,This hasresulted inprotestsfrom socialscientists.But theintention isnot toneglect socialscience;rather,the completeopposite.45That shouldcreate morecollaborativeendeavors andhelp todevelop projectsaimed directlyatsolving globalproblems.[A]It couldbe thatweareevolving twocommunities ofsocialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented andpublishing inhighlyspecialized journals,and onethatisproblem-oriented andpublishingelsewhere,such aspolicy briefs.[B]However,the numbersare stillsmall:in2010,about1,600ofthe100,000social-sciences paperspublished globallyincluded oneofthese Keywords.[C]the ideais toforce socialto integratetheir workwith othercategories,including healthand demographicchange foodsecurity,marine researchandthebio-economy,clear;efficient energy;andinclusive,innovative andsecure societies.[D]the solutionis tochange themindset ofthe academiccommunity,and whatit considerstobeits maingoal.Globalchallenges andsocial innovationought toreceive muchmoreattention fromscientists,especially theyoung ones.[E]These issuesall haveroot causesin humanbehavior.Allrequire behavioralchange andsocial innovations,as wellastechnological development.Stemming climatechange,forexample,is asmuch aboutchanging consumptionpatterns andpromotingtax acceptanceasit is aboutdeveloping cleanenergy.[F]Despite thesefactors,many socialscientists seemreluctantto tacklesuch problems.And inEurope,some areup inarms overaproposal todrop aspecific fundingcategory forsocial-scienceresearch andto integrateit withincross-cutting topicsofsustainable development.[G]During thelate1990s,national spendingon socialsciencesand thehumanities asa percentageof allresearch anddevelopmentfunds-including government,higher education,non-profit andcorporate-varied fromaround4%to25%;in mostEuropeannations,itisabout15%.。