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2024北京大峪中学高二（下）开学考（满分150分时间120分钟）考生须知
1.本试卷共12页，满分150分考试时间120分钟
2.在试卷和答题卡上准确填写学校和姓名，并将条形码粘贴在答题卡相应位置处
3.试题答案一律填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效选择题用2B铅笔作答，其它试题用黑色字迹签字笔作答
4.考试结束，将试卷、答题卡和草稿纸一并交回第一部分听力理解（共三节，30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题
1.5分，共
7.5分）听下面五段对话每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题每段对话你将听一遍听下面一段对话，回答第1小题现在，你有5秒钟的时间阅读该小题
1.Why isntthe mansmobile phoneworking听下A.The batteryis low.B.He didntpay thebill.C.There areno signalsin thearea.面一段对话，回答第2小题现在，
2.What你有5秒钟的时间阅读该小题kind of article didthe womanwrite听下面一段A.Biography.B.Poetry.C.Fiction.对话，回答第3小题现在，
3.What are the你有5秒钟的时间阅读该小题speakers talkingabout听下A.Going to the movies.B.Going to the zoo.C.Watching cartoons.面一段对话，回答第4小题现在，
4.What你有5秒钟的时间阅读该小题does the woman thinkof therequirementA.Interesting.B.Exciting.C.Suiprising.听下面一段对话，回答第5小题现在，你有5秒钟的时间阅读该小题
5.Why didntthe womanhave breakfastA.She isbusy withher paper.B.She getsused toskipping it.C.She doesntthink itsimportant.第二节（共10小题；每小题
1.5分，共15分）听下面4段对话或独白每段对话或独白后有几道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项听每段对话或独白前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题听完后，每小题给出5秒钟的作答时间，每段对话或独白你将听两遍听下面一段对话，回答第6至第7小题现在，你有10秒钟的时间阅读这两道小题
6.What isHarold tryingto doin the bookA.Cross thestreet.B.Go intospace.C.Catch abus.
7.What doesthe manlike themost about the book
8.The numberof neuronshas littleto do with brain architecture.
9.Greater inter-brain distancecauses highercognitive efficiency.
10.The factorsbehind dinosaurintelligence remainto beidentified.
39.Which wouldbe thebest titlefor the passageA.Are DinosaursComparable toHumans inIntelligenceB.Are Dinosaurswith BiggerBrains theUltimate GeniusesC.How SmartWere DinosaursNew StudiesFuel theDebateD.Can DinosaursOutsmart BirdsResearches Casta NewLightEAs higher education leadersdive deeperinto theconversation onDigital Transformation and Education
4.0,they arealso learning how to incorporate the Digital Twins realm concept into their curricula,because Digital Twin technology canserve the university of the future.A Digital Twin is a virtual representation of a real object or system which is updated from real-time dataand uses（模拟），machine learning,simulation andreasoning tohelp decision-making.In otherwords,a Digital Twin can createa highlycomplex virtual model which is theexact replicaof a physical thing.Connected sensorson asmart campuscancollect datain realtime.This datais usedto createa maponto the virtualmodel,thus creatinga Digital Twin ofa campus.When schooladministrators lookat theDigital Twin,they cansee crucialinformation about how thereal campusis doing.The applicationsfor Digital Twin technologydo notstop there.Students andfaculty can benefit fromusing thetechnology as well.For example,hybrid classroomshave become more andmore commonnowadays.Digital technologieshave accelerated thetransition into theuniversity of the future.DigitalTwintechnology,one of the trendingtechnologiesrelated toIndustry
4.0,helps facultycreate simulationmodels basedon courserequirements.DigitalTwintechnology makesthe ultimateimmersive learning experience possible.By usinga DigitalTwin,students canlearn highlyengaging taskswhich can be toodangerous,complex,or expensivefor theclassroom.Rather thanhands-on laboratorydissection ofaphysicalfrog tolearn animalscience orhaving towait for available humanorgans inthehealth sciencelah,medical students can use thevirtualtwin ofan animalor humanorgans for their study.The complexityof chemistryor microbiologyrequires studentsto betotally engaged.By usingDigital Twinsin aVirtualReality simulatedlearningexperience,faculty canachieve amaximum levelof engagementhelping eachstudentlearn abstractconcepts in their ownunique wayand muchfaster.By runningsimulations,students canbetter exploresystembehavior underdifferent conditions,understand failureand developan understandingof（参数）system sensibilitiesas wellas howchanges in the systemparameters andexternal disruptionsmake animpact ontheresults.Some universities,such asStanford andCopenhagen Schoolof MarineEngineering,have incorporatedDigital Twintechnology into theirteaching curricula,applying it to disciplineslike architectureand engineeringas theybelieve they arethe realityof the industry.Overall,this enhancesstudent motivation,accelerates understanding,and improvesthe overalllearningexperience.Moreover,theindustryencourages universitiesto incorporateeducational Digital Twins inautomationto givestudents theinitial understandingof tools and skillsthey willneed in their future.
40.It canbe learnedfrom Paragraph2that Digital TwinsA.remain aconcept B.are virtualcopies ofreal objectsC.represent futureeducation D.can operatecampuses remotely
41.Which of the following statements mightthe authoragree withA.Education
4.0facilitates thedevelopment ofDigitalTwins.B.New technologyposes potentialthreats tocollege teachers.C.DigitalTwintechnology inhighereducationis on the horizon.D.Virtual classroomshave grownin popularityunder Industry
4.
0.
42.Which of the followingshows thestructure of the passage第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑选项中有两项为多余选项（注意A,B,C,D选项正常涂卡E涂AB F涂ACG涂AD）For manyAmerican high school seniorsand theirfamilies,May1is NationalCollege DecisionDay,“when studentsmakea decisionabout theiracademic future.43According to a recent survey,more thanhalf ofAmericans dont even think college is worth the cost.This isupsetting,as completingcollege isas importantas ever.44Even intodays competitivelabor market,college graduatesfind workmuch easier and tend tocommand significantlyhigher incomes.The unemploymentrate forthose with a bachelorsdegree or greater is currentlyhalf thatof those with ahigh schooldegree.This collegeincome advantageis dueto technologicaladvances likethepersonal computerand theInternet,which havecaused a huge demandfor skilledworkers.The rapidadvances todayinautomation and artificial intelligence will further increase the need fora highly skilled workforce.45It isunderstandable whymany students and familiessuspect thatcollege isno longer“worth it.College tuitionhasbeen risingfor years,and manystudents fearbeing burdenedwith loansafter graduation.But infact,the netprice ofafour-year college,which iswhat studentspay afterfinancial aid,has beenfalling since2018and isnow lowerthan it was in
2006.46In otherwords,the investmentpaid off.To makesmart decisionsabout whereto goand whatto study,students andparents canmake use of resourcesavailable today to make informed choices.47With theseresources,studentscangain areasonable pictureof what theirfuture holdsdown eachpotential path.A.To acquirethese advancedskills,college remainsthe surestpath.B.However,recent yearshave seena sharpdrop incollege registration.C.These attitudesare alsoreflected in the actionsof theyoungest generation.D.Higher educationmust makecollege pricingclear towould-be college-goers.E.Huge datashows acollege degree actually gives graduates economic advantages.F.Furthermore,students indebt weremore likelyto finishtheir degreesand earnmore later.G.For example,tools likeCollege Scorecard offer graduation rates and future earnings across schools.第四部分书面表达（共两节，32分）第一节（共4小题；第
70、71题各2分，第72题3分，第73题5分，共12分）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题Group-Chat CultureIs Outof ControlForbetter orworse,we mightbe in the AgeoftheGroup Chat.In a recentsurvey,most peoplesaid theyfelt stressedoutby groupmessages,which canfeel likea part-time job.Connection iswonderful.Grexts,short for group texts,have the feature ofimitating thecasual back-and-forth ofadialogue,and theresult canbe moredynamic andfun thana two-person thread.Having achat goingalso meansyou haveaspace toshare yourupdates throughoutthe day,a reminderthat yourepart ofsomething.（周围的）Some researcherscall thisambient virtualpresence^^:Even whenyoure alone,youre not alone.（回声定位），One researchercompares thisphenomenon toecholocation theprocess thatsome animals,such asbats anddolphins,use tolocate objects:They producea continuoussound andusetheresulting echoto sensetheir surroundings.Humans mightuse technologiessuch asgroup chatsin asimilar way——as a call-and-response,taking ininformationabout their social networks and locating themselves within those webs.But taking in toomany signalscanbeoverwhelming.Professor Bayerargued thatgroup chatscan createa waterfalltypeof effect”,where messageskeep floodingin andadding up.Eventually,youre underwater.Another researchersuggestedthat differentchat membersall bringtheir own personalities,communication styles,and expectationsforgroup（礼仪），norms.Without a standard etiquettepeople havevaried opinionsabout whatdegree ofresponsiveness is required一which cancause realtension.Grext anxietyis hard to resolvebecause itisnt justabout thegroup-chat oreven mobile technologyingeneral;itsabout thetension betweenbeing our ownpersonand beingresponsible toothers.Ultimately,most ofus dowantconnection,even ifit involvessome duties.
48.What is thefeature of Grexts
49.How mighthumans use group chatslike echolocation
50.Please decidewhich partis falsein thefollowingstatement,then underlineit andexplain why.^Without astandard etiquette,people havedifferent ideas about what messages should be answered.）
51.Please describehow anothermobiletechnologyaffects yourrelationship withothers.{In about40words第二节（20分）假设你是红星中学高二学生李华你校将于下周举办校园书市活动，你打算邀请英国交换生参加,请你
52.Jim用英文给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括活动目的；
1.活动安排
2.注意词数左右；
1.100开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数
2.提示词书市book fairDear Jim,Yours,Li Hua参考答案第一部分听力理解（共三节，30分）第二部分知识运用（共三节，44分）第一节（共10小题；每小题
1.5分，共15分）【答案】
1.C
2.C
3.B
4.A
5.C
6.D
7.B
8.D
9.A
10.B【导语】这是一篇记叙文，文章主要讲述爸爸在母亲节送给作者花，让作者感到困惑，随后爸爸向作者透露自己决定日行一善的秘密，作者也受到鼓舞，决定像爸爸一样【题详解】1考查动词词义辨析句意我跑下楼，猛地推开门，看到爸爸手里拿着用纸包着的什么东西掉下；A.fell B.waited等待；C.raced快速移动；D.looked看根据上文uwhen Iheard aquick knockon the doorv可知，作者听到急促的敲门声应是快速下楼开门，故选C【题详解】2考查动词词义辨析句意同上摇动；拉;拿着;收集根据A.shaking B.pulling C.holding D.collecting“in his arms”可知，此处指爸爸拿着什么东西，故选C【题详解】3考查形容词词义辨析句意“但是……但是我不是一个母亲我疑惑地说恼怒的；困A.annoyed B.confused惑的；担心的;失望的结合上文.（我突然想C.worried D.disappointed“It occurredto methat it was MothersDay起今天是母亲节）”以及（但我不是母亲）”可知，爸爸在母亲节送花给作者，作者不是“but Fmnot amother一位母亲，这让作者感到困惑，故选B【题详解】4考查动词词义辨析句意爸爸笑着说“嗯，有些特别的人不是妈妈，但我认为她们也应该得到鲜花”A.deserve值得，应得；B.decide决定；C.promise承诺；D.pretend假装根据“some specialpeople aren9t以及转折词可知，爸爸认为作者对于自己是特别的人，虽然不是妈妈，也值得得到花，故选mothers“but”A【题详解】5考查名词词义辨析句意就在那时，他告诉了我他的小秘密庆祝，庆典；玩笑；A.celebration B.joke秘密；借口根据下文C.secret D.excuse“He haddecided that he would challenge himself to do one act of可知，爸爸决定每天要做一点善事，这是爸爸的小秘密，故选6per day.”C【题详解】6考查名词词义辨析句意他决定挑战自己，每天做一件善事信仰；勇气；A.faith B.courage C.叩感激；善意，善良根据上文爸爸送花给作者以及最后一段中preciation D.kindness“I alsowant to be（我也想更像我的父亲，他不遗余more like my dad,who goesout of his way to make people feel loved and cared for力地让人们感到被爱和被关心）”可知，爸爸不遗余力地让人们感到被爱和被关心，故他是每天做一件善事，故选D【题详解】7考查副词词义辨析句意“当她看到它时，她兴奋地笑了起来，”他说，“知道我让她的一天变得愉快，我真的很高兴冷漠地；兴奋地；骄傲地；紧张地根据上文A.coldly B.excitedly C.proudly D.nervously“He knew（他矢口道她喜欢吃冰淇淋，所以she lovedice cream,so he drove straight to her house with ahuge tub of ice cream.他带着一大桶冰淇淋直接开车去了她家）”以及空前的可知，她喜欢吃冰淇淋，所以看到冰淇淋应是“laughed”兴奋地大笑，故选B【题详解】8考查动词词义辨析句意同上保持;花费；预测;（使）快活起来根A.kept B.spent C.predicted D.brightened据上文可知，爸爸的行为让她高兴起来，故选She laughedD【题详解】9考查形容词词义辨析句意当被问及原因时，他补充说“我已经知道在某个时刻陪在身边的重要性A.在场，出现；健康的;耐心的；幽默的根据上文present B.healthy C.patient D.humorous“hedrove straightto herhouse提到爸爸去朋友家送冰淇淋以及下文可知，此处指在某个时刻with ahuge tubof ice cream”“So,I tryto bethere出现在身边，故选A【题详解】10考查形容词词义辨析句意我备受鼓舞，也想更像我的父亲，他不遗余力地让人们感到被爱和被关心A.沮丧的；受到启发的，受到鼓舞的；害怕的；震惊的根据Depressed B.Inspired C.Terrified D.Astonished I also可知，作者受到爸爸的鼓舞，也想做一个和他一样的人，故选want to be morelike my dad”Bo第二节选词填空（共7小题；每小题2分，共14分）【答案】
11.had animpact on
12.boils downto
13.boost
14.leave out
15.significance
16.for instance
18.going【详解】考查非谓语动词句意今天天气真好！你想去野餐吗？想要做某事”，固定短feel likedoing sth语，此处应用动名词形式作宾语，故填going.【答案】19had written【详解】考查过去完成时句意萨姆写这本小说已经三年了，上周出版了根据itwaspublished lastweek”可知，小说上周出版，而表示的动作发生在出版之前，表示过去的过去，应用过去完成时,故填“write”had written【答案】
20.will behaving【详解】考查将来进行时句意明天上午点到点半之间不要给我打电话那时我要开会根据句意可1011知，句中的指的是明天上午点到点半那段时间，所以谓语动词应用将来进行时表示将then1011will behaving,来某段时间内一直发生的动作，故填will behavingo【答案】
21.had beenwaiting【详解】考查过去完成进行时句意我们等了他一个多小时，他终于在会上出现了时间状语从句用的是一般过去时，表示的动作发生在从句之前，表示从过去的when hefinally turnedup at the meeting.wait过去开始一直延续到过去的某个时刻，并仍然可能会延续下去，用过去完成进行时，故填had beenwaitingo【答案】
22.developed【详解】考查非谓语动词句意经理看到许多新产品经过很大努力后得到改进后很满意句中已有谓语动词，所以用非谓语动词形式名词与之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语根new products develop据句意,故填developed【答案】
23.amused【详解】考查形容词句意露西很有幽默感，她讲的故事总能逗得同事们发笑宾语+宾语补足语”“keep+为固定用法，此处宾语为，需用结尾的形容词作宾语补足语故填“her colleagues-ed amused【答案】
24.It【详解】考查的用法句意我母亲的视力在下降，这使我很担心分析句子可知，空处应填作形式主it it语，引导主语从句作真正的主语、首字母应大写，故填that It【答案】
25.which【详解】考查定语从句句意大雨过后，地面变得很湿，造成了很多交通事故分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的句子，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词引导，故填which whicho【答案】
26.whom【详解】考查关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句句意她带着她的三个朋友去参加聚会，这三个“noneof+朋友我之前一个也没见过设空处无提示词，逗号前面是一个完整的句子，且设空处前面是故推测none of,“none设空处”引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词是指人，且设空处在从句中作的宾语，应of+her threefriends,of用引导故填whom whom【答案】
27.where【详解】考查定语从句句意我们需要采取措施来拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立保护区来保护动植物分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词“special zones”where引导，故填whereo第三部分阅读理解（共两节，44分）第一节（共17小题；每小题2分，共34分）【答案】
28.A
29.B
30.D【导语】这是一篇应用文，文章介绍了欧洲冬季学校的“创意讲故事和创意写作”课程【题详解】28细节理解题根据“Requirements（要求）”部分中第二点uMedium levelof English（Basic1/Basic2）required（英语水平中等（基础基础））可知申请者应该了解一些基本的英语知识故选1/2”I,A【题详解】29细节理解题根据“What skillscan youget（你能获得什么技能？）”部分中最后一点uYou willimprove yourEnglish.（提高你的英语词汇量、作文和写作风格）”可知，上该课程后，申请vocabulary,composition andwriting style者将会提高写作技能故选及【题详解】30细节理解题根据（价格是多少？）部分中（为期“What isthe price”“The costofthetwo-week courseis€950两周的课程费用为950欧元）”以及uPlease note:From January26,2024there willbe a€50charged as a late.（请注意从年月日起，在此截止日期之application feefor allapplications receivedafter this deadline2024126后收到的所有申请将收取欧元的逾期申请费）”可知，课程费用为欧元，年月日后的申请将509502024126收取欧元逾期费，故年月日申请该课程需支付欧元故选5020241281000D【答案】
31.D
32.C【导语】这是一篇记叙文，文章主要介绍了作者进行的无塑料•日实验【题详解】31细节理解题根据第一段中“In a24-hour experiment,I triedto livewithout itto seewhat plastic stuff we cant do（在一个小时的实验中，我试着在没有塑料的情况下生活，看看哪without and what we may be able to give up.24些塑料是我们不能没有的，哪些是我们可以放弃的）”可知，作者进行一个小时的实验，因为他想弄清楚如24何明智地使用塑料，故选D【题详解】32推理判断题根据第二段中（叹气）（她为我“She openedit forme,letting outa tthisis goingto bea longday sigh.打开了它，发出了一声这将是漫长的一天的叹息）”可知，作者在无塑料日让妻子帮忙开门，妻子发出“这将是漫长的一天”的叹息，说明妻子认为类似的事情会很多，即她认为很难避免使用塑料，故选Co【答案】
33.A
34.D
35.BA.The maincharacter.B.The theme.C.The author.听下面一段对话，回答第8至第9小题现在，你有10秒钟的时间阅读这两道小题
8.Why didntthe manbuy anymilk todayA.He forgotto buyit.B.The storeran outof milk.C.He readsome negativewords aboutmilk.
9.What dowe know aboutthewomanA.She seldomdrinks milk.B.Her opinionsalways change.C.She doesnttrust thoseexperts.听下面一段对话，回答第10至第12小题现在，你有15秒钟的时间阅读这三道小题
10.Whats the mans planbefore goingto collegeA.To readbooks aboutmedicine.B.To goto workand earnsome money.C.To travelaround thecountry.
11.When didthewomanfeel shebecame independentA.After shestarted herfirst job.B.After shemoved awayfrom home.C.After shesuffered froma disease.
12.Where doesthemanwant to work in the futureA.In aschool.B.In ahospital.C.At afire station.听下面一段独白，回答第13至第15小题现在，你有15秒钟的时间阅读这三道小题
13.Why doesEmma takepart inthe projectA.To gainwork experience.B.To helpold lonelypeople.C.To lookafter hergrandmother.
14.What doesthe speakerlike todowithold peopleA.Play games.B.Read books.C.Arrange flowers.
15.What impressedthe speakermost aboutMitziA.Her organdonation agreement.B.Her decisionto returnto work.C.Her contributionto technology.第三节（共5小题；每小题
1.5分，共
7.5分）听下面一段独白，完成第16至第20小题，每空只需填写一个词，听独白前，你有20秒钟的时间阅读试题，听完后你有90秒钟的作答时间，本段独白你将听两遍现在，你有20秒钟的时间阅读试题How toMaintain LifelongFriendshipsSet timeaside Spendtime withyour friends togetherHave arvguliiriy scheduled16or ntual.such its…Celebrate thesmall andbig winsof yourfriends18a cardor oflerlo lakehem forcofloe ordrinksNot make19promisesBe aman ofmlegrily_Share your2and beoutspoken第二部分知识运用（共三节，44分）第一节（共10小题；每小题
1.5分,共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑I was in myhome officeonacold Sundaywhen Iheard aquick knockon thedoor.I]downstairs,threw openthe doorandsaw mydad2something wrappedup inpaper inhisarms.Strangely,he hadgiven nohint【导语】这是一篇说明文文章批判了“找到你的激情”这个观点，认为激情是培养出来的，要秉持兴趣成长型心态，这会帮助你保持开放和好奇，有助于培养激情【题详解】33推理判断题根据第二段中“Finding a passion implies that it already exists and is simply waiting to be discovered.（找到激情意味着它已经存在，只是在等待被发Unfortunately,this ideadoesnt squarewith whatscience tellsus.现不幸的是，这种想法与科学告诉我们的并不相符）”可知，下文指出与科学不相符，故“Find yourpassion!”第一段使用该句是为了设定一个批判的目标，故选A【题详解】34推理判断题根据第四段中“For thosewith a growth mindset,having astrong pre-existing interestinthe arts or sciences（对于那些具有成长型心态的人来说，对艺术或科学did notget inthe wayof themviewing anew areaas interesting.有强烈的兴趣并不妨碍他们将新领域视为有趣的）”和第五段中“Such amindset canalso limitcreativity and（这样的心态也会限制创造力和创新）”可知，有固定兴趣心态的人会限制创造力和创新，与之相反，innovation.兴趣成长型心态的人乐于探索新领域由此推知，兴趣成长型心态促进创造力和创新故选Do【题详解】35推理判断题根据第二段中u Instead,passions aredeveloped.They oftenbegin with a spark（火花）of curiositycausedby somethingin onesenvironment,such asa fascinatingphysics lecture.Through aprocess involvingrepeatedengagement and-positive experiences,people cancome topersonally valuethat contentor activityand internalizeit.What.（相反，激情是was at first interesting becomes an interest.If thesequalities continueto intensify,a passioncan emerge培养起来的它们通常是由周围环境中的事物引起的好奇心火花开始的，比如一场迷人的物理讲座通过一个包含重复参与和积极体验的过程，人们可以个人地重视内容或活动，并将其内化起初有趣的事情变成了一种兴趣如果这些品质持续增强，激情就会浮现）”可知，重复参与和积极体验的过程会使人们对某事感兴趣，如果兴趣持续增强，就会激发激情由此推知，强化积极的经历有助于激发激情故选B【答案】
36.C
37.A
38.D
39.C【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了关于恐龙智力的最近的两项研究，新的研究加剧了争论【题详解】36细节理解题根据第二段中（宗系）“And itis preciselybirds,being theonly survivinglineage of dinosaurs,that are（正是鸟类，作为唯一幸存的恐龙宗系，是的基础）”和第三段Herculano-Houzers foundation.Herculano-Houzel中.（相比之下，在今“In contrast,inthedinosaurs thatsurvive today,namely birds,the organizationis less compact天幸存下来的恐龙中，也就是鸟类，这个组织就没有那么紧凑了）”可知，Herculano-Houzel研究鸟类是因为鸟类是恐龙宗系中唯一的幸存者，故选ReinerCo【题详解】37词句猜测题根据划线词下一句In eachcolumn,different partscan communicatewith one another over short」在每一柱中，不同的部分可以在短距离内相互通信）”可知，不同的部分可以在短距离内相互通信，distances说明柱状结构应是很紧凑，由此推知划线词所在句意为“哺乳动物的神经元组织在一个由紧凑的柱状结构组成的相对较薄的层中，意为“紧凑的”，故选compact A【题详解】38推理判断题根据第四段中“The issueremains opento debate.Herculano-Houzel andReiner eachpublished apaper.（这个问题仍有待讨论with rejections to theothers argument.Meanwhile,other scientistshave enteredthe fight和各自发表了一篇论文，反驳了对方的观点与此同时，其他科学家也加入了这场斗Herculano-Houzel Reiner争）”可知，科学家对于影响恐龙智力的因素观点不一，该问题仍有待讨论，故恐龙智力背后的因素仍有待确定故选D【题详解】39主旨大意题根据全文内容，结合第一段uIf thegreat dinosaurshadn^gone extinct,would theyhave dominatedEarthtoday There has been a debate about thispossibility fordecades.Recently twoanalyses haveput thesurprising cognitive（认知）.（如果大恐龙没有灭绝，它们今abilities of dinosaurs—and theirpotential limitations——in anew light天会已经统治了地球吗？关于这种可能性的争论已经持续了几十年最近有两项分析对恐龙惊人的认知能力及其潜在的局限性有了新的认识）”可知，对于恐龙智力的争论已经持续了几十年，文章主要介绍了关于恐龙智力的最近的两项研究，项“恐龙有多聪明？新的研究加剧了争论”为最佳标题，故选C C【答案】
40.B
41.C
42.A【导语】本文是说明文高等教育领导者深入探讨数字化转型和教育因为数字挛生技术可以服务未来的大4学文章主要介绍了数字挛生技术的含义，在高等教育中的应用以及对老师和学生的好处【题详解】40细节理解题根据第一段中u ADigitalTwinisavirtualrepresentationofarealobjectorsystemwhichisupdatedfrom（模拟），real-time dataand usesmachine learning,simulation andreasoning tohelp decision-making.In otherwords,a.（数字挛生是真实DigitalTwincancreatea highlycomplex virtualmodel whichistheexact replicaofaphysical thing对象或系统的虚拟表示，它根据实时数据进行更新，并使用机器学习、模拟（模拟）和推理来帮助决策换句话说，数字挛生可以创建一个高度复杂的虚拟模型，它是物理事物的精确复制品）”可知，从第段可以看2出，数字李生是真实物体的虚拟副本，故选B题详解】[41推理判断题根据第——段“As highereducation leadersdive deeperinto theconversation onDigital TransformationandEducation
4.0,theyarealsolearninghowtoincorporatetheDigitalTwinsrealmconceptintotheircurricula,because（随着高等教育领导者深入探讨数字化转型和教育DigitalTwintechnologycanserve theuniversityofthefuture.4他们也在学习如何将数字挛生领域概念纳入他们的课程，因为数字李生技术可以服务未来的大学）和第二段”中uStudents andfaculty canbenefit fromusing thetechnologyaswell.生和教师也可以从使用该技术中受益）”可知，高等教育领导者深入探讨数字化转型和教育因为数字享生技术可以服务未来的大学，学生和教可以从
4.0,使用该技术中受益，由此可推知，作者可能同意“高等教育即将使用数字挛生技术”这个观点故选C【题详解】42推理判断题文章第一段总领全文，指出高等教育领导者深入探讨数字化转型和教育因为数字挛生技术可以40服务未来的大学第二段介绍了数字率生技术的含义及在校园中的应用——用于在虚拟模型上创建地图，从而创建校园的数字李生第三段介绍了数字李生技术使学生和教师受益接着第四段和第五段分别从这两方面介绍如何使学生和老师受益，即第四段介绍了数字享生技术如何使学生受益，即使学生终极沉浸式学习体验成为可能第五段介绍了数字技术使教师受益——教师可以实现最大程度的参与，帮助每个学生以自己独特的方式更快地学习抽象概念最后一段总结全文，总结了数字挛生技术的好处由此可知，文章的结构是第一段总起，第二段和第三段是并列关系，分别介绍了数字挛生技术的含义和应用以及好处第四段和第五段是并列关系，从两个方面介绍了数字挛生技术的好处，是第三段的两个分观点，最后一段总结全文故选A第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）【答案】
43.B
44.E
45.A
46.F
47.G【导语】本文是一篇议论文文章认为完成大学学业和以往一样重要，大学学位可以给毕业生带来经济优势，而且很多学生和家长担心的债务问题实际上可以在学生毕业后得以解决，他们可以借助现有的资源明智地选择大学和专业题详解】[43前文“For manyAmerican highschool seniorsand theirfamilies,May1is NationalCollege DecisionDay,“when.（对许多美国高中毕业生和他们的家人来说，月日是“全students makea decisionabout theiracademic future51国大学决定日”，学生们在这一天对自己的学业未来做出决定）”引出美国高中毕业生选择大学的话题,后文u飞（根据According to arecentsurvey,more thanhalf ofAmericansdoneventhinkcollegeisworththecost.最近的一项调查，超过一半的美国人甚至认为上大学不值这个钱）”指出很多美国人不再选择上大学，因此项B.（然而，近年来大学注册人数急剧下降）”符“However,recent yearshave seena sharpdrop incollege registration合语境，说明上大学人数减少的情况，和前文形成转折，后文是对选项内容的进一步说明故选B【题详解】44空处位于段首，需引出段落内容根据后文“Even intoday9s competitivelabor market,college graduatesfind workmucheasierandtend tocommand significantlyhigher incomes.The unemploymentrate forthosewitha bachelorsdegree（即使在当今竞争激烈的劳动力市场上，大学毕业orgreateriscurrentlyhalf thatof thosewithahighschooldegree.生也更容易找到工作，而且往往能获得高得多的收入目前，拥有学士学位或更高学位的人的失业率是拥有高中学位的人的一半）”可知，本段主要介绍拥有大学学位在就业方面的优势，因此项E“Huge datashows acollege.（大量数据显示，大学学位实际上给毕业生带来了经济优势）”degreeactuallygivesgraduateseconomicadvantages符合语境，点明大学学位带来经济优势，契合段落内容故选E题详解】[45前文“The rapidadvances todayin automationandartificialintelligencewillfurtherincreasetheneedforahighlyskilled（当今自动化和人工智能的快速发展将进一步增加对高技能劳动力的需求）”说明当前社会发展对高workforce.技能劳动力的需求，因此项（要获得这些高级A“To acquirethese advancedskills,college remainsthe surestpath.技能，大学仍然是最可靠的途径）”符合语境，指出大学可以帮助获得这些高级技能，承接前文故选Ao【题详解】46前文“But infact,the netprice ofa four-year college,whichiswhat studentspay afterfinancial aid,has beenfalling since（但事实上，四年制大学的净学费，即学生在获得经济援助后支付的费2018and isnow lowerthan itwasin
2006.用，自年以来一直在下降，现在比年还低）”指出大学的净学费实际上有所下降，后文20182006“In otherwords,（换句话说，投资得到了回报）”对空处的内容进行了简要概括，说明大学投资有回报，the investmentpaid off.因此F项uFurthermore,students indebt weremore likelyto finishtheir degreesand earnmore later.（此外，有债务的学生更有可能完成学位并在以后赚得更多）”符合语境，指出债务可以激励大学生完成学位、获得更高收入，承接前文，契合后文的概括故选F题详解】[47前文“To makesmart decisionsabout whereto goand whatto study,students andparents canmake useof resources（为了做出明智的决定，去哪里和学什么，学生和家长可以利用现有的available todaytomakeinformedchoices.资源在知情的情况下做出选择）”建议学生和家长利用现有资源去选择，因此项G For example,tools likeCollege（例如，像大学记分卡这样的工具可以提供各个学Scorecardoffergraduationratesandfutureearningsacrossschools.校的毕业率和未来收入）”符合语境，举出一个具体的可使用的资源，承接前文故选G第四部分书面表达（共两节，32分）第一节（共4小题；第
70、71题各2分，第72题3分，第73题5分，共12分）【答案】
48.Imitating thecasual back-and-forth ofa dialogue.
49.Humans mightuse group chats asa call-and-response,taking ininformation abouttheir socialnetworks andlocatingthemselves withinthose webs.
50.^Without astandard etiquette,people havedifferent ideasabout whatmessages shouldbe answered.Without astandard etiquette,people havedifferent ideasabout whatdegree ofresponsiveness isrequired.（）
51.1The musicapps on my smartphone havea positiveinfluence on friendship.Thanks tothe sharingfunctions,I havebeen ableto get to know people who have the sametaste ofmusic andwe caneven listento ourfavorite piecesatthesametime.（）2Video gameshave become a challengeto myrelationships with friends.Sometimes I have toreluctantly playwiththem asa team even when I am busy.In addition,the disagreementand complaintswhen weare playingthe gamealsopotentially harm friendship.【导语】这是一篇说明文短文介绍了群聊文化已经失控【题详解】48考查细节理解题根据第二段“Grexts,short forgroup texts,have thefeatureofimitating thecasual back-and-forth ofadialogue,and theresult canbe moredynamic andfun thana two-person thread.n（Grexts是群组文本的缩写，具有模仿随意的对话的特点，其结果可能比两个人的对话更有活力、更有趣）可知，的特点是具有模仿随意的Grexts对话故填Imitating thecasual back-and-forth ofa dialogue.【题详解】49考查细节理解题根据第二段一“Humans mightuse technologiessuch asgroupchatsin asimilar wayasacall-（人类可and-response,taking ininformation abouttheir socialnetworksandlocatingthemselves withinthose webs.”能以类似的方式使用群聊等技术一一作为一种呼叫和回应，获取有关其社交网络的信息，并将自己定位在这些网络中）可知，人类可能会把群聊作为一种电话和回应，获取有关他们社交网络的信息，并在这些网名各中定位自己故填Humans mightusegroupchats asacall-and-response,takingininformation abouttheirsocialnetworksand locatingthemselveswithinthosewebs.【题详解】50考查细节理解题根据倒数第二段u Without astandard etiquette（礼仪），people havevaried opinionsabout whatdegreeof responsiveness isrequired-which cancause realtension.v（如果没有标准的礼仪，人们对需要多大程度的回应有不同的看法---------------------------------这可能会导致真正的紧张）可知，whatmessagesshouldbeanswered错误，应改为如果没有标准的礼仪，人们对需要多大程度的回应有不同的看法一一这可能会导致真正的紧张故填Withoutastandardetiquette,people havedifferent ideasabout whatdegree ofresponsivenessisrequired.题详解】[51考查开放性试题请描述另一种移动技术如何影响你与他人的关系故可回答为我智能手机上的音乐应用程序对友谊有积极的影响由于分享功能，我可以认识有相同音乐品味的人，我们甚至可以同时听我们最喜欢的作品也可回答为电子游戏已经成为我与朋友关系的挑战有时即使我很忙，我也不得不不情愿地和他们一起玩此外，我们在玩游戏时的分歧和抱怨也可能损害友谊故填（）1The musicapps onmy smartphone haveapositive influenceonfriendship.Thanks tothe sharingfunctions,Ihavebeenableto getto knowpeoplewhohave thesame（）taste ofmusic andwecaneven listento ourfavorite piecesatthesame time.2Video gameshave becomea challengetomy relationshipswithfriends.Sometimes Ihave toreluctantly playwith themasateamevenwhenI ambusy.In addition,the disagreementand complaintswhen weare playingthe gamealso potentiallyharmfriendship.第二节（20分）【答案】
52.Possible version1:Dear Jim,Hows everythinggoing Imwriting toinvite youto takepart inthebookfair onour campus.The activityprovides usstudents witha goodplatform tomake betteruseofour books.More importantly,we canmakefriends withlike-minded peoplewho sharea passionfor books and reading.The bookfair willbe heldat theStudents5Activity Centerat3:00pm nextFriday,when studentscan sellunwanted books,or buybooks theyneed atarelatively lowerprice.We canpay incash orby scanningQR codes.It isalso welcomedto sellsome ofyour books.As aregular visitor,I findthis activityappealing andrewarding.Would youlike tocome Looking forward toyourreply.Yours,Li HuaPossibleversion2:DearJim,Hope thisemail findsyou well.I amwriting toinvite youtotheexciting annualcampus bookfair.The activity,a long-standing traditionat ourschool,aims togive usa greatchance todiscover somethingnew andexcitingto readand improveour loveof reading.It willtake placefrom4:00pm to5:30pm nextFriday inthe schooPsauditorium.We canbrowse througha widerange ofnew andsecond-hand bookson display,including fiction,non-fiction,classics andso on.There willalso beinteractive gamesrelated tobooks andliterature,such asquizzes,puzzles,andstorytelling.If youare interested,just letme know.Lookingforwardto hearingfrom you!Yours,Li Hua【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文要求考生给英国交换生写一封电子邮件，邀请他参加学校将于下周举Jim办的校园书市活动【详解】.词汇积累1邀请某人一invite sbextend aninvitation tosb机会chance—opportunity举行take place—be held感兴趣一be interested in showan interestin.句式拓展2简单句变复合句原句We canbrowse througha widerange ofnew andsecond-hand bookson display,including fiction,nonfiction,classics andso on.拓展句We canbrowse througha widerange ofnew andsecond-hand bookson display,which includefiction,non-fiction,classics andso on.【,点睛】【高分句型1]There willalso beinteractive gamesrelated tobooks andliterature,such asquizzes,puzzles,（运用了过去分词短语作后置定语）and storytelling.related tobooksandliterature【高分句型】（运用了引导的条件状语从句）2If youare interested,just letme know.if（暗示）of itwhen wespoke on the phonelast night.“Open ithe said.（秋海棠）.I openedittofind ayellow begoniaIt occurredto methat itwas MothersDay.“But…but Imnotamother.^^I said,
3.My dadsmiled,“Well,some specialpeople arentmothers,but Ithink they4togetflowers,too.With that,hehugged meand droveoff.Later,I calledto thankhim andwe gotto talkinga lot.Thats when he letme inon hislittle5,He haddecidedthathewouldchallengehimselftodooneactof6per day.It hadstarted severalweeks beforewhen heaccidentallyknew afriend ofhis was having arough day.He knewshe lovedicecream,so hedrovestraighttoherhousewith ahugetuboficecream.“She laughed7when shesaw itJ hesaid,“It reallydelighted metoknowthat I had8her day.”When askedwhy,he added,“I alreadyknowaboutthe importance of being9inthemoment.So,I tryto bethere witheachperson Iam spendingtime with.I wantthem tofeel importantand believeinthegoodness inpeople inthat moment.”、I realizedmydadwas makinga differencein peopleslives.10Ialsowant tobe morelikemydad,whogoes outofhiswaytomakepeoplefeellovedandcaredfor.
1.A.fell B.waited C.raced D.looked
2.A.shaking B.pulling C.holding D.collecting
3.A.annoyed B.confused C.worried D.disappointed
4.A.deserve B.decide C.promise D.pretend
5.A.celebration B.joke C.secret D.excuse
6.A.faithB.courage C.appreciation D.kindness
7.A.coldly B.excitedly C.proudly D.nervously
8.A.keptB.spent C.predicted D.brightened
9.A.present B.healthy C.patientD.humorous第二节选词填空（共7小题；每小题2分，共
1410.A.Depressed B.Inspired C.Terrified D.Astonished分）阅读下面句子，根据句意，从方框中选择恰当的词或词组，并用其正确形式填空have animpact onboil downto leaveoutsignificant boostfor instancebe knownas
11.Anne Sullivanwas asuperb teacherwho HellenKeller.
12.Susans successin businessher determinationand bravery.
13.Theyre buildingnew hotelsinorderto tourismin thisarea.
14.John explainedthe caseto hisboss,being carefulnot toany importantdetails.
15.The discoveryofthenew drugis ofgreat topeople sufferingfrom heartdisease.
16.We mademany improvementsto ourhouse.,we paintedthe wallsand boughta sofa.
17.In thethird massextinction,which theGreat Dyingnow,more than90%of allspeciesdied out.第三节语法填空（共10小题；每小题
1.5分，共15分）阅读下面句子，根据句子内容填空在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空（）（所给词的适当形式填空）
18.What anice daytoday!Do youfeel likego fora picnic（）（所给词的适当形式填空）
19.Sam writethe novelfor threeyears anditwaspublished lastweek.（）（所给词的适
20.Dont phoneme between10:00and11:30tomorrow morning.Iameeting then,have当形式填空）（）（所给词的适当形式填空）
21.We wait for himfor overan hourwhenhefinally turnedup atthe meeting.（）（所给词的适当形式填空）
22.The managerwas satisfiedto seemany newproductsdevelopafter tirelessefforts.（）.（所给词的适当形式
23.Lucy hasa greatsense ofhumour andalways keepsher colleaguesamuse withher stories填空）（用适当的词填空）
24.worried methat mymothers eyesightwas declining.（用适当的词填空）
25.After theheavy rain,the groundgot sowet,caused alot ofroad accidents.已（用适当的词填空）
26.She broughther threefriendstothe party,none ofI hadever metbefor
27.We needto takesteps tosave endangeredspecies,including settingup specialzones plantsand animals（用适当的词填空）canbeprotected.第三部分阅读理解（共两节，44分）第一节（共17小题；每小题2分，共34分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑AWhether yourdream isto writea best-selling novel,design anaward-winning advertisement,or simplydescribestories fromyour ownlife,the courseCreative Storytellingand CreativeWriting inEuropean WinterSchool willbe idea1for you.It takesplace oncampus inPrague,capital ofthe CzechRepublic,from January29to February9,
2024.Who canapplyThe courseis availablefor bothstudentsandyoung professionalsworldwide.Requirements:•A minimumage of18average ageis
23.•Medium levelof EnglishBasic1/Basic2required•A personallaptop/table tis neededfor themajority oflessons.What skillscan yougetWhile thiscourse focusesontheimportanceofa story,we willmainly payattention tothe writerhis/her imagination,vocabulary,narrative styles,critical thinking,and experience—YOU.•You willmaster theart ofstorytelling ShowDont Teir9techniques.•You willthink imaginativelyand creativelywith anoutside-the-box attitude.•You willwrite forthe audiencewith anability tomake themsee yourpoint ofview.•You willsell youridea,concept orproduct througha varietyof narrativetoolsandmethods,such aspresentation,advertisement,blog,CV,essay andpublic speech.•You willimprove yourEnglish vocabulary,composition andwriting style.What isthe priceDISCOUNTWework ona first-come,first-served basis.The costofthetwo-week courseis€950,with anEarly Birdfee of€
850.You canonly usethe EarlyBird discountuntil January22,
2024.The feeincludes:•Course andstudy materials•Application fee•Weekly activitiesexcept forentrance feesand weekendtripsPlease note:From January26,2024there willbea€50charged asa lateapplication feefor allapplications receivedafterthisdeadline.Other expenses,such asmeals,accommodation,and insuranceare notincluded inthe price.Click herefor moreinformation.
28.According tothepassage,applicants should.A.know somebasic EnglishB.be goodat computersC.come fromEuropean countriesD.be agedbetween18and
2329.After attendingthe course,applicants willbe ableto.A.design narrativetools B.improve writingskillsC.develop computerskills D.apply“Tell DontShow“methods
30.If youapply forthe courseon January28,2024,how muchshould youpayA.€
850.B.€
900.C.€
950.D.€1,
000.My Dayof NoPlasticSince itsinvention,plastic hasaffected everyaspect ofour lives.It hasmade possiblethousands ofconveniences,butit hascome withdownsides,especially forthe environment.In a24-hour experiment,I triedto livewithout itto seewhatplastic stuffwe cantdo withoutandwhatwemaybe abletogiveup.At thestart ofmy no-plastic day,I mademy waytoward thebathroom,only tostop myselfbefore Iwent in.“Couldyou openthedoorfbr me”I askedmy wife.The handleis plastic.She openeditforme,letting outa thisis goingtobe（叹气）.a longday”sighMy morningroutine wasa headache.T couldntuse mytoothpaste,toothbrush,shampoo orsoap,all ofwhich weremadeof plasticor putin plasticcontainers.Getting dressedwas alsoa challenge,given thatso manyclothing itemsincludeplastic.When Iwent out,I broughtalong twoglass containersand clothbags of various sizes.I walkedtoasandwich shop.Can youmake thesalad inthis glasscontainer,,I asked.The managersaid OKbut thenrejected myrequest to use mysteelspoon.（违规），After lunch,I tookthe subwayto CentralPark,which scoredmemoreviolations sinceI needa MetroCardandthe trainsthemselves haveplastic parts.But atleast Ididnt sitin one of thoseplastic seats.Back home,I recordedsome ofmy impressions.By mycount,onmyday ofno plastic,Ihadmade164violations.Ifelt defeated.And alsouncertain.The nextday Icalled GabbySalazar,a scientistwho studieswhat motivatespeople tosupportenvironmental causes,and askedher foradvice.“You candrive yourselfcrazy/9she said,but its not aboutperfection.Its aboutprogress.^^Believe itor not,individual behaviormatters.It addsup.Remember,“she continued,itsnotabout plasticbeing the enemy.Its aboutsingle-use astheenemy.”I promisedto try,even aftermy notsuccessful attempt.Til startwith smallthings,building uphabits.I cantake clothbagstothegrocery.I mightstart packingmy glasswater bottleand steelspoon.And from there,who knows
31.Theauthor conductedthe24-hour experimentbecause.A.he wastired ofusing plasticstuff inhis dailylifeB.he triedto callupon peopleto banplastic productsC.he wonderedhow muchplastic heconsumed eachdayD.he wantedto figureouthowtouseplasticstuffwisely
32.Why didthe author\wife sighA.Because shedidnt knowhis intention.B.Because sheworried abouther husband.C.Because shethought ithard toavoid usingplastic.D.Because shedidnt realizethe downsidesof plastic.C“Find yourpassion!”is anappeal well-intended andmeant toinspire.But isit goodadvice“Finding”a passionimpliesthatitalreadyexistsandissimplywaitingtobediscovered.Unfortunately,this idea（火花）doesnt squarewith whatscience tellsus.Instead,passions aredeveloped.They oftenbegin witha sparkofcuriosity causedby somethingin onesenvironment,such asa fascinatingphysics lecture.Through aprocess involvingrepeatedengagement and-positive experiences,people cancome topersonally valuethat contentor activityand internalizeit.What wasatfirstinterestingbecomesaninterest.If thesequalities continueto intensify,apassioncan emerge.Actually,assuming passionas inborntendtocause peopletobeless open,less courageousintheface ofchallengesand lesscreative inpursuit ofnew interests.Thus,encouraging peopleto“find”their passionmay causethem toeventuallybelieve thatinterests andpassions areunchangeable.People whothink thishavea fixed mindset of interest.By contrast,some people,whom werefer toashaving a growth mindset of interest,view theirinterests andpassions asdeveloped.People witha fixedmindset ofinterest,fbr example,may fallintothetrap ofthinking,“If Ihave alreadyfound mypassion,why keepexploring^^In recentstudies,after engagingin anew sciencetask,arts students witha fixed mindsetexpressedless interestin ascientific topicthan artsstudentswithagrowth mindset.Meanwhile,science studentswith afixedmindset respondedsimilarly toan art-related task.For thosewithagrowthmindset,havingastrong pre-existinginterest intheartsorsciencesdid notget inthe wayof themviewing anew areaas interesting.Worse still,people withafixedmindset ofinterest tendto expecttheir passionsto providelimitless motivation,suchthat theirfavorite topicsshould neverfeel toodifficult ordemanding.Such amindset canalso limitcreativity andinnovation.If peoplebelieve theyare restrictedto onlya fewinborn interestsand,in consequence,do notexplore otherareas,they maymiss seeingimportant connectionsacross differentfields.That lossis especiallyunfortunate consideringhowleaders atinnovative companieshave longprized problem-solving thatdraw ideasfrom diversedisciplines.Of course,not everyactivity willbecomeaburning passion.But agrowthmindset ofinterestwill helpyou remainopenand curious.The oldsaying“find somethingyou lovetodo,and youllnever havetoworka dayin yourlife needstobe updated.
33.The authoruses thesentence underlined in Paragraph1to.A.set atarget forcriticism B.point outthe factC.confirm peoplesfinding D.voice hisopinion
34.What canwe learnfrom thepassageA.Any interestingactivity canspark apassion.B.Companies preferthose whospecialize inone field.C.People withafixedmindsetofinterest arehardtobe motivated.D.A growthmindsetofinterest promotescreativity andinnovation.
35.Which willthe authorprobably agreewithA.One shouldcount onluck toexcite aburning passion.B.Reinforced positiveexperiences contributeto passion.C.Those alreadyinterestedin a fieldfind newareas boring.D.Wed bettercherish theexisting passionand lookfor more.DIf thegreat dinosaurshadnt goneextinct,would theyhave dominatedEarth todayTherehasbeenadebateaboutthis（认知）possibility fordecades.Recently twoanalyses haveput thesurprising cognitiveabilities ofdinosaurs-and theirpotentiallimitations-inanew light.（神经名In onestudy,Suzana Herculano-Houzel atVanderbilt Universitycalculated thelikely numberof neurons田月包）in dinosaurs,pallium,a brainstructure thatis responsiblefbr advancedcognitive functions.Research suggeststhatit isthe numberof neuronsin theseareas,rather thanthe brainsize,that indicatesan animafscognitive potential.（哺孚For example,despite havinga verysmall head,birds havemore denselypacked braincells thanmany mammals动物）L andso canpossess roughlyas manyneurons asmonkeys.The resultis thatsome birdsshow greatcognitive（宗abilities,comparable tothe smartestnon-human mammals.And itis preciselybirds,being theonly survivinglineage系）ofdinosaurs,that areHerculano-Houzel5s foundation.By comparingthe relationshipbetween brainsize,number ofneuronsand bodysize innumerous existingbirds andavailable fossilsofdinosaurs,Herculano-Houzel concludesthat alargedinosaur suchas T.rex couldhave housedtwo billionto threebillion neuronsin itspallium.If so,dinosaurs couldhavehad thecapacity fortool useand planningforthefuture.But neuronsnumber maynot beenough.For intelligence,brain architecturealso matters.And thiscould betheweakness ofdinosaurs,argues AntonReiner fromthe Universityof Tennessee.Over350million yearsof separateevolution,mammals anddinosaurs foundtwo ratherdifferent waysto organizecognitive functions.The mammalianneuronsare organizedinarelatively thinlayer formedby compactcolumns.In eachcolumn,different partscancommunicate withoneanotherovershortdistances.In contrast,inthedinosaurs thatsurvive today,namely birds,theorganization islesscompact.According toReiner,expanding braincapabilities beyonda certainpoint couldmake thestructurefar morecomplex andless efficientthan itis inhumans.If thiswere thecase,an increasein brainsize wouldcorrespondtoagreater distancebetween differentparts ofthe brain,slowing downtheir communication.The issueremains opento debate.Herculano-Houzel andReiner eachpublished apaper withrejectionstothe othersargument.Meanwhile,other scientistshave enteredthe fight.Forexample,neurobiologist GiorgioVallortigara assumesthatspeed intransmitting informationbetween networksof neuronsis probablyoneofdinosaurs strengths.Whatever thetruth is,understanding howand ifbrain architectureimposes limitsonthedevelopment ofcognitioncould revealmuch aboutthe evolutionof abilitiesand behaviorsofvariousanimals.Also,this debatemay tellus moreaboutourownspecies thanabout dinosaurs.
36.Why doHerculano-Houzel andReiner studybirdsA.Because birdsare moreintelligent thandinosaurs.B.Because birdsbrain structuresare thesame asdinosaurs
5.C.Because birdsaretheonly survivorsofthedinosaur family.D.Because birdshavethesame cognitiveabilities asdinosaurs.
37.What doesthe wordcompact“underlinedinParagraph3most probablymeanA.Tight.B.Light.C.Large.D.Wide.
38.What canbe inferredfromthepassageA.Dinosaurs9ability fbrtool useowes tobigger brains.。
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