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翻译题应试技巧汉语主动句译成英语被动句我们在汉译英时,往往也需要把汉语主动句译成被动句这是因为为了保证上下文连贯,使衔接更紧密,句子更自然;或强调动作承受者;或使语气婉转、措辞恰当详细转换措施有如下两种1)把汉语主动句的宾语译成英语被动句H勺主语例1(将领你们去参观我们的I新车间)by thesecretary.译文You will be shownour newworkshop.简评假如这句话不是划线填内容,你完全可以将它翻译成The secretarywill showyou ournew workshopo正是因为题型是补全句子,这就给翻译带来了一定H勺难度,你必须去适应题型规定而不是让题型来适应你让我们看看译文已给出部分:by thesecretary显然是一种被动语态特性,“秘书”在译文里已经由原来的主语变成了译文句子的补足成分因此,题目是暗示我们要把原句中“你们”转换成译句里日勺主语,这样才符合出题规定例2You(我们期待你能组织贸易推广活动)this time.译文are expected to organize the tradepublicity campaigns.简评根据题目可推知全句意思是我们期望你能组织这次的贸易推广活动中文句子主语、谓语、宾语分别是我们、期望、你不过在英文译文时给出部分中我们看到句子以you开头,也就是说”你被期望能组织这次贸易推广活动,中文时宾语变成了英文H勺主语,这就规定我们在翻译时要使用被动语态全句完整答案是You areexpectedtoorganizethetrade publicitycampaignsthis time.2)当汉语句以“我们“、“人们“、“大家”等泛指性代词作主语时,在翻译成英文的时候常常可以忽视主语不译,并把英文译句处理成被动语态处理后的英文译句往往带有know,see,find,say,suppose,estimate,report,suggest,stress,consider,expect,admit,point,understand等动词例3假如原子失去一种或多种电子,我们就说这个原子带正电荷)4not topunish thosestudents whohad beenlate forclass考点
1.用不定式构造作decide的宾语2不定式时否认形式是在to前加not能带不定式作宾语的动词常见日勺有afford,agree,ask,attempt,beg,begin,bother,care,choose,claim,consent,decide,demand,desire,dislike,endeavor,expect,fail,fear,forget,happen,hate,help,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,pledge,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,remember,resolve,start,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow,want,wish)5whether tovisit theirson inFrance考点:“疑问词+不定式”作动词wonder的宾语能以这种构造作宾语H勺动词一般有ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder等)6warned mejust nownot towater flowersat noon考点不定式作宾语补语)7invited himto giveus alecture onmodern art考点同上能带不定式构造作宾语补语欧I动词有advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,challenge,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,get,hate,have,hear,help,inform invite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish等注划线欧I动词背面日勺不定式不带to)8to bethe chairmanof studentsunion inso largea university考点动词+it+形容词/名词+不定式it是形式宾语,不定式是真正宾语)9to applywhat wehave learnedin classto practice(不定式常用作如F名词/代词的I定语:ability,ambition,anything,attempt,capability,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportunity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something,tendency,time,way,wish等))10ruined ourplan toshow thefilm in the openair(考点同上))11the decisionto builda nuclearpower stationin thesuburbs(考点同上))12American womanto explorethe outerspace(考点由only,last,next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语))13only todrop iton theirown feet(考点不定式作成果状语))14to meeta highschool classmatein themountain village(考点不定式作原因状语))15to have taken upso muchof yourtime(考点L不定式作原因状语2不定式勺完成时))16to bestanding in the doorwaywhen herushed in(考点不定式日勺进行式))17to betreated asa guest(考点不定式H勺被动形式))18go to the campusbookstore tobuy usedbooks)19but playbridge thewhole day(考点同上))20to wipeour feeton themat beforegoing intothe room(考点当动词see,make,hear等用于被动语态时,不定式要保留to)
七、分词)21“Happy birthdayto you“sung inItalian(考点分词作宾语补语)(catch,discover,feel,find,get,have,hear,keep,leave,make,notice,see,watch等动词常用分词形式作宾语补语))22parked inthe firelane(考点分词作定语))23killing thousandsupon thousandsof people(考点分词作成果状语))24raising theaverage yieldby15percent(考点同上))25trying todeduce itsoperating principle(考点分词作伴随状语))26Seeing thateveryone wasbending overhis/her book(考点分词作原因状语))27Deeply movedby theboys deeds)28Seen fromthe eyesof ayoung friend考点分词作方式状语)29Not havingheard fromhis parentsfor along time考点L分词作原因状语2分词的否认形式3目前分词的完成式
八、动名词)30Taking acold bathevery day考点动名词作主语)31making theirdaughter dowhat shedidnt liketo do考点动名词作动词的宾语下列动词后的1宾语只能是动名词而不能是不定式admit,advise,allow,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,delay,deny,dislike,dread,encourage,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,cant help,imagine,keep,mind,miss,permit,postpone,practice,prevent,propose,recall,recollect,resent,resist,risk,cant stand,stop,suggest)32getting ourgoods intothe internationalmarket考点动名词作介词的宾语)33crying overspilled milk考点动名词用于固定构造动名词常常与如下词组连用be worth,have difficultyin,it benogood/use/worthwhile,there beno need/no pointin,how/what about,whafs thepoint of,whafs theuse of)34having peekedat hisneighbors testpaper考点动名词H勺完成式)35being promotedto manager(考点动名词日勺被动式)
九、非谓语动词使用方法区别)1working veryhard.(考点mean表达“意味着”))2to drivethere,but hiscar brokedown(考点mean表达“打算”)(类似需要区别口勺动词还有forget,remember,regret,go on,stop等))3talking tohis mother(考点强调正在进行))4talk tohis motherfor anhour(考点强调整个过程))5only tobreak hisown leg(考点意料之外的成果))6breaking hislegs(考点意料之中的成果))7to seehis parentsin goodhealth(考点不定式作原因状语位于句末))8Seeing hisparents safeand sound(考点分词作原因状语位于句首))9Following itsfootprints(考点目前分词强调主动))10followed bytwo bodyguards(考点过去分词强调被动)
十、名词从句)1Why theyleft theirhometown forYunnan(考点主语从句))2What confusedme most(考点同上))3That thiswas doneon purpose(考点同上))4who should be responsiblefor thismatter(考点较长的主语从句可后来置,用it作形式主语))5whom Maryis engagedto(考点同上))6what can be donetoday(考点宾语从句))7what Ihave beenlooking for(考点表语从句))8whether/if robotswill oneday havevision asgood ashuman vision(考点whether/if引导后置区I主语从句))9Whether shelikes thepresent(考点whether引导前置日勺主语从句))10whether Ishould askfor anotherloan(考点whether引导表语从句))11whether theywill supportus(考点whether引导宾语从句))12whether Ican counton yourvote(考点whether引导同位语从句)(9-12中的J whether不可以替代为if))13that theGovernment coulddo nothingto raise their wages(考点同位语从句))14that thechairman wouldagree tothis proposal(考点同上)、定语从句)1the housewhere LuXun wasborn(考点先行词为地点,定语从句一般由where引导))2on theday whenhis sonarrived(考点先行词为时间,定语从句一般由when引导))3the reasonwhy Iam infavor ofthis reform(考点先行词为reason,定语从句一般由why引导))4a trianglewhose threesides areof unequallength(考点whose引导欧J定语从句))5which madeour journeymore difficult)6most ofwhom wereEnglish majors(考点同上))7As is known toall(考点as引导的定语从句)
十二、状语从句)1Whatever wetalk about(考点让步状语从句))2Whichever sidewins(考点同上))3However hardsome peopleintheaudience triedto upsethim(考点同上))4so thatwe mightget abetter view(考点目的I状语从句))5that ittook usnearly twoweeks tosolve it(考点成果状语从句))6as longas youpromise to be backbefore11at night(考点条件状语从句))7as ifit happenedyesterday(考点方式状语从句)
十四、倒装句)1when aknock atthe doorawakened her(考点Hardly...when...构造))2than shefell ill(考点No sooner…than…构造))3Nor did the wifesay aword ofwelcome.(考点nor表达“后者与前者一样地不……”))4didthedoctor realizethat hispatient neededsurgery(考点only引导日勺状语位于句首,句子倒装))5can weconclude thebusiness(考点同上)
1.A doghas wona Germangovernment award(因协助警方劝阻一名妇女自杀).
2.The managerpoints out(我们H勺工作进展令人满意).
3.(这栋房子需要现代化)it hasno bathroomor electricity.
4.(飞机什么时候起飞)has notbeen announced.
5.His ideais(应该立即执行计划).答案解析
1.for helpingpolice persuadea womannot tocommit suicide解析本句考察日勺是句子逻辑关系根据意思可知,句子前半句是果,后半句是因”一只狗因为协助警方制止了一名妇女H勺自杀而获德国政府奖项,英语一般把表达目H勺、假设、原因、让步等内容放在句子的后部,因此这句话可以由because,for来引导“自杀”有一种固定短语commit suicide,“劝阻”要用强调成果成功W、J persuade
02.that ourwork isprogressing satisfactorily解析本题考察词性的转译,即将原汉语句子中的动词“令人满意“转移成英语H勺副词satisfactorilyo这种词性转换是翻译常用技巧,合适的转换可使译文通顺,符合英文体现习惯此外,句子需填入部分在全句中充当宾语从句,因而不能漏译thato
3.This houseneeds modernizing解析•本题同样考察汉英词性转换技巧全句意为这栋房子既没有浴室也没有电,(因而)需要现代化“现代化”在汉语里是一种名词,在这个句子中实际上指的是“房子”需要配置现代化设备,它的含义不等同于modernization,”配置现代化设施可以用modernizing来表达英语里诸多以・ing结尾的I动词表达该动作的J过程,一般与need连用,如These clothesneed washing.本题是从名词到动词的I转换
4.When the plane isto takeoff解析本题考察的是以连接副词when引导U勺主语从句口勺翻译中文意思是飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布这样的主语从句一般可以采用次序法翻译次序法同样也合用于以that,what,whatever,who,whoever,where,how,why等引导欧I主语从句如认识他的人都信任他(Who knowshim willbelieve him.)本题欧J另一种考点是”什么时候起飞”是一种未来时态,可以用be to来体现
5.that theplan shouldbe carriedout immediately解析本题综合考察了表语从句、无主语翻译以及常用搭配首先,His ideais前半部分是一种完整H勺主谓构造,句子需填入部分在全句中充当表语;其次,”应该立即执行计划“中“计划”是被用来执行U勺,不过题干中并没有提到谁会来执行这个计划因此,在主语没有出现日勺状况下,可以采用被动译法“执行计划”在英语里可以用carry outtheplan,perform theplan,implement theplan来表达
二、汉译英专题练习答案及解析
一、倍数增减的表达法)1is
2.5times greaterthan ForceN2(考点倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than))2reacts threetimes asfast asthe otherone(考点倍数+as+形容词/副词+as))3is49times thesize ofthe moon(考点倍数+名词))4wants toraisetherent bya third(考点动词+by+数词/比例/倍数))5plan todouble theirinvestment
二、时态)1or thewedding will have finishedby thetime weget tothe church(考点未来完成时))2the childrenhad fallenasleep(考点过去完成时))3my sisterwillbetaking hervacation atthe seaside(考点未来进行时))4have beenrevising myresume allthe morning(考点目前完成进行时))5No.It hasbeen fiveyears sinceI wenton holiday(考点It hasbeen…since sb.did sth.表达某人有多长时间没有做某事了))6He hasbeen inthe armyfor5years(考点L目前完成时2要用持续性动词才能接一段时间)
三、被动语态)1is beingreplaced by the computerand theprojector(考点被动语态的目前进行时))2willhavebeen publishedbytheend ofthis year(考点被动语态区I未来完成时))3canbeused todemonstrate the way thatcells work(考点
1.被动语态与情态动词联用;
2.汉语有些没有“被”字等标志词的句子也表达被动,要译成英语的被动语态))4I wasstartled,for theprices werea greatdeal higherthan I had anticipated(考点:同“3”欧I考点2))5Effective measuresmustbetaken immediately(考点汉语的无主句一般翻译成英语的被动语态)
四、情态动词)1but thereis noanswer.She cantbe athome(考点情态动词可以表达可能性,can、表达“一定不”))2I mayhave leftthem inthe coffeeshop yesterday(考点“情态动词can/could,may/might,must+完成式”用于表达对过去发生的J动作的主观判断))3You musthave dreamedof somethingterrible(考点同上))4You shouldhave invitedher toyour graduationceremony(考点“情态动词should/oughtto+havedone”用于评论过去应该做而实际并未做的I动作,具有批评口勺意思))5I neednthave puton mybest suitto gototheparty(考点“情态动词neednt+have+done”表达对过去发生的动作进行评论,认为“不必发生,“不必做)
六、不定式)1to completea24-story buildingin10months(考点不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语放在句首替代不定式,而将不定式移到谓语背面))2for usto havea goodnights sleepbefore thetest(考点有时用“介词for+代词/名词”来表达不定式日勺逻辑主语,这时整句日勺谓语描述的对象是事情,这种状况下谓语中常用的形容词有necessary,important,possible,impossible,all right,essential等))3of youto donateso muchmoney tothe peopleinthedisaster area(考点有时用“介词of+代词/名词来表达不定式的I逻辑主语,这时整句的谓语描述的对象是人,这种状况下谓语中常用的I形容词有absurd,bold,brave,careful,careless,cowardly,cruel,foolish,generous,good,honest,kind,nice,polite,rude,selfish,silly,stupid,thoughtful,thoughtless,wicked,wise,wrong等。
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