TPO-10 Reading 1 阅读译文

Chinese Pottery中国的陶瓷China has one of the worldsoldest continuouscivilizations—despite invasionsandoccasional foreignrule.A countryas vastas Chinawith solong-lasting acivilization hasacomplex socialand visualhistory,within whichpottery and porcelain playa majorrole.尽管中国曾受到入侵，偶尔被外国统治，但是她仍然拥有世界上最源远流长的文明中国是一个拥有悠久文明的大国，而陶瓷在其复杂的社会历史以及视觉历史中扮演了极为重要的角色The functionand statusof ceramicsin Chinavaried fromdynasty todynasty,so theymaybe utilitarian,burial,trade-collectors,or evenritual objects,according totheir qualityandthe erain whichthey weremade.The ceramicsfall intothree broadtypes-earthenware,stoneware,andporcelain-for vessels,architectural itemssuch asroof tiles,and modeledobjectsand figures.In addition,there wasan importantgroup ofsculptures madeforreligious use,the majorityof whichwere produced in earthenware.在中国，每一个朝代陶瓷的功能和地位都是不同的，所以，根据它们的质量和制作年代的不同，可以是实用器物、陪葬品、贸易收藏品，甚至是礼器对于容器、瓦片等建筑材料、模仿的物体或人物，陶瓷可以被分为三大类陶器、拓器和瓷器另外，瓷器中还有很重要的一类就是宗教用途的雕塑，它们多数是陶质的The earliestceramics werefired toearthenware temperatures,but asearly as the fifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperature stonewareswere beingmade withglazed surfaces.Duringthe SixDynasties periodAD265-589,kilns innorth Chinawere producinghigh-firedceramics ofgood quality.Whitewares producedin Hebeiand Henanprovinces from theseventh tothe tenthcenturies evolvedinto thehighly prizedporcelains of the SongdynastyAD.960-1279,long regardedasoneofthehigh pointsin thehistory ofChinas ceramicindustry.The traditionof religioussculpture extendsover mosthistorical periodsbut islessclearly delineatedthan thatof stonewaresor porcelains,for itembraces theold customofearthenware burialceramics withlater religiousimages and architectural ornament.Ceramic productsalso includelead-glazed tombmodels ofthe Handynasty,three-colorlead-glazed vesselsand figuresoftheTang dynasty,and Mingthree-color templeornaments,in whichthe motifswere outlinedin araised trailof slip-as wellasthemanyburial ceramicsproducedinimitation ofvessels madein materialsof higherintrinsic value.尽管最早的陶瓷是在陶器的温度下烧制的，但是早在公元前15世纪，就已经产生了上釉的高温拓器六朝时期（公元265-589年），中国北方就有窑炉在生产优质的高温瓷器从7世纪到10世纪，河北以及河南省产的白瓷逐渐的演变成为享有盛名的宋代瓷器（公元960-1279年）一一长久以来被认为是中国陶瓷业历史中的巅峰时期之一在大部分历史时期中都延续了宗教雕塑的传统，但是没有拓器和瓷器质地的雕塑描绘的那么清晰，因为它包含了一种古老的习俗，就是将刻着新的宗教形象和建筑装饰的陶器作为陪葬品瓷器制品还包括汉朝的铅釉随葬陶俑，唐朝的三彩铅釉器皿和人物，明朝的以泥釉凸纹展现轮廓的三彩寺庙装饰物以及很多用来模仿用更贵重的材料制成的器皿的陪葬瓷器Trade betweenthe Westand thesettled andprosperous Chinesedynasties introducednewforms anddifferent technologies.One ofthe mostfar-reaching examplesis theimpact ofthefine ninth-century AD.Chinese porcelainwares importedinto theArab world.Soadmired werethese piecesthat theyencouraged thedevelopment ofearthenware madeinimitation ofporcelain and instigated researchinto themethod oftheir manufacture.Fromthe MiddleEast the Chinese acquireda bluepigment一a purifiedform ofcobalt oxideunobtainableat thattime in China—that containedonly alow levelof manganese.Cobaltores foundinChinahave ahigh manganesecontent,which producesa moremutedblue-gray color.In theseventeenth century,the tradingactivities ofthe DutchEast IndiaCompanyresulted invast quantitiesof decoratedChinese porcelainbeing broughttoEurope,which stimulatedand influencedthe workof awide varietyof wares,notably Delft.The Chinesethemselves adaptedmany specificvessel formsfromtheWest,such asbottleswith longspouts,and designeda rangeof decorativepatterns especiallyfor theEuropeanmarket.西方国家和繁荣稳定的历代中国之间的贸易促使双方互相引入了新的形式和不同的技术其中一个意义最为深远的例子是公元9世纪出口到阿拉伯世界的精美中国瓷器所带来的影响阿拉伯人非常仰慕这些瓷器，于是他们鼓励发展陶器以模仿瓷器，并激励人们对生产方法开展研究中国人从中东获得了一种蓝色的颜料——一种当时在中国还没有的精制氧化钻，其中只含有少量的镒中国自己的钻矿石含有大量的会产生暗蓝灰色的镒元素17世纪，大量的中国装饰类瓷器通过荷兰东印度公司的交易活动而流入欧洲，这刺激和影响大量各式各样的瓷器的生产，特别是代尔夫特中国人自己改良了很多种来自西方的特殊器皿，比如带有长壶嘴的瓶子，并专门为欧洲市场设计了一系列的装饰性图案Just aspainted designson Greekpots mayseem todayto bepurely decorative,whereas infactthey werecarefully andprecisely workedout sothat atthe time,their meaningwasclear,so itis withChinese pots.To twentieth-century eyes,Chinese potterymay appearmerelydecorative,yet totheChinesethe formof eachobject andits adornmenthadmeaning andsignificance.The dragonrepresented theemperor,and thephoenix,theempress;the pomegranateindicated fertility,andapair offish,happiness;mandarin ducksstoodfor weddedbliss;the pinetree,peach,and cranearc emblemsof longlife;and fishleapingfrom wavesindicated successin thecivil serviceexaminations.Only whenEuropeandecorative themeswere introduceddid thesemeanings becomeobscured orevenlost.正如希腊的壶罐上所绘的图案，今天看来也许纯粹是为了装饰用，然而事实上在当时它们都是被精心仔细的制作出来的，它们的意义在当时非常明确，中国的瓷器也是如此以20世纪的眼光来看，中国制造的陶瓷也许仅仅是装饰品，但是对于中国人来说每个物件的形式及它的装饰都有含义和意义龙代表了皇帝，凤代表了皇后；石榴意味着多子，双鱼意味着幸福；鸳鸯代表了婚姻的幸福美满；松树、桃树以及鹤都是长寿的象征；鱼跃出水面意味着科举考试会高中但是当欧洲的装饰主题被引进后，这些寓意就变得不再那么流行甚至丢失了From earlytimes potswere usedin bothreligious andsecular contexts.The imperialcourtcommissioned workandinthe Yuandynasty A.D.1279-1368an imperialceramicfactory wasestablished atJingdezhen.Pots playedan importantpart insome religiousceremonies.Long andoften lyricaldescriptions ofthe differenttypes ofware existthatassist inclassifying pots,although thesesometimes confusean alreadylarge andcomplicatedpicture.从很早的时候壶罐就被用于宗教和日常生活中了朝廷分派了制作工作，并于元朝公元1279-1368年在景德镇设立了一座官窑壶罐在一些宗教仪式上也有着重要的地位壶罐上有很多长篇的关于不同类型的壶罐的并且通常是抒情性的描述可以帮助我们对其进行分类，虽然这些描述有时候使一幅已经大而复杂的画面显得凌乱。