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1..views on intercultural municationTwodifferent viewsonintercultural munication:people arepeople VS.contact isnot equaltomunication
2.3major socio-cultural elementsinfluencing perceptionand municationCultural value,world view,social organizations.
3.What isglobalizationGlobalization is a process of interactionand integrationamong thepeople,panies,and governmentsof differentnationso a process drivenby internationaltrade and investment and aided byinf ormationtechnology.This processhas effectson the environment,on culture,on politicalsystem s,on economicdevelopmentand prosperity,and onhuman physicalwell-being insocieties around the world.
4.What are the stumblingblocks ininterculturalmunication1assumption ofsimiliarities:people expectthat simplybeing humanand havingmon requirementsoffood,shelter,security andso onmakes everyonealike.2differences.differences.:yes^and nocause trouble.3Nonverbal misinterpretatons:misinterpretation ofobservable siansand symbols—gesture,postures,body movenment.4Preconceptions andstereotypes:Arabs areinflammable maycause U.S.students tokeep theirdistance.5Tendence toevaluate:to approveor disapprove,to statementsand actionsof otherperson orgroup.6High anxiety/tension.U2:
1.What iscultureCulture isa veryextensive concept,it isvery difficultto defineit strictlyand accurately,becauseculture involvestoo much.Culture isa plexsystem ofbehavior,values,beliefs,traditions andartifacts,which istransmitted throughgenerations.What arethe fivebasic needsfor human beings1physiological needsthings thatmake usalivejood waterair2safety needsphysical safeand psychologicalllysecure3belongingness needsneeds tobe accepted byothers and to belongto a group4esteem needsrecognition,reputation,self respect5self-actualization needsactualize onselfandtoreach onesfull potential
2.What arevalues,attitudes,beliefs and behaviors How are theylinked1Values arewhat peoplego towar overor conductbussiness by.Values tellus howto weightheworth ofsomething,they canindicate arelative hierarchy.2Attitudes arefeelings aboutthings.it isa tendencyto respondthe sameway to the sameobject orsituationor idea.Attitudes islearned andcan change.3Beliefs areconvictions orcertainties based on subjectiveand oftenpersonal ideasrather thanonproof orfact.4Links:values underlieattitudes andalso shapebeliefs.Attitudes are based onbeliefs aswell asvalues.values enableus toevaluate whatmatters tous orapply standarsto ourattitudes and玲玲beliefs.value beliefattitude.For example,you have an attitudetoward eatingraw fish,which ispositiveand isbased on the beliefthat expertprepararion ofsushi andsashimi byJapanese chefsresultsin culinarydelicacies,or youhaveanattitude thatis negative,based on the beliefthat rawfishcan containparasites thatcause unpleasantconsequences in the humandigestive system.You canevenhave bothattitudes at the sametime.if youdo,then probablyyou valueboth fineeatingexperiences andphysical health.
3.What arethe elementsof munication
①context:physical setting,psychological historical,culture,the munication norms22participants:senders whoform messages and municatewith symbols,receiverswho processandreact themassages.3Massages:meanings,symbols encodingsand decodings4Channels:a varietyof sensorychannels5Noise[internal externaland semantic noise.6Feedback:the verbaland nonverbalresponses
4.What arenormsNorms arethe guildelinesthat weestablish forconducting transactions.Norms tellus whatkinds ofmessagesandbehaviorare properin agiven contextor witha particularperson orgroup of people.People acquiremunicationnormsfrom theirexperiences inlife.
5.What is the differencebetween encodingand decodingEncodingis theprocess oftransforming ideas and feelingsinto symbolsand organizingthem.Decodingis theprocessoftansforminf meeagesbacke intoideas and feelings.Transforming andorganizing Transformingand intepretingideas and feelings--------------------symbols/massages-----------玲ideas andfeelingsJ JEncodingdecoding
6.What isthe differencebetween externalnoise,internal noiseand semanticnoiseexternal noise:Sights andsounds andother stimuliin the environment thatdraw peoplesattentionaway fromintended meaning.internal noise:Thoughts andfeelings thatinterfere withthe municationprocess.Feelings of anger oranxiety,stereotypeor prejudicein yourmind.semanticnoise:the meaningswe assignto wordsdepend onour ownexperience,other peoplemay attimesdecode a word orphases differentlyfrom the way weintend.
7.What ismunicationmunication isaprocessinvolving the exchange ofmessagesand the creation of meaning.U3:
1.What arethe fivebasic questionsattheroot of any culturesvalue system1what isthe characterof innatehuman nature------human nature2what isthe relationof manto nature------the relationshipof manto nature.3What isthe temporalfocus of human life--sense oftime/time orientation.4What isthe modeof humanactivity--------activity orientation.What isthe modeofhumanrelationships---social relationships
2.What arethe keyprinciples ofConfucianism1social orderand stabilityarebased on uneqalrelationships betweenpeople includingleaders andfollowers,father andson,husband andwife,older brotherand youngerbrother,and friends.2family:follow rules for ordering3proper socialbehavior consistsof nottreating othersas youwould notlike to be treated子所不欲勿施于人youself.Jearn to be sensitiveto othersfeels4people shouldbe skilled,educated hardworking,thrifty,modest,patient andpersevering.
3.How doliving situationsaccount forvalue differencesbetween differentculturesFor example,Japanese livein alittle ofarable land,even mainlyvalcanoes.thus,they builttheir homestogethervery closelyin orderto makeuse ofevery availableland and they canwork togetherinplanting andharvesting ofrice effectively.In thissituation,japanenescentral socialvaluebecause oflivingclose proximitythat gavevery littleprivacy wasthat anidividual doesnot matter.However,inthe U.S.it ismon tosee apattern ofa singlefarmhouse surroundedby firelds.the nearnestneighborwas perhaphstwo milesdistant.inevitably,the centralsocial valueswere self-reliance andindependence.
4.What arecultural valuesThemonly heldstandards ofwhat isacceptable orunacceptable,important orunimportant,right orwrong,good orbad,true orfalse,workable orunworkable,etc.,in amunity orsociety.Values representa learnedorganization ofrulesformaking choicesand forresolving theconflicts.
5.What arethe fivedimensions toconsider when doing studiesof culturaldifferencesculturevalue1Idividualism versuscollectivism involvespeoples relationshipsto thelarger socialgroups;socialrelationshipldividualism;key wordsinclude independence,privacy,self,and allimportant ICollectivismbelieve inobligations to the group,we conscioucenessand anemphasis onbelonging.2uncertainty avoidancehowto adaptto changesand copewith uncertainties,Greeceplan everythingOversus Singaporelike uncertainty3power distancefallpeople ina culturedo not have equalslevels ofstatus orsocial power.Malaysia versusNew Zealand4masculinity versusfemininitywork harderto getachievement,wealth versuscaring for the othersand the quatityof lifeJapan versusThailandorientation totime along-term orientationschedule forwork andlife versusa short-term orientationtowardchanging events
6.What arethe differencesbetween ahigh-context cultureandalow-context oneLow-context interactionemphasizes directtalk,person-oriented focus,self-enhancement mode,andthe importance of talk:high-context interaction,in contraststresses indirecttalk,status-orientedfocus,self-esffacement mode,and theimportanceofnonverbal signalsand evensilence.U4:
1.What isthe relationshipbetween languageand cultureCultureand languageare interwinedand shapedeach other.Each timewe selectwords,formsentence,and senda message,either oralor writtenwe alsomake culturalchoices.Culturalz特定领域的能力或知识literacy isnecessary tounderstand thelanguage beingused.lall languageshave socialquestions andinformation questions.For exemple:in AmeircaEnglish,the questionHowareyou isa socialquestion,the Americansregisterthe phraseas“hello”.But inGermany andRussia thephase is an imformationqustion.thespeaker atuallywants toget ananswer toit.22language reflectstheenvironmentin whichwe live.For exemple,in theAmazon areasnow isnot partof theenvironment.Therefore,people inthatregion donot havea wordfor snow.however,most Americans,who livean environmentwhere litsnowsmost monthsof theyear,use termssuch assnow,sleet,slush,blizzard andice.3languagereflects cultural values,a way of thinking.when wetranslate conceptsfrom aforeign languageand culturalwith words,we haveto choosethepriority wordsin oderto municateeffectively.Cultural kowledgeis impotantas linguisticknowledge.西班牙语的明天心态For example,Amerians arefrustrated withthe mananamentality ofSpanish-speaking countries:for Americantomorrow meansmidnight tomidnight,a veryprecise timeperiod,To Mexicans,manana meansin thefuture,soon.4,Different cuturesuse identicalwords thathave ratherdifferent meanings.For example,for Amercans,adminisration in the universitycontext meansdepartment chairordean,for Frenchesadminisration meansupper levelclerical staff.What Americansconsider to be anadminstrator,Frenches considerfaulty.5language changes overtime.words andprases that are usedmonly atone timemay bediscontinuedor theirmeaning mychange overtime.For example,the wordgay meanshappy lightened.In recentdecades,however the word hastaken onthe meaning homosexual\English speakingcountries dontuse theoriginal meaninganymore..munication acrosscultures and language isdifficult andfull ofhurdles andpitfalls.Even iftwo peoplefrom different countriesspesk amon language,they maymisinteptet thecutural signal.If thathappens,in alllikelihood,there willbeacutural problemrhather thana languageproblem.
2.What isthe relationshipbetween environmentandlanguage2language reflectstheenvironmentin whichwe live.For exemple,in theAmazon areasnow isnot partof theenvironment.Therefore,people inthatregion donothavea wordfor snow.however,most Americans,who livean environmentwhere litsnowsmost monthsof theyear,use termssuch assnow,sleet,slush,blizzard andice.
3.How doeslanguage changeover timelanguagechangesovertime.words andprases thatare usedmonly atone timemay bediscontinued ortheirmeaning mychange overtime.For example,the wordgay meanshappy lightened.In recentdecades,however theword hastaken onthemeaning homosexual\English speakingcountries dontuse theoriginal meaninganymore..
4.Denotations andconnotationsDenotations:denotations ofaword or phrasearethemeanings thatrelate itto theobjects orconceptsreferred to the actualor fictionalthingsthat aresymbolized.For example,the denotationof the English wordbird isa tow-legged,winged,egg-laying creature.Connnotations:connnotations referto theadditional meaningsthatawordorphrase hasbeyond itscentralmeaning.These meaningsshow people/s attitudesor feelingstoward what thewordor phaserefers to.〃狗For example:consider theword dogin EnglishandinChinese.They canbe saidto havethe same；denotative meaninghowever peoplefromdifferentcutures mayhave differentconnotativez流浪狗丧家之犬reactions to these words,pare ahomeless dogwith
5.What arethe waysof expressingno Why do peoplein countrieslike Japanand Chinaoftenrefuse tosay nodirectly1be vague2be silentor aska question3change thetopic orleave4tell awhite lieor refuseto answerthe question.Say onecannot answer5put thereaponsibility to the trird partyor offeringan alternative.〃，The reason:In Japanand Chinasculture,to refusean invitationor requestwith”no ora similarphrase,is feltto beimpolite.It isthought tobe selfishand unfriendly.
6.How doeslanguage affectpeoples perceptionand experiencesThelanguage we use mayto someexten determinethe waywe perceiveand experiencethe world.!in japanlanguage variessubstantially indifferent socialsituatons likesddressing superiorpeers andinferiors.2the Thailandlanguage3splanish languagereveals maledominance throughuse of gendered nounsand pronouce.Agroup ofman referred to asello,agroup ofwemen referredto asellas
7.What arethe fiveintended typesof equivalencewhendoingtranslation例子;1lexical equivalencethere isno equivlenttotheEnglish colorword bluein Russian.Russiaonly havethe accordingwords oflight blueand darkblue thatanbetranslated intoEnglish.2Idiomatic equivalence:raining catsand dogs；3Grammatical equivalencein Filipinolanguage‘there isno equivalentof theenglish verbbe.4Experience equivalence5Conceptual equivalence
8.Whydopeople saylanguage isalways ambiguous1we cannever fullycontrol themeanings of the thingswe sayand writein the wayofpaticipantsinterpret2language cannever fullyexpress ourmeanings whetherin writingor speaking3whether theparticipants sharethe sameassumptions andknowledge aboutthe worldor not.U5:
1.What isa richpointConversation isa richpoint,a richpoint issomething inone culturethat makesit difficultto beconnectedwith another culture.
2.What basicdifferences canwe stillfind betweentheEnglish-speaking peopleand theChinesepeople concerningpliment andresponseIn Englishcountrries,the bestway torespond toa plimentis toaccept it.Rejection ofpliments isoftenregarded asa symptomof problem,such aslow self-esteem.In contrastto english,the bestwayrasponse topliments inChinese istraditionally thoughttobea rejectionor denial.A denialis theroutinizedresponse toa pliment.
3.What arethe differencesbetween“high involvement,/style andhigh consideratenessstyle High；involvement stylestend to:1talk more2interrupt more;30expect totobeinterrupted4talkmore loudlyat timesand5talk morequickly thanthose fromcultures favoring“high consideratenessstyles.；High consideratenessstyles1speak oneat times2use politelistening sounds;3refrain frominterrupting;and4give plentyof positiveand respectfulresponses totheir conversationpartners;
4.Directnessindirectnessget tothe point!Dont beat aroundthe bushhave manyways tosay nodirectly
5.Different municationpatternsPeoples municationpatterns differthewaypeople converse.Americans holda conversation,it seemslike theyare havinga PingPonggame.one personhas the balland thenhits ittotheother sideof thetable.The otherplayer hitstheballback thegame continutesJapanesconversationstyle islike abowling game,answer toquestions arecarefully thoughtout ratherthanblurted out,enven longsilences aretolerated.Give aanswer toa questionmust begiven enoughtime.
6.Cross-cultural verbal munication stylesOurverbalmunicationstyles reflectsour culturaland personalvalues andsentiments.1diect andindirect verbalinteraction stylesjnthe directverbal styles,statements clearlyreveal thespeakersintention.Say whatyou mean“don nobeataroundthebush2person-orientedtreat otherpeople withcasualness andinformality andstatus-oriented verbalstylesupholdformality inthe humanrelationshipself-enhancement boastones acplishmentsand ablilitiesand self-oriented verbalstyles signalmodestyor humanity
7.What culturalimplications arethere underlyingthe differencebetween speakerresponsibilityandlistener-responsibility inorganizational structure187In Speaker-responsible language,the speakerprovides thestructure andtherefore muchof thespecificmeaning of the statement.Because the speaker wantto tellthe listenerexactly whatis goningto betalkedabout,and whatthe speakerwants thelistener toknow.Prior knowledgeofthespeaker/s intentisnecessary.In listener-responsible language,speakers needto indicateonly indirectlywhat theyare discussing.The listeneris forcedto constructthemeaningand usuallydoes so,basedonshared kownledgebetweenthespeakerandthelistener.U6:
1.Values shownin nonverbal munication:intonation,body languagehand movement,eye contact,smile,touch
2.Baptics touchThereare manykinds oftouch tomonly usedinthewestern world.The studyof howwe usetouch inmunicationis calledbaptic.
3.Gender and nonverbal municationWhatwe knowas genderisaset ofacts orsocial performencesthat peopleare repearedlypelled toenact.Touch,intheus,wemen friendsand relativesmay walkarm-in-arm,dance togetherand hugoneanother.touch betweenheterosexual malesis generallymore restricted.Height,height equelspower andwemen arenot supposedtobemore powerfulthan man,tallerwomen mayattempt todiminsh themselves,so asto retreatas littlespace aspossible.Gaze,looking directlyinto personseyes canconnote anaggressive threat,a sexualinvitation,or adesirefor honestand openmunication.in someculture,children aretaught thatto lookadults intheeyes isa signof disrespect.In mixed-sex paries,women aremore likelythan mento averttheir eyes.Gesture anddemeanor,or actlike alady.Artifactual objectsmessage,when worn,they havebeed usedto signifya wear/s gender,culture,andsocioeconomic class.From themoment atwhich familiesor hospitalassign infantspink orblueblankets,artifacts annouceand contributetotheshaping ofchildrens experienceofgender.,maant ofushave ournotions ofmasculine andfemininity restingonthenonverbal messagewe display.
4.Functions ofnonverbal municationOurnonverbalmunicationhaves manyuses andfunctions in munication.Repeating:a nonverbalmessage canrepeat averbal one.Eg;place fingersto hislips tomean stopplementing:using ofthe voiceand facialexpression toexpress appology.Subsituting,regulating,contradictiing
5.Paralanguage辅助性语言Paralanguage liesbetween verbalandnonverbalmunication.It involvessounds butnot语音和语调，感叹词的使用，美国中的插入语words.you know,okay,well,the worssimply buildabridge towhatthespeaker saysnext.U7:
1..Private spacepublic space
2.Conversational distance
3.The layoutofacity reflectsits socialstructure andculturalvalues.美国NewYork isarrranged ina gridpattern ofright-angled street,any cornercan beena center,reflectmore equalityand independence.French isstar patterneverthing shouldbe surroundedthe centerof highlycentrealized government.
4.3perspectives ona culturesconception oftimellnformal timeconception oflate andattitutude tothe conversationtime.2Past,present,and future:behavior andtime arelinked.；Chinese proverbconsider thepast andyou willknow thepresent.Americans areconstanly planningforthefuture.3monochronic andpolychronicM-time people:do onething atatime concentrateonthejob,take thedeadline,schedules seriously,adhere toplans,show greatrespect forprivacy.；P-time peopledo manythings atonce,change theplans ofeneasily andoften,
5.German useof space美国与德国的比较，germans sensetheir ownspace asan extensionoftheegoU8:
1.perceptions/images relatedtotheterm“gaijin inJapanese blondhair andblue eyesoutgoning.
2.ethnocentrismethnorelativism民族中主义ethnocentrism isnagetively judgingaspects ofanothercultureby thestandars ofonesown culture.It isthe technicalname forthe viewof thingsin whivhones owngroup isthe centerofeverything,and allothers arescaled andrated withreference toit.Ethnorelativism involvesthe viewthat allcultures areofequal valueandthevalues andbehaviors ofaculture canonly bejudged usingthat cultureasaframe ofreference..no onecultural trait is rightorwrong,itismerely diferentfrom alternativecultural traits.
3.stereotype:a tereotypeis oversimplified ideaabout aperson group,.cultural stereotypeaboutz〃americans weand they.many americanview jewand arabasamenace anddemon andtheymay avoidto talkto themand escapethem whenthey meetthem ontheway.
4.What isperception Thethree-step processof perceptionPerceptionisthemeans bywhich youmake senseof yourphysical andsocial world.lselection,2organazation3interpretation
5.What arecultural patterns
6.Racial prejudice
7.the3ways inwhich stereotypesare formed1we maycategorize peopleor thingsby themost obviouscharacteristics theypossess.2We mayapply aset ofcharacteristics toa wholegroup of people..3We maygive thesame treatmentto eachmember ofthe group.
8.the4dimensions ofstereotypesA rereotypeisanovergeneralized andoversimplified beliefweuseto categorizeagroupofpeople.1direction positiveor negativestatements,american honest,ambitious⑵intensity thestrenth ofa beliefabout agroupofpeople3accuracy4content
9.What isprejudice Thefive monforms ofprejudiceAn attitudebasedonerroneous beliefsor preconceptionsis calledprejudice.Vebal abuse,.Physical avoidance,discrimination,physical attackand massacre.U9:
1.What iscultural shockWhat arethe symptomsculturalshock referstothetransition periodandtheacpanying feelingsof stressand anxietya personexperiencesduring theearly periodunpon enteringa newculture.1physiological suchas headacheand sleeplessness2emotional suchas anxiety,andfeelinghelpless andloneliness3munication suchas frustrationand excessiveplainting,withdrawal fromrelationship andconversation.
2.model thatexplains thenormal cyclesor stagesof earlyadaptation andculture shockpredeparturestage everythingis beatiful,awful,ok adaptionand reentry
3.What isreverse culture shockThe shocksuffered byexpatriates returninghome afterlengthy overseasassignments.It iscaused bythefact thatthe culturalnorms oftheex-pats overseasassignment beenatural tothem,over theirhomecountrys owntraditions andcustoms,suggestions forcultureshockadaptationcontrol emotionbe patientmeet peopletry newthings giveyouself periodof restand thought,workon yourself-concept observebady languageJearn theverbal language
4.2major viewsof cultureshock:the diseaseview heplessvictim leavethe cuturequicklyself-awareness viewpositive learningexperience
5.positive cross-cultural learningexperiences
6.overing ethnocentrisminmunication
7.Who aresojourners Whatis cross-cultural adaptationWhat arechallenges tosojourneradaptationPeople whocross culturalboundaries arereferredtoas sojourners.includingimmigrants.refugees,studentsCross-cutural adaptationreferstohow asojourner choosesto copewith cuturalchanges.Challenges tosojourner adaptationinclude ethnocentrism,language barriers,disequilibriumfit intothehost cultureO,length ofstay,level ofknowledge
8.key qualitiesofamindful stateof being1creationofnew categories2openness tonew information3awareness ofmore thanoneperspective.U
101.betweenness ofidentity
2.metaphors ofUS culturaldiversity
3.steps toimprove interculturalmunication
4.attributes ofa petentintercultural municator
5.3cognitive processesof perceptiondescription,interpretation,evaluation。
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