从批评性话语分析视角看近十年外媒中的中国形象

On Chinas Image inForeign Mediain thePast TenYearsfrom thePerspective ofCritical Discourse Analysis从批评性话语分析视角看近十年外媒中的中国形象an institutionalsetting.

[12]She developeda newmethod thattreats discourseas a specific meaning.Thefield of social practicestarts froma particularangle.Wodak*s analysisfocuses onpoliticaldiscourse andracial discrimination.She learnedand developeda four-stage analysisstrategyfrom theperspective andmethod ofpragmatics.

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2.2Previous Studieson Critical Discourse Analysis at HomeAffectedby thetheory andpractice of Western critical discourse analysis,a fewscholars in Chinabegan tointroduce CDAinto China.Chinas domesticresearch oncriticaldiscourse analysisstarted late,and onlya decadeof researchhistory has been madeso far.CDA*s domesticresearch beganin the1990s,and sincethen CDAhas becomea newtrendin discourse analysis.In1995,a smallnumber ofscholarsin China Chen Zhongzhu,XinBin,etc.began tointroduce the analysis of critical discourse.Although the analysis ofcritical discourse in China is not asvibrant asthat of foreign countries,it has already beguntotake shape.The mainfeature ofits developmentis that there are many articlesin theacademicjournals scatteredin foreignlanguages.ChenZhongzhuwas one of the firstscholars tointroduce CDAinto China.It ishe whopaved theway forfurther researchinthis area.1141Among the pioneers in the fieldof CDA,Xin Binis oneof themost influentialfigures.His articleLanguage,Power andIdeology:Critical Linguisticsoutlines theoriginand development of CDAand the theoretical basis of CDA.Intertextuality is another topichefocuses on.1171In his article Intertextualityfrom thePerspective ofCriticism0,heproposes toanalyze differentnews reports on thesame eventfrom variousnews media,andtries toexplore howintertextuality producesideological meaningin discourse.1181In2005,the developmentof critical discourse analysis in Chinaalso usheredin a newleap.Professor XinBin ofNanjing NormalUniversity summarizedhis researchachievementsin critical discourse analysisfor morethan ten years andpublished the bookCritical Linguistics:Theory andApplication.He systematicallydiscussed andstudiedcritical linguistics.The publicationof this book is very exciting.This indicates that theresearch on domestic critical discourse analysis hasentered a new periodof development.In the past years,critical discourse analysis has achieved considerabledevelopmentand progress.It has been adoptedby manysocial sciences.In the21st century,criticallinguists fullyrecognize thesignificant roleof discoursein socialculture and culture inmodernand postmodernsociety,and constantlypropose manynew topics.In summary,in foreigncountries,critical discourse analysis isdeveloping rapidly,research andpractice teamsare constantlyevolving,and internationaljournals andregionalcooperation projectsare alsoemerging.In contrast,domesticcritical discourse analysisstartedrelatively late,but has been widelyconcerned.In thenew era,the frameworkofCDAhas becomemore andmore completeand comprehensive.In thispart,we brieflyreview theprevious studyon national image and criticaldiscourse analysis at homeand abroad.Although the study of Chinas imagefrom theperspective of CDAhasbeendone before,however,there arestill deficienciesin thosestudiesof national image and the study of critical discourse analysis.Therefore,furtherstudies should be doneby overcomingthe weakness.Ill TheoreticalfoundationsThe definitionof CDAis aninterdisciplinary languagestudy aimedat studyingandexplaining socialproblems.This chapterwill focuson thekey concepts and thetheoreticalbasisof criticaldiscourse analysis.

3.1Faircloughfs Three-Dimensional ModelThekey conceptsof CDAare discourse,ideology,and power.Western criticaldiscourseanalysts believe that discourserefers tostructured knowledgeand socialpractice,while textrefers todiscourse entitieswith specificforms.In Faircloughsview,discourse isthebasis foranalyzing the ideology of news discourse.Fairclough dividespower intodiscoursepower/referring toapparent power and powerbehind discourse,1which referstohidden power.Research onCDA focusesnot onlyon meaning,but alsoon powerinfiltrationin the process of meaning generation.The relationship between language andpower iscomplex because language is affected by the powerrelations generatedby socialgroups,and powerrelations are also influenced by language.Ideology is another importanttermin CDA.The notionof ideologywas originallyused to indicate a new scientificidea.Fairclough proposesthat ideology is closelyrelated to language,for the use of language isthemost commonform ofsocial behavior,and theform ofsocial behaviorwhere humandependmost oncommon-sense assumption.Therefore,Fairclough uses Hallidays systemic-functional grammaras an analyticaltool toanalyze socialtheory anddiscourse.The combination of discourse analysis revealsthedialectical relationshipbetween languageand societyand the hidden ideology behindthe language,creating a three-dimensional discourse analysis methodthat canstudy bothlanguagechanges and social andcultural changes.He believesthat discoursereflects andconstructssocial relations.Accordingly,Fairclough dividesthe discourseinto threedimensions:text,interaction,and context.These three dimensions areinterrelated and areintended to reveal theimplicit ideologyin the discourse.The firstlevel istext.At thislevel,lexical,grammatical,and textualstructures areanalyzed;the secondlevel is interactionassociated with the discursive practice thatdeals with the production and inteipretationoftext;the thirdlevel is the contextlevel associatedwith socialpractice.The thirdlevelanalyzes the text froma socialperspective.Corresponding to the dimensionsof discourse,Fairclough proposes three stagesofCDAincluding description,interpretation andexplanation.Description isthe firststage ofdiscourseanalysis.The linguisticfeatures of discourse areanalyzed at this stagethrough theanalytical toolsof systemic functional grammar.Interpretation analyzes the relationshipbetween text anddiscursive practice.This stageinvestigates howdiscourses aregeneratedand interpreted in a social context.The analyticaltools fordealing withdiscursive practicearenews sourcesand reporting models.Explanation focuses on the relationshipbetweendiscursive practice and the social-culturalpractice.This stagefocuses onhow thediscursivepracticereflectscertain socioculturalrealityand inturn restructuresit

3.2Hallidayfs Systemic-Functional GrammarHallidayput forwardsystemic functional grammar SFGin the late1970s.First,theconcept ofsystem theorysees language as anetwork ofsystems.Second,Social semioticsconsiderslanguage as a toolofsocialpractice and social interaction.This meansthat ourproduction andinterpretation ofsocial textsare alwaysinfluencedbysociety andideology.Third,the threemeta-functions oflanguage includeideational functionthatconvey worldevents andprocesses,interpersonal functionsthat expressproducers1attitudes towardthese experiencesand establishrelationships withothers,and textualfunctionsfor organizingtextual content.These meta-functions will be elaboratedin thefollowingparts.

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2.1Ideational FunctionAccording to Halliday,the ideationalfunction is used to express contentandinformation.The speakeror authorcan uselanguage toreflect hisexperience ofreal-worldphenomena,through ideational functions andexperience hisinner world.Ideationalfunction oflanguage isdiscussed throughlexical classificationand transitivity.The discourseclassification means to nameand describecharacters andevents mainlythrough the choice of word.The concept of lexical classification organizationproposedby Hallidaymeanstoclassify conceptsin detailwhen organizingvocabulary.Lexicalclassification/classification orlexical structure11are widelydiscussed in CDA.Word isaclassification tool to helpus gainexperience of the world.The classification here onlyrefersto wordselection.When analyzing the classificationsystem of discourse,there aretwo kinds ofphenomena thatshould payspecial attentionto:nre-lexicalizationn andnexcessive lexicalization.The formerreplaces theold wordswith newwords.The latterusesa lot of differentwords torepresent thesame thing.The analysis of lexicalclassificationis importantto revealthe ideology behind the language.Journalists choosetheir own vocabularylist toreflect theiropinions,positions and interests,and express theirattitudes basedon theirevaluation systemand theemotionality of the event.Vocabularyclassification in news discoursewill expressreporters*hidden viewsor ideologies.Transitivity is also abasic semanticconcept ofHallidays ideationalfunction.It is animportant toolfor representationanalysis.Through theanalysis ofphysical properties,itcan revealthehiddenideology behind thelanguage,and it is veryuseful forcritical researchonnews discourse.As away toexplore theideationalfunctionsoflanguageat theclause level,thetransitivity systembuilds the world ofexperience intoa seriesof controllableprocesstypes.The semanticprocess ismade up of threecomponents:process itself,participants andprocess-related circumstances,According toHalliday,there aresix types of processesin thetransitivity system,including material processes,mental processes,relational processes,behavioral processes,verbal processesand existentialprocesses.People makechoicesbased on the typeof process,the actorand environment in thetransitivitysystemwhenmodeling reality.Different choicesmake differentrepresentations ofreality.It ispossible tohave an ideologicalmeaning bydetermining andserving thepurpose ofsocial practiceinternallythrough the choice ofgrammatical processesand typesof participants.Therefore,transitive analysiscan beinstructive inCDA studies.

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2.2Interpersonal FunctionModalityis generallyseen as a speakerscognitive,emotional,and willingattitudetowards athing.It hasobtained asignificant statusbeyond traditionalgrammar.It focuseson the speakersexpression ofhis attitude,evaluation and other emotionalorientations inlanguage,and affectsthe attitude and behaviorof thehearer.Halliday pointed out thatmodalitydoes nothave to be realizedby modal verbs,and propositionaland proposedevaluativeattribute wordsare anotherway toachieve modality.Therefore,in additiontomodal verbs,tenses,and personalpronouns,modal adjectives,modal adverbs,verbs,directquotations,and indirect quotations areable to show modalmeanings.In news discourse,modality isused toconvey theirimplied ideology and politicalintentions byspeakers.

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2.3Textual FunctionInHallidays functionalgrammar,textual functionfocuses onhow thevarious partsofthe informationare pre-set andcontextualized.This featurecan beimplemented throughintertextuality.Intertextuality meansthat allcommunicative eventsare developedon thebasis ofearlyevents.There isno wayfor peopleto shunusing thewords and phrasesthat othershave used.And intertextualityis mainly achieved throughdirect speechand indirect speech.Withquotation marks,direct speechusually is very objective and loyalto the original words.Indirect speechis aninterpretation orexplanation of theoriginal discourse,which headdsand conveyshis ownideas.Therefore,people oftenclaim thatdirectspeechis amodel thatcanachieve objectivityand loyaltyto theoriginaldiscourse,and journalistsoften useindirectspeech toconvey theirviews.However,absolute objectivitycannot beachieved inanysituation because they cannotbe separatedfrom the ideology of journalists.This chapterbriefly introducesdiscusses Faircloughs three-dimensional modelandHallidays systemic-functionalgrammar.This thesiswilluse thetheoretical frameworkdescribedabove to study Chinese news reportsin foreign media inten yearsand revealtheideology behind these words.IV CriticalDiscourse Analysis of Chinas NationalImageThis chapterselects fourmainstream mediafrom UK and USAincluding theGuardian,the New York Times,the Washington Post and the Times,from which36articles aboutChina have beenselected forcriticaldiscourseanalysis todiscuss China*s national image.These reportsrepresent politics,economy andculture.The analysis is carriedout inthreelevels:description,at whichthe linguisticfeatures of the reportare foundby usinglexicalclassification,transitivity and modal analysis tools;interpretation,atthisstage,this paperdiscusseshow the report isproduced andinterpretedinsocial contextby usingtwokindsofanalysis toolsof intertextuality,namely,reporting modeand news source,explanation,atthis stage,the thesisexplores thehistorical andsociocultural contextof the report torevealthe Ideologybehindthe report.Thus thespecific Chinasnational imagecanbeinitiallyidentified.

4.1Political Image of ChinaThe Chinese politicalsystem haslong beenthe focusof Western countries.For manyyears,political coverageof China hasbeenan importanttopic ofwesternmedia.Ten articlesareselected on Chinese politicsfor qualitativeresearch.

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1.1DescriptionDescription isthe firststage of the three-dimensional model.The linguisticfeatures ofthe report,including wordand phrase,sentence-making,emotion andattitude of thereporter areanalyzed throughlinguistic tools:lexicalclassification,transitivity andmodality.1ClassificationClassification ismainlyachievedby thechoice of vocabulary.Here aresome typicalexamples:1And Beijinghas orderedits navyto usemore faraggressive tacticsto stopUSand alliedships sailingnear islandsand reefsin the South ChinaSea.The Guardian2The GlobalTimes,a nationalisticnewspaper inChina affiliatedwith theparty-runPeoplefs Daily...The Washington Post

3...the United States shouldaim tocontain China by preventingit fromexpandingits influenceor conqueringterritory inAsict.The NewYork Times

4.../ze USwill needto spendmoney developingsystems tocounter anygrowingthreat byChina...The TimesObviously,these mediause manynouns oradjectives withstrong negativemeaningsto describe theevents.In thefirst two examples,the reporterusesthe adjectiveaggressiveto depictChina,which leadsthereaderstothink that China haswild ambitioninthe world.The underlinedand conquerclearly indicatethat Chinawants tocontrol overother countries.The reporteruse theword nationalistic”referring Chinesepeopleextremelyproudofownnationandbelievethatitisbetterthanothernations.In example4thenoun”threat showsthat China is adangerous countryand the US andother countriesshould be careful.According to these examples,those passiverepeated negative words haveshapedChina intosuch animage:China is full of ambition andtry todominate the world.Over-lexicalization by the reportersexposes thedeliberately distortedattitude offoreignmainstream media to China.2TransitivityHalliday dividedtransitivity intosix processes.And this thesis mainly focuses onmaterial process.The materialprocess isthe process of doing.It willanalyze thematerialprocess through the followingexamples:5W7Z6Z the Chinese government is highlightingis its own fearof givingthe Chinesepeople a real voice to talk about the reality of their lives,good andbad.The Guardian⑹Speaking to reporters,Wang slammeda litanyof Americanactions againstHuaweiand itsexecutives.The WashingtonPost7TheChinesepresident stuckto hisguns...The NewYork Times

5...including the United Statesclaim that China wasbehindthe theft ofsecuritydossiers onroughly22million Americans...The NewYork Times⑼China isno longerjust challengingthe USat tradenegotiating tablesandin theshadows ofcyber espionage.The GuardianThere are differentactors rangingfrom China,Chinese people and Chinesegovernment.Example5depicts Chinese government asa cowardto facereality in front ofitspeople.Example6means theForeign Ministerof Chinacriticize the American actionagainstHuawei bytalking aboutlong andboring things.Example7describes the Chinesepresident asa stubbornperson.These two examples showgreat prejudice against Chineseleader.Example8directly takesChina as thetheftand China is described as anaggressiveimage in example

9.3ModalityIt willanalyze modalitythrough the followingexamples:}0Chinese leadersmade clearthat Beijingwould retaincontrol and allow onlypatriotsu tobe nominatedfor theelection.The WashingtonPostwarning thatby2020China will be ableto projectmaritime powerwell beyonditssho res.The Times1277ze viewthat Chinawould peacefullyrise within the Westsinstitutionalframework mayhave provedhopelessly naive.The NewYork Times他13will nottolerate threatsto Americanservice members.The GuardianApparently,foreign newsoften usemedian modal verbs.In theseexamples,will andwouldboth meansthe information in the news islikely tohappen.In example10,thereporter showsChinese leadersin Beijingwould controlthe electorsin Hong Kong,whichmakes readersbelieve Chinafails tocomply withone country,two systems.Example11indicates that it isdangerous forChina todevelop itsmaritime power.Example12describesChina wouldntpeacefully developunder the western framework.The use of thewordwill in example13suggests that the reporteraffirmatively believe that China isathreat toAmerican,which hasmore definitemeaning and does notsimply reflectobjective facts.

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1.2InterpretationUnlike thedescription,the interpretationrelates to the connectionsbetween textandsocial practice.At thislevel,we will study the intertextuality of news discoursefrom thetwo aspects of news sourceand reporting mode.1Reporting ModeIn general,reportingmodeconsists ofdirect and indirect quotesin the report.Thequotation analysisdistinguishes betweendirect quotationand indirect quotation.It isgenerallybelieved thatdirect quotationis more credible andpersuasive thanindirectquotation.Similarly,the use of certaintypesof quotes depends on theideology of thereporter.Therearemany quotesused in the12news articlesselected.Here aresomeexamples:

14...nChina isbuilding fastertrains andnewer airports,nhesaid atanother.TheWashington Post{\5yWhat the Chinese government is highlightingis itsown fearof givingthe Chinese；peoplearealvoicetotalkabout the realityof theirlives,good andbad saidRoseann Rife,Amnesty InternationalAsia-Pacific deputy director,in astatement.The Guardian16Af thesame time,Wang downplayedthe anti-China sentimentin Washington,saying thecurrent climatefavoring hard-edged competitionwas ablip in the overalltrendof fourdecades ofbilateral relations.The WashingtonPostThe quotation type in the example14and15belongs to the directquotation,and theuse of the directquotationimproves the authenticity and reliability of the informationtransmittedby the news discourse.Of course,the reporterschoice ofdirect quotationcontentis notrandom butisinline with the reportersown needs.In the example14,Obamapraises Chinasfast developmentthrough thedirectquotation,which showspositive attitudetowards China.While theexample15directly quotes the deputydirectors wordsmisleadingthe readerto believethat Chinese government isafraid to let itspeople facethesituation honestly,this showsa negative attitude of the media.Indirect quotationsmix thesubjective consciousness of the individualin thediscourse of the retelling,that is,theattitude of the reporterwill greatlyaffect the readers readingexperience.In example15,thereporter usesindirect quotationin order to leadreaders tonot sureabout whatWang saidandsuspect the Chinese governmentsattitude towards the competition,thus shapea badimage of China in the readers*heart.2News SourceThe newssourcequoted in news discourseisaform ofintertextuality of news texts.The reporterquotesthewords of the partiesto the news eventto forma newssource.According tothe accuracy,the sourcesare madeupoftwo types:specific sourcesand fuzzysources.In general,aspecificand accuratesource ismore crediblethan afuzzy source,andan individualizedsource ismorecrediblethan anorganized source.The accuracyof thesourcesgiven by the reporterdepends largely on their ideology.Therefore,in this paper,theanalysis of sources helps reveal hidden ideologies.Here aresome examples:11John Mearsheimer,a foreignpolicy expertattheUniversity ofChicago,doesn7buy theidea ofliberal peace.The NewYork TimesISMo stexperts saidthat China-though a leader in economic espionagethat hassoughtto lobbyagainst Trumpfs tariffpolicies-was nottrying tohack the US electionsinthe wayRussia hadmeddled in the2016vote thatbrought Trumpto OvalOffice.TheGuardianThe sourceof theexample17isaspecific sourceof information,with specificinformationsuch as the nameand theposition of the person,which improvesthe accuracyandcredibility of the news discourse.The sourceof asentence isan expertwith ahighsocial status.No matterwhat hesays,his backgroundof professional knowledge willreducethe readersdoubts aboutwhat hesaid.In example17,the sourceexpresses thathedoesnt believe in Chinesepeaceful policy.Example18has afuzzy source.The useof fuzzysourcesis oftendue tothe factthat theactual situation and thesituation that the reporterwantsto showare different.The actualsituation cannotsupport theopinions that thereporter holds.The unclearsource identitywill cause the credibility of the source tobereduced so that noreporter orreader canprove the authenticity of the sourceinformation.Using fuzzy sources,journalists canavoid ensuring theauthenticity of the criticalinformation in the source,so thatreporters canexpress theirown ideologyby obscuring thesource.In example18,the reporterindicatesthat China isaleaderof economicthief byunclearsource.Through the useof these twosources,the reportersucceeded inshaping animage of anegative autocraticChina,and alsosubtly expressedthe reportersown attitudetowardsChina.

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1.3ExplanationNews mediaisapowerful socialinformation systemthat iscontrolled bythegovernment.The politicalcontrol of the stateand the government isthe main aspect of thecontrol of the news media.Most of the Britishand Americannews mediado nothave anypartyfrom thepolitical perspective,but the reports areproduced byjournalists withhighersocial status,and thegovernment andexperts controlthe information channels toreport onpolitics,diplomacy,and internationalaffairs,and finallyto consumeby elitereaders.Therefore,different reportsinvolve differenthistorical andcultural backgrounds,but thosereportsreflect theideology of the eliteclass.The media often standson the governmentsposition.The newsmedia willmeet thegovernments requirementsand adhereto thegovernmentspolicies.Westerncountriessuch as the USAand the UK arethe maintargets of Chinashandling of great powerrelations.The United States iswary andprecautionary aboutrapiddevelopment of China.They believethat China is fullof ambitionand Chinas developmentwill challengetheir existinginternationalization and the international status of the UnitedStates.Now theUS governmentpromotes hegemonismand unilateralismto dealwithinternational affairs and openlyintervene inother countries*internal affairs,such asprovokingHong Kongor Taiwansrelations with the mainland.As an important allyof theUSA,the UKmaintains contactwith the United Statesin allaspects.However,the UnitedKingdom and the UnitedStates,which pursueWestern capitalism,consider thesocialistsystem tobe hostileto them.For a long time,these countrieshave stronglydiscriminatedagainst China,and theybelievethat the Chinese government isauthoritarian andthat theChinese have no human rights.The UnitedStates paysclose attentionto China*s diplomaticand militarystrategy.Whether it is advocatingChinas threattheory orcondemning China*s aggressionmeans istolimit Chinas development andmaintain thestatus ofAmerican worldhegemony.Untilnow,although Chinahas repeatedlypublicly expressedits openand inclusivepeacefuldevelopment path,there is still a lot ofnegative WesternprejudiceagainstChina.Under theinfluence of thesepotential ideologies,Western newsconsciously abidesbythepoliticaldemands of thegovernmentand devaluesChina throughnews public opinion.In short,throughthestudy of Chinas politicalreport in the pastdecade,Chinaspolitical image in themainstream mediain theUK and the UnitedStates is:China isapolitical fieldambition,attempting todominate the world,posing ahuge threatto theUnitedStates and the world.Thus theChinese governmentshouldbecondemned.

4.2Economical Imageof ChinaChinas economic growthhas drawnworldwide attention.When studyingthe contentof thereport,we foundthat theproportion ofeconomic reportsisverylarge.This sectionwillconduct acritical study of the economic report.

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2.1DescriptionThe linguisticfeatures of thereportwillbeanalyzed throughlinguistic tools:lexicalclassification,transitivity and modality.1ClassificationClassification orvocabulary selectionis basedon theuseofwords torepresentreporters1perceptions of certain events.Here aresome typicalexamples:19Critics of the relationshipaccuse Chinaof failingto createlocal jobs,floodingmarkets withquality goods,and turninga blindeye tohuman rightsabuses inDOOYcountriessuch asoil-rich Sudanand diamond-rich Zimbabwe.The GuardianAbstractThenewsmedialeads asignificant role in the image transmissionof a country.Foreign media reports on China havelong beennegative.As China*s comprehensivenational strength isconstantly enhanced,Chinas influencein the international arenacontinuouslyincreases,and the world hasanewunderstanding of China.This thesismakesthe studyon30reports includingChinas imageselected from the fourmainstream mediaofthe Britain and the UnitedStates.Based onFairclough^three-dimensional frameworkandHallidays systemicfunctional linguistics,thisthesisanalyzes the image of China in the tenyears.Accordingtotheanalysis,there isno significantchange in the attitudeof WesternmediatowardsChina.The mediaimply that Chinasdevelopmentis todominate the worldand shapesChina intoa uniquehegemonic image.This studycan helpreaders improvetheircritical readingideology andunderstand theideologybehindthe newsand guidereaders todialecticallyview foreign media reports.Key words:China*sImage;Foreign media;CriticalDiscourse Analysis;〃20A economicslowdown isespecially sensitiveinChina,where socialstability isoftendescribedascontingent on thegovernmentsability todeliver continuedgrowth.TheGuardianQI Chinaisin the midstof oneof thebiggest borrowingbinges inrecent history.TheNew York Times22Analysts warnedthat asharp dropin consumptionduring theApril-to-Junequarter wasalso asignal that the painwas beingtransmitted frombusiness tofamilies.The TimesExample19uses severalnegativewordstoindicatethat Chinas economic cooperationwithAfrica hasalotof badimpacts.The wordpoor meansnot ingood condition,whichdirectly describesChina asa not trustworthy country.In example20Chinas slowingeconomyis describesasaeasily offendedthing,which showsnegativeattitudeof Britishmediatowardstheslow Chinese economy.nBingeH meansashortperiodoftimewhensomethingisdoneinanunrestrainedway,while it shows Chinaiscaught ina borrowingfrenzy inexample21,which leavesthe readerwith anegativeimpression of China.nSharpH inexample22isusedto show that Chinas economydecreases quicklyanddoharm topeoples life.2TransitivityThis thesismainly focuseson materialprocess.It willanalyze thematerial processthroughthe followingexamples:23Going into2019,China facesnot justa slowingeconomy but also aprotractedtrade warwith theUS,a pileof debtthat threatensthe worldeconomy alongwith theChinesefinancial system.Guardian24Although Chinas economic figuresdo notreveal adefinitive contractionduringthe globaldownturn,Mr.Rawski thinksChina experiencedan outrightrecession,when itsgrossdomestic productGDP declinedduring oneor morequarters.The WashingtonPost25Chinese exportsplunged bya record

26.4percent inMay froma yearearlier,theChinesecustoms agencyannounced Thursday,as buyersin industrializedcountriesremained cautiousabout placingorders.The WashingtonPostExample23use faceand threatento showsthatChinahas problemin economyandChinas debtwill affecttheworldeconomy,which indicatesBritain donottrustChinaseconomy.In example24,it directlyexpresses thedecreasing of Chinas GDPand economyandmake readersbelievein this.Plunge meanstoputsomebodyorsomethingsuddenlyintoanunpleasantorundesirablesituation.In example25itshowsthat Chineseexports aresuddenly reduced,which indicatesChinese economyisnot ingood condition.3ModalityA modalityisanexpression of the speakersopinion.In the news discourse,it mainlyinvolvesthe reportersattitude towardspecific events.This thesismainly analyzeswidelyused modaladditives in the samplereport.26,f...the economic and tradeco-operation betweenChina andAfrica willdefinitelygain momentumto reacha largerscale,n itsaid.The Guardian27r,People havestarted toreduce oreven stopspending moneybecause theydontexpect the economy willperform well,n saidYe Tan,an independenteconomist basedinShanghai.Companies andindividuals arewary aboutthe economy.n The Guardian28In Chinafs case,the problemscreated bysuch anoutcome wouldbe muchmorepainful,since itwould enterthat slow-growth periodwith itspeople ata muchlowerstandard ofliving.The NewYork TimesTheexample sentence26use will”to makespeculation of the cooperationbetweenChina andAfrica and to infertheir economic and tradecooperation is becoming muchbetter.While innext example,the reporteruses will toexpresspeoples concernabouteconomic slowdownthese days.In example28would hasmedian valueand indicatesthatChinas slowingeconomy probablyinfluences thepeoples livingcondition.

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2.2InterpretationAt thislevel,the thesiswillstudy theintertextualityof news discourse.1Reporting ModeThereportingmodemainly manifestsin twomodes in thereport.Here are twoexamples:〃290a recentstate visitto Beijing,Jacob Zuma,theSouthAfrica president,said:Chinaisthere discussingwiththebrothers andsisters inAfrica tocreate amutuallybeneficial kindof relationship...different fromformer westerncolonialists[who simplytook]things byforce.n The Guardian〃300the otherhand,a numberof economistssay Chinas mountainof debtis notasscary as it appears.The NewYork TimesThequotationtype in theexample29belongs tothedirectquotation,which increasesthereliability of the information of thenews discourse.The reporterschoiceofdirectquotation showsthatChinasincerely cooperatingwith SouthAfrica in theeconomicaspect.It indicatesthatChinahas beguntoberecognized bytheUKintheeconomy.The indirectquotationinexample30suggests thatChinas debtsare notas seriousasitshows,whichmeans thatthe reporteris notvery negativeabout Chinasdebt.2News ResourceTheauthenticityof the informationprovided byjournalists dependson theirideology.Therefore,analysis ofsources helpsreveal hiddenideologies.Here aresome examples:31nThe deflationpressures aremuch biggerthan theinflation pressures,f,Larry Hu,head of China economicsat MacquarieSecurities inHongKong,told Bloomberg.The datashow thattheeconomyis prettyweak.,f The Times32major impactis stillcloudy Jsaid DerekScissors,an Asiaeconomics analystwiththeAmericanEnterprise Institutein Washington.r,Chinese stockshave soaredandcrashed before,last timein2007-8,and willagain,u Mr.Scissors saidWednesday inastatement emailedtoreporters.The WashingtonPostThese twoexamples arequoted bypeople whoare professionineconomicaspect.Itshows thenews sourcesare specified source whichincrease thecredibility andauthenticityof thenews tolet readersbelieve China*seconomyis definitelyweak.

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2.3ExplanationThanks tothe reformand openingup policy,Chinas economyhas experiencedunprecedentedrapid development and hasbecome an important factoraffecting theeconomictrends ofthe entireworld.Therefore,due toChinaseconomicinfluence,othercountries hopeto maintaingood economiccooperation with China toexpand theeconomicstrength oftheir country.But Westernpolitical interestgroups areafraid thatthe strength ofthe Chinese economy willcrowd outthe interestsoftheir country.They generallyhold thebeliefof ntradeprotectionism*1,which protectstheircountryby punishingvarious aspectsofother countries.In the past twoyears,theUSgovernment hasincreased taxeson Chinasexporttrade andlaunched atrade warwith China,resisting theHuawei mobilephones tosqueezeinto theworld.Therefore,thereports on theChineseeconomyin thesenews mediaarerelatively negative.In short,throughthestudy of Chinaseconomicreport inthepastdecade,Chinaseconomical image inthemainstream mediaintheUKand the UnitedStates is:Chinaseconomy doesharm to other countries*developmentandChinaisexperiencing theslowingeconomy and the trade war.

4.3Cultural Imageof ChinaSincethe1980s,reportson Chinese culturein Americanand Britishmedia areincreasing.Readers canget alotofinformation aboutChinese,art,entertainment andmore.This sectionselects10rticles toconduct adetailed criticalstudy ofcultural reports.

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3.1Description1ClassificationClassification orvocabulary selectionistheuseofwordsandphrases todescribecertain eventsin news discourse toexpressthe reporters perceptionofcertainevents.Thissection citesexamples from12cultural reportsand explainsthe classification.33Xis administrationhas vigorouslypushed backagainst theconcept ofuniversalliberal valuesand Western-style democracy.It hasswatted asideinternationalcondemnation ofits programto forciblyassimilate itsTurkic Uighurminority andtoiUedits authoritarianmodel ofgovernance asa systemsuited to Chinese culture,which itsays issteepedinatradition ofcollectivism andcentralized rule.The NewYorkTimes34Like manycities inChina,Guangzhou hasbuilt atop-notch performingartsarena inthe hopesof liftingits culturalcredentials andoffering newforms ofliveentertainment tothe increasingnumbers ofmiddle-class andwealthy Chinese.The NewYorkTimes35Chinas aggressivedevelopment hasswallowed tensof thousandsof historic即sites inthe lastthree decades,experts conductinga nationalsurvey havewarned.TheGuardianThe example33use theverb phraseto emphasizeChinese administrationis oppositetothewestern-style democracy.The reporterexaggerates Chinasmanagement modelofminority,interfering inChina*s internalaffairsanddenying China*s culture,which leavingabad impressionon readers.The wordtop-notch means ofthehighest quality,whichsuggests Chinese culture venueis supportedfor entertainmentand Chinese culture alsorenew.Swallow meanstake somethinginthroughthemouthanddownthethroat.The phraseswallowup inexample35usetheextended meaningthat ischina lostthe manyhistoricsites inordertodevelop itspower.It showsChinas negativeimage fordevelopmentwithout regardto consequences2TransitivityThis thesismainlyfocuseson materialprocess.Here aretwoexamples:36Red envelopesareahighly specificChinese holidaygifting tradition,wherebycash ispresented bymarried couplesto unmarriedrelatives andchildren,in lucky”redenvelopes.TheGuardian37Confucius willtake hisplace asa philosopherof global,not justChinesesignificance.The TimesIn example36describes cashin redenvelopes issent torelatives andchildren.Thereporter objectivelyexpounds the traditional cultureof Chinaand showsa positiveimage ofChina.Inexample37clarifies theChinese greatancient philosopherConfucius isnot justimportantto Chinesebut alsotootherpeople intheworld,which suggestsChinese cultureisaccepted byother countries.3Modality.A modalityisanexpression ofthe speakersopinion.This thesismainly analyzesmodalverbs inthe samplereport.38The greatlandmarks ofChinese historythe voyagesof ZhengHe,the formation一oftheQin dynasty,the inventionsoftheSong dynasty,the1949revolution willbecome一universally familiar.TheTimes

39...while accordingto marketresearch firmEuro-monitor,China willovertakeFrance asthe worldsNo1tourist destinationby

2030.The TimesThesetwoexamplesusethe median valuewilltoprovide information.Chinesehistory isoneofChinese culture.The reporteruse willinexample38toshowthatChinese cultureis becomingfamiliar intheworld.Example39uses willto tellChinaprobably takeplace ofFrance tobe thefirst touristdestination,which showsthereporters beliefin Chinastourism.

4.

3.2Interpretation1Reporting ModeHere aretwoexamples:40Yet manyarts professionalsfrom the West sayChinahasa longway togo.TheNew YorkTimes^\yWere movingtoward amultipolar world,economic globalization,culturaldiversity,social digitization-human societyis fullof hope,Xi saidinalofty speechthatpresented Chinaasapeaceful leader,but alsoa humblepeer,onacontinent fullof soaringcivilizationsand richhistories.The WashingtonPostThe quotationtypeintheexample40belongs tothe indirect quotation,which showsthatChinese artisbecomingbetter but it needsto makeprogress inthe future.Thequotation typeintheexample includesboth indirectand directquotation.Therefore,thediscourse willstate thefacts butwill also be mixedwiththesubjectiveconsciousnessof theindividual,that is,the attitudeoftheAmerican media.It showsthattheworld isglobalizedbut chinais behavinginahaughtymannerand promoteitsowncivilization toother countries.3News ResourceAnalysisofsourceshelpsreveal hiddenideologies.Herearesome examples:42nThis isjust thebeginning of alongjourney,f,said AlexChi,chairman oftheChinatown RevitalizationCouncil.nWe haveto recognizetherealitythatthere aremany,many obstaclesahead ofus.n TheWashingtonPost43Liu Xiaohe,deputydirectorofthesurvey,told thestate newspaperChina Dailythatofficials weredoing allthey couldto preserve as muchas possible.The GuardianExample42is quotedby AlexChi,whose positionis specified.It showsthe newssource is specifiedsource whichincrease thecredibilityofthenewstoletreaders believethatChinatown isshrinking sothey shouldprepare for the difficultiesthe Chinatownmayface.Thenewsresource inexample43is alsospecifiedsourcewhich isgiven concisenameand position.It makesthereadersbelievethatChinesegovernmentwill dotheir besttoprotect thehistoric sites.The reporteris positiveabout Chinaand Chineseculture.

4.

3.3ExplanationCulture alsoplays anindispensable rolein ideology.In sucha socialcontext inwhichpolitical andeconomic contradictionshave notyet beenbridged andcultural valueshavebecome increasinglyprominent,the Anglo-American reportsonChineseculture hasacceptedand recognizedChineseculturesometimes.However,under theHautocraticnsystem inthe eyes oftheWest,Chinas rapideconomicandtechnological developmentwillhave animpact on thetraditionalWestern ideology of freedomand democracy.This isthefoundation oftheWestand cannotbe shaken.Therefore,they aremore intendedto distrustandexclude Chineseculture.Therefore,they preferto seeChinas badnessand showitthrough negativereports tocreate anegative Chinese image.V ConclusionThispaper takesFairclough!sthree-dimensional modelasthetheoretical frameworkandusesHallidaysSFG as ananalyticaltooltoanalyze thediscourse ofChinese newsinthe fourauthoritative newsmediaoftheUnitedKingdom and theUnitedStates.Throughthe analysisfrom thethreedimensionsof text,discourse practiceandsocialpractice,thisthesis drawsthe followingconclusions:In thedescription level,this paperanalyzes theapplication strategiesof vocabularyandgrammar innews discourse throughthe research method of systemicfunctionallinguistics.In thevocabulary part,this paperfinds thatthediscourseinnewsdiscourse isnotrandomly chosenby analyzingthechoiceofvocabularyandmodality.Ideology willinfluencethe processof thischoice.The discoursesanalyzed inthis papermostly usetheverbs,nouns andadjectives withnegative andnegative meaningsto hidethe subjectivepositionofjournalists,and alsodescribe thethings throughexcessivelexicalizationusingdifferent wordswiththesame orsimilar negativemeanings,often reflectingthe strongreporters.The subjectiveconsciousness guidesthereaderto interpretthetextintheway thereporterhopes.Similarly,modalverbs,modal adjectives,andmodaladverbs arevocabularywith emotionalcolor,and thesewords alsocontain the authors implicitideology.In this paper,the reporteruses medianmodalverbstodescribeChinas officialvocabulary,which isinconsistent withother opinionsmentioned inthereport,whichreduces thereliability ofChinese officialdiscourse.In thegrammatical part,this paperfindsout inthenewsdiscoursethroughtheanalysis ofthematerialprocessin physicalproperties,thereporterhasagreat autonomyin choosingthe actorinthismaterialprocess.How toarrange thestatus ofthe actorsoften relieson theideology.For example,the actoristheChinesegovernment.The discoursedirectly pointsoutthemain bodyoftheevent,and theprocess participantChinesegovernmentis arrangedinfrontofthesentence.Thepurpose isto highlightthe arbitraryand undemocraticChinesegovernment.The image ofthe Chinesegovernmentisseriously distorted.In theinterpretation level,thispapermainlyanalyzes intertextuality.The analysisofthesource mainlyfocusesonwhether thereportergives specificinformation aboutthe personcited inthenewsdiscourse.The accuracyofthe sourcesofnewsgiven byjournalists dependslargelyon theirideology.The discourseinthe relevantresearch specificallydescribes thenames ofpeopleandpositions thatcriticizeChinese characters.The credibilityofthesourceisalso reducedbytheuse offuzzysources.By usingfuzzysources,journalists avoidensuringtheauthenticity ofcriticizingChinas criticalinformationinthesource,so thatjournalists canexpress theirsubjectiveattitude towardChinabyobscuringthesource.This articlealso analyzesthequotations.Ingeneral,it can be dividedinto directandindirectquotes.Similarly,theuseofcertain typesofquotesdependsontheideologyofthereporter.The highfrequency useofdirect quotesgreatly improvestheauthenticityandreliabilityoftheinformation conveyedbynewsdiscourse.In theindirectquotation,the journalistused hisown ideologythroughlanguage processing.Secondly,throughtheanalysisofnewsdiscourse,the changeof Chinasnationalimage isobtained.The resultsshowthattheimage of Chinainthe eyesofWestern mediahasbeen correspondinglyimproved.This ismainly reflectedinthe rapid economicdevelopmentofChinaintheWestern media,and thespread of culture throughouttheworld.However,as faras news reports areconcerned,there isno significantchange intheattitude ofWestern mediatoChinesereports.On thepolitical front,Western capitalistcountriesare cautiousabout Chinasrapid development.They believethatChinaisfullofambition,theChinesegovernmentisauthoritarian,and theChinesehavenohumanrights.The researchresults prove thattherelevant newsdiscourses areunrealistic.The originalintentionoftheChinese sideistocooperate andwin-win.The Westernmedia hasconstantlythreatened toexternally renderChinasdevelopmentand hasshaped aChineseimage ofauthoritarian power.On theeconomic front,Chinas economyis developingrapidlyand the countrys economicstrength isconstantly expanding.But Westernpoliticalinterest groupsworry thatthe strengthofChinas economy willundermine theinterests oftheircountry.In thepast twoyears,theUSgovernment hasincreased taxeson Chinasexporttrade andlaunched atrade warwithChinato boycottHuawei*s mobilephones intotheworld.Therefore,thenewsmedias coverageoftheChineseeconomyisstillrelativelynegative.Culturally,due tothe widespread ofChineseculture,the Britishand AmericanreportsonChineseculture willrecognize Chineseculture.However,under theautocracysystem inthe eyesoftheWest,therapiddevelopmentofChinaseconomyand technologywillhaveanimpact onWestern traditionalliberal democracy.Therefore,they aremoreinclined todistrust andexclude Chineseculture andprovethatthey arecorrect throughnegativereports.In short,through research,Chinas imageinthemainstream mediain theUnitedKingdom andtheUnitedStates is:politically,Chinaisan ambitiouscountry,tryingto dominatetheworld;economically,Chinaseconomicstrength isstrong,but Chinaisexperiencing atradewar,andtheeconomy willgradually Slowly;culturally,Chinesetraditional cultureis decliningand thereis newprogress inthe artfield.Finally,thecriticaldiscourseanalysisofnewsdiscourse provesthat news reports arenotas objectiveasthereaders think,andtheideology implicitinnewsdiscourse hasa greatinfluenceontheobjective reportingofnews.Therefore,criticaldiscourseanalysisofnewsis necessary.In addition,the deficienciesoftheresearch areas follows:First of all,the subjectivityofthequalitative analysisof thistext maybe strong,andthere maybe excessiveinterpretation.Secondly,this studyonly selectsnews reportsfromfour mainstream media.The researchnews sourcesshouldbeas diverseand richaspossible,andtheresults willbe moreobjective andpersuasive.Finally,due tothelimitation ofresearch time,theauthormainly usesFaircloughsthree-dimensionalframework analysisand Hallidayssystemicfunctionalgrammar theoryin criticaldiscourse analysis asthetheoreticalbasisofthispaper.In fact,thereareother authoritativecriticaldiscourseanalysistheories can be appliedfor theinterpretation ofnewsdiscourse,If youcan borrowthese theories,this articlewillbemore comprehensiveand accurateinthe analysisofnewsdiscourse.References[l]Chen Jimin.2018,Chinese OverseasEnterprises andConstruction ofChinas National Image[J].Contemporary InternationalRelations,2803:88-

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2001.NationalImageand CompetitiveAdvantage|M].Copenhagen BusinessSchool Press.

[3]Fairclough,N.

1989.Language and Power[M].NewYork:Longman.

[4]Fairclough.N.

1995.Crz7zc6z/Discourse AnalysisThe CriticalStudy of Language[M].LondonLongman.⑸Fowler,R.

1996.Linguistic Criticism[M],Oxford:Oxford UniversityPress.

[6]Fowler,R.Hodge,B.Kress,G.Trew,T.

1979.Language and Control[M].London:Routledgeand KaganPaul.[7J Halliday,M.A.K.

1973.Explorations inthe FunctionsofLanguage[M].London:Edward Arnold.

[8]Halliday,M.A.K.

1985.AH Introductionto Functional Grammar|MJ.London:Edward Arnold.|9]Kress,G.Hodge,R.Language as Ideology.London:Routledge.

[10]Robert Jarvis.The logicof Imagesin internationalrelations[M].Princeton,N.J.PrincetonUniversity Press,1970[ll]Van Dijk,T.A.

1998.The handbookof discourseanalysis[M].Oxford:Blackwell.

[12]Wodak,R.

1996.Disorders ofDiscourse|M].London:Longman.

[13]Wodak,R.Meyer,M.

2009.Methods ofcriticaldiscourseanalysis[M].London:SagePublications.陈中竺,语篇与意识形态:批评性语篇分析一对两条罢工新闻的分析外国语，

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2002.单胜江.新闻语篇的批评性话语分析外语学刊.

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42.2Previous Studieson CriticalDiscourse Analysisat Home andAbroad....

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2.1Previous Studieson NationalImage atHomeandAbroad

2.

1.1Previous Studieson NationalImage AbroadIngeneral,the foreignpure theoreticalresearch ontheimageofthe country isnot rich,but itisverylong-lasting.As earlyas1926,thepioneerof communication,Harold DwightLasswell,discussed the influenceofthemediaontheimageofthe country in hisdoctoralthesis,especially theimageofother countries.Eugene Jaffeand IsraelNebenzahl pointedout:Every countryhas itsown imageimpression,favorable orunfavorable,positive ornegative.Some countriesshow benevolence,progress,and someare seenas despicableand⑵arbitrary.Also worthmentioning isRobert Jarvisssystemic discussionofthe influenceof the nationalimageon internationalrelations,especially hissystemic useofpsychological analysisto promotenationalimageresearch toanewlevel.

[10]Later theAmericanpolitical scientistKenneth Bouldingfirst putsthe notionof nationalimage andbelievesthatthe nationalimage isacombinationofthe countrysunderstandingofthe selfandothercountries1perceptions ofthecountry.Sculler believesthattheformationofanational imageis rootedin historicaland environmentalfactors andproduces attitudestowardscertain peopleor organizationsand institutionsin society.Martin andAi RuoLuargue thatthenationalimageisthe sumofalldescriptive,inferential andinformationalbeliefs thata personhas fora particularcountry.111In theageofunderdeveloped information,the outsideworlds understandingof Chinamainlycomes fromthe worksof missionariesinChinaandtherumors inthe businesspopulation.Withtheopening ofinformationchannels,thestudy ofChinas imageinthewestern perspectivegenerally followstwo paths:one isthat foreignsinologists andsociologistssuch asDawson andJespersen describetheirownimpressionsofChinathrough theirtravel notes,memoirs,sinology researchworks andliterary works,and studyChina*s image;Secondly,the overseasacademia andsocial organizationssurvey thepublicsimageofChina throughsociology.For example,American scholarIssacs recordedAmericans*complex andcontradictory impressionsofChinathrough in-depth interviews,such asthe completelyopposite imagesofChinasuch assuperior nation*and inferiornationn.

2.

1.2Previous Studieson NationalImage atHomeDomestic scholarsgive theirown definitionsof nationalimage byfurther studies.The imageofthecountry isthe impressionofacountryintheeyesofthepeople ofothercountries.While domesticresearchonChinese imagepresented inforeign literaryworksand filmand televisionworks fromthe perspectivesof narrativediscourse,language imageformation,metaphor,irony,perception,cultural memory,etc.Moreover,Chinas scholarsalsodid someresearch fromthesocialperspective.The NationalImage Theory1*editedby GuanWenhu isan earlierbook basedontheimageofthecountry.It summarizesthehistorical lessonsoftheweak imageoftheold Chinaand singsthegreatchanges oftheChinas imageunder theleadership ofthe CommunistParty ofChina.1151Due tothelimitations ofhistorical factors,thisbookisnotobjective enoughin manyaspects,but itcannotbe deniedthatithas indeedpromoted thestudyofthenationalimageinthe fieldofcommunication.A representativeview amongdomestic scholarsis ProfessorSun Youzhongwhothinks thenationalimagefundamentally dependsonthecountry*soverallnationalstrength,butitcannot simplybe equatedwiththeactual stateofthecountry.He pointsout thatthenational imagecould beshaped orchanged tosome extent.The morerepresentativemonograph isthebooknInternational Communicationand NationalImage writtenby LiuJinanandotherauthors ofthe CommunicationUniversity ofChina.The bookusescontemporary theoriessuch asmass communication,sociology,and internationalrelationsto exploretheinfluenceof international communication onacountryin termsof politics,economy,military,andculture.In politics,international communicationcan shapetheimage ofthecountryand enhanceinternational prestige.On theeconomic front,international communicationhelps tounderstand theworld economicsituationandprovideopportunities fordevelopment.On themilitary side,international communicationcanestablish ajust imageand strivefor internationalpublicopinion.In termsofculture,internationalcommunicationcan enhanceunderstanding,and eliminatemisunderstandings.1161As China*sinternationalstatus hasincreased,domestic scholarshave begunto thinkabouttheinfluenceofthecountry*simagein political,economicandcultural exchanges.Research isfocused oncross-cultural researchand communication.Cross-cultural imagerystudiesthe developmenthistory ofChinas imageand paysmore attentionto thecross-cultural hegemonyoftheChinese imageofWestern society.For example,Zhou Ning,a professorat XiamenUniversity,hasbeenpaying attentiontothestudyofChinese imageinWesternsocietyfor morethan adecade andhas publishedit.The Heavenis Faraway-Research onthe ImageofChinaintheWest.Chinese Image:Western Doctrineand Legendandother works.Research inthe fieldofcommunicationbegan withLi Xiguangand otherworksDemonization ofChina Behind.Inspired bythis,scholars begantostudyChinesereports in western media,and verifiedthe demonizationproposition andChina*sprojected imageinwesternmedia byanalyzingthetext.Research inthese areashasachieved somesuccess,but thestudyofChineseimagefromtheperspectiveoflinguisticsor otherdisciplines isnot particularlyrich.

2.2Previous Studieson CriticalDiscourseAnalysisatHomeandAbroad

2.

2.1Previous Studieson CriticalDiscourseAnalysisAbroadCritical DiscourseAnalysis isa kindofdiscourseanalysismethodemerging inthelate1970sandearly1980s.Its sourceis criticallinguistics.Representatives includemainlyanti-mainstream linguisticsand sociolinguistsintheUK,France andGermany suchasN.Fairclough,G.Kress,R.Fowler,and others.Criticism linguisticsis differentfromtraditional linguisticdiscourseanalysis.Traditional linguisticsignores thesocial attributesofdiscourse,while criticallinguistics considerslanguage asa socialpracticeandanintervention forcefor socialprocesses.The CDAdeveloped fromthefirstintroduction ofCritical LinguisticsCL byRogerFowler andhis colleaguesinthebook LanguageandControl”published in1979

[6]Kressand Hodgewrote LanguageasIdeologyin

1979.It offersa theoreticalfoundationforcritical analysisof variousdiscourses.Kress useslanguageasasocialsemiotics toexplorethe interrelationshipsbetween words,texts,and readers.He alsoworked hardto apply⑼CDA todifferent typesofdiscourse.CDA firstappeared inFaircloughs criticismanddescription ofdiscourseanalysisin

1985.Four yearslater,he proposedconceptofcriticaldiscourseanalysisinthebook LanguageandPower.l3]Fairclough believesthat Kresssviewpointopens upanewworld forthe developmentofcriticaldiscourseanalysis.But hehimselfemphasizes theimprovement oftheory andmethodofcriticaldiscourseanalysisand theconsolidation ofexisting achievements.He believesthat discourseisasocialpractice.He proposedthat discourseanalysis involvesnot onlytheprocessof text,productionandinterpretation,butalsotherelationshipbetweentextand socialbackground.He combinestext-oriented discourseanalysis withsocial-oriented discourseanalysisand proposesathree-dimensional modelthat playsanimportantroleinthe CDAtheoreticalframework541Halliday absorbedthe functionalistlinguistic viewofthePragueSchool,the systemicthinking ofthe Londonschool JR.Firth,the contextualthinking oftheanthropologist B.Mali-nowiski,andthecode theoryofthesociologist B.Bernstein,without regardtolanguageas Asystem consistingof rulesis described,but asa sourceofmeaning,a systemofmeaningpotentials thatis linkedtotheenvironmentinwhichlanguage isapplied,and whichemphasizes theconnection betweenlanguageand⑺society.Critical linguisticsuses systemicfunctional linguisticsrepresented byHalliday⑻asthemain theoreticalbasis andmethodological source.Van Dijkpointedoutthatdiscourse,cognition andsociety arean inseparabletriangular pattern.He usessocialcognitive methodsinCDAresearch.He expressedhis interestintheconnections betweenlanguage,powerandideologyandracist researchin mediadiscourse.He arguesthatlanguage canserveasa toolfortheruling classto legalizeinterests andcontrol publicideology.1111The studyof politicaldiscourse byWodak isalso seenasanimportantcollection ofCDAs,which suggestsinvesting inlanguage in。