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22.
3.1The Frequency of PASSIVEMarkers inBoth LanguagesIn this section,a studyis madeabout the frequency ofuse of Passive in two languages,justdealing with the twomain Passive markers BE and GETon the part of English,on the basis ofthewritten datefrom FLOBand thespoken datafrom BNCdemo.In Table1there are1026passive voice instances in100,000words.Based onthis datewe canprovide thefrequencies ofbeand getPassive.On theother hand,we researchedthe
1.3million wordsin the two corpus,LCMC andCallhome and we found1,428instances passive voice andgive thefrequency ofseveralmarkers commonlyused on thebasisof twocorpus in Table
2.Moreover,we summarizethe Table1and Table2and producedtheTable3to illustratethe overallfrequency ofpassivevoices in Chinese and English.Table1Frequency of BE and GET Passivein FLOBPASSIVEmarkers FrequencyBE
96.7%GET
3.0%Table2Frequency of Chinese Passive markers in
1.3millions wordsof textsTotalsample sizeCorpusnormalized frequencyThenumber ofwordsPassiveinstanceLCMC14281300,
0000.11%FLOB1026100,
0001.0%Table3Overall frequency of ChinesePassive and English Passivein corpusPASSIVEmarkers Frequency被BEI
91.0%WEI...SUO
4.8%GEI
2.8%RANG
1.1%JIAO
3.2Semantic Propertiesof PASSIVEVoiceIt has been notedthat Passive constructions in Chinese areusually ofunfavorablemeanings inaddition to their Passivemeaning.This isperhaps because the prototypical（被）PassivemarkerBEI wasderived fromits main verb usagemeaning“suffer”,so nowadays,Passive voices in Chineseare employedas lessas possible.Table
4.illustrates thefrequency ofsemantic properties ofChinese.Table4Frequencyofsemantic propertiesNegativePositive NeutralPASSIVEMarkersFrequency FrequencyFrequency（被）BE/
51.5%
10.7%
37.8%（为……
18.9%
39.1%
42.0%WEI...SUO所）（给）GEI
67.5%
7.5%
25.0%〃（叫）
4050.0%
25.0%
25.0%（让）RANG
66.7%
26.7%
6.6%（掷A/100%—一（受）SHOU
65.0%
24.1%
5.will presentsome dates，involved to compare withTable
4.so thatwe willobtain anoverall viewabout this section.Table
5.The frequency ofBEand GETsemantic propertiesPASSIVEtype NegativePositive NeutralBE15%
4.7%
80.3%GET
37.7%
3.4%
58.9%The earlierstudy notedthat GETPASSIVE tends to employtoexpress the speakersattitudetowards theevent mentioned.On thecontrary,BE PASSIVEVdo notuse in this way.Table
5.shows thecollocation of these Passive constructions acrossthree meaningcategories,and fromthistable,we canconclude that in the most cases,the twoPassives express a neutralattitude,andrarely showthe positiveattitude.
3.3Long PASSIVEvs.Short PASSIVEWedefine the Passive constructionswith the agent LONG PASSIVE”and thosewhich（被）leave out the agentSHORT PASSIVE”.The ancientChinese with BEI PASSIVEneedsto addthe agent,while themodern Chinesetendsto omit the agent.On thecontrary,the Passiveformsare freerthan Chinese,which Passivecan expresssome ideaswithout mentioningtheagent.There are two tablestocomparefrequency of the LONG PASSIVE andSHORTPASSIVE in both languages.Table6gives thefrequencies of LONG andSHORT PASSIVESin the LCMC.Table7gives thefrequencies ofLONG andSHORT PASSIVESin Englishcorpus.Table
6.LONG andSHORT PASSIVE in LCMCPASSIVEMarkers LONGPASSIVE SHORT PASSIVE（被）BEI
39.3%
60.7%（叫）JIAO100%—（给）GEI
42.5%
57.5%WEI…SUO（为.....100%—所）（受）SHOU
31.9%
68.1%遭ZAO
37.4%
62.6%（挨）AI
3.3%
96.7%Total
50.6%
49.4%Table
7.Long vs.Short PASSIVEin FLOBPASSIVEMarkers LONGPASSIVE SHORT PASSIVEBE
8.9%
91.1%GET
2.9%
97.1%BEGET
5.9%
94.1%As we can see,in Chinese,around
50.6%Passives areLONG PASSIVESand
49.4%areSHORT PASSIVES.In English,however,there areabout
5.9%Passives areLONGPASSIVE,
94.1%of SHORTPASSIVE.The proportion ofLONGPASSIVEin Chinese is almost aslargeas thatof SHORTPASSIVE,while theproportionofSHORTPASSIVEin English is16timesthat ofLONGPASSIVE.That isEnglish prefertoomitthe agentin Passives.As the Passivevoice isoften usedas astrategy tohighlight the patientand itsaffectedness,the agentbecomesless important,and oftenoptional in the rightcontext.Hence,it can be expectedthat agentlessPassives aresignificantly morefrequentthanthose with an agent.On thecontrary,most of thePassive markerstendsto appear in SHORT PASSIVES,but somemarkers particularlydo not叫，为所，express inSHORTPASSIVEsuch as JIAO WEI...SUO and the remaindershave a tendencyto beemployedinSHORTPASSIVE.
3.4Active VS-PASSIVEIn English,to choosebetween the active and the Passive,we considerthese severalmainaspects:the properties of agentin theevent;the advantagesof Plain English;the syntacticrequirements;rhetorical device;genre distinction.When theagent is unknown orimportant,thePassive voicewill beemployed.There aresome casesthat theagent isunnecessary toappear:a.The agent isunknownor difficultto find out:31The murdererwas caughtyesterday,andit is saidthat hewill behanged.b.The agent is self-evident andshowed from the context:32She toldme thather masterhad dismissedher.No reasonhad beenassigned*,noobjection hadbeen madeto herconduct;she hadbeen forbiddento appealto hermistress.c.The patient is moreimportant orneed tohighlight ortheagent isavague pronounsubject:33Her onlyson wasrun overby acar.她的独子被汽车轧了茶会上只提供茶和饼34At thetea partyonly teaand cakewere served.d.Avoiding theresponsibility of theagent:Because thefinal safetyinspection wasneither performednor monitored,the brakeplateassembly mechanismwas leftaligned,a factthat wasknown severalmonths beforeit wasdecidedto publiclyreveal thatinformation.因为最后的安全检查既没有执行也没有监控，刹车盘组装机构没有正确对齐，这一事实在决定公开透露这些信息之前的几个月就知道了e.Plain Englishhelps individualsto wellunderstand,Plain Englishencourage usto useactiveas muchas possible.There followssome examples:35Party Bis herebyappointed byParty Aas its exclusive salesin London.36Party Aappoints PartyB asitsexclusivesales agentin London.37A recommendationwas madeby theEuropean Parliamentthat considerationbe givenby the Member States toa simplificationof theaward procedure38The EuropeanParliament madea recommendationthat theMemberStatesgiveconsideration toa simplificationof awardprocedure.Active sentencesencourage usto namethe specificagent ofan action and avoida fewextrawords-a formof beand,when wepreserve theAgent of the action,the prepositionby.Becausethe Passivealso reversesthe directorder ofagent-action-goal,Passive eventuallycripple theeasyflow ofan otherwiseenergetic style.As we can see,the sentence36and38are morestraightforwardand wellunderstand than the sentence35and
37.English highlightsthe hypostasisand syntacticstructure andexpression forms.PASSIVEmakes the sentences gofrom onesentence to the next:39Some kinds of plasticscan beforced throughmachines whichseparate theminto long,工thin strings,called“fibers and these fiberscan bemade intoclothPASSIVE voicemakes sentenceskeep end-weight andright-branching,which isconsistentwith theEnglish expressionhabits ofshort subjectand thecomplex expressionof predicates:40I was amazed thatshe worksin thiscompany.Now there aretwoparagraphs,and thefirst oneis inpassivevoice,while,the secondone isinactive:It wasfound thatdata concerningenergy resourcesallocated tothe stateswere notobtained.This actionis neededso that a determinationof redirectionis permittedon atimelybasis when weather conditionschange.A systemmust beestablished so that date onweather conditionsand fuelconsumption may be gatheredonaregular basis.We found that the Department ofEnergy didnot obtaindate aboutenergy resourcesthatFederal officeswere allocatingtothestates.The Departmentneeds thesedate so that itcandetermine howto redirectthese resourceswhen conditionchanges.The Secretaryof theDepartmentmust establisha systemso thathis officecan gatherdate onweather conditionsthathis officecan gatherdateonweather conditionsand fuelconsumption ona regularbasis.The firstparagraph,the subjectsof the Passive sentenceseem to be chosenalmost atrandom.Particular ideastoward the beginning ofeach clausedefine whata passage is centrally“about fbra reader,so asense ofcoherence cruciallydepends ontopics,so ifthat paragraphtopicsshift randomly,then the reader hasto begin each sentenceout ofcontext,from nocoherentpoint ofview.When thathappens,the readerwill feeldislocated,disoriented,out offocus.The secondpassageisa bitlonger,but morespecific.We knowwho issupposed to be doingwhat.The activesentence givesthe readera consistentpoint ofview;the writer“stages thesentencesfrom aconsistent stringof subjects,in thiscase theagent theagents ofaction:We...Department ofEnergy...Federal offices...theDepartment...it...the secretary...hisoffice...Now eachagent-subject anchorsthereaderin somethingfamiliar atthebeginning of thesentence-the castof characters-before thereader movesontosomething new.In Chinese,the Passive voice alwaysexpresses theinflictive voiceas abovementioned,often makingthe subject in theunpleasant or undesirable situation.Influenced by the western（被）language,Passive voiceespecially BEI PASSIVE has atendencyto usemorefrequent,（被）however,we avoidtouse the BEIPASSIVE structureeven withsemantic Passive.On theotherhand,if theagent isunimportant andwecaneasily judgedthe voices,andwe usethe activevoice inform toexpress the Passive:41It wasdone.这件事已做了Moreover,the Passive structure in Englishisbased oncopula-predicative formsothat thePassive can expressthe dynamic andstatic sentences,while thatin Chineseonly canexpress thestaticsentences.Different genrehas adifferent frequencyof Passive and active voices.The activeisgenerally themore common,but there is considerablevariation amongindividual texts.ThePassive hasbeen foundto beas muchas tentimes morefrequent inone text than another.Themajor stylisticfactor determiningits frequencyseems to be relatedtothedistinction betweeninformativeand imaginativeprose ratherthan toa differenceof subjectmatter orof spokenandwritten English.The Passive is generallymore commonlyused ininformative than inimaginative writing,notably inthe objective,non-personal styleof scientificarticles andnewsitems.The Passive voice allowsone toexpress ideaswithout attributingthem toa specificindividualsource.That iswhy it is sowidely used in governmentcommunication,in whichdecisionand opinionsare presumedto bethose of the bureauor agencyas awhole andnot ofindividualofficials.The weakPassive is usedinnewspaper writingfor the same reason for thesamereasonforwhich itis usedin governmentcorrespondence:to achievethe impersonalnote,and thus,in manyinstances,to disclaimdirect responsibilityfor statementthat arebased onhearsay.IV Meansof Translationof Voicesin English andChineseBetween English and Chinese,there areeight kinds of situationswhenwetranslate twovoices in two languages:Table8Chinese-English translation of voicesChineseEnglishActive ActivePASSIVE PASSIVEActive PASSIVEPASSIVEActiveTable9English-Chinese translation of voicesEnglishChineseActive ActivePASSIVEPASSIVEPASSIVE ActiveActivePASSIVEThe firsttwo kindsinTable8and Table9are conventionalforms,so this paper willnotexplain thesetypes.Past researcheson use of voicein Englishand Chinesehas founda higherfrequencyof Passivein Englishand activein Chinese.A studyabout thetranslation betweenChinese andEnglishshowed that there isa higher useof Passiveconstruction in Chinesetranslationthanin Chinese nativelanguage text,while ahigheruseof activeconstruction inEnglishtranslations thanEnglish nativelanguage text.So thatthe lasttype of two tablesareinfrequent and the leftaremorecommon andare thefocus inthissection.The abovementioned isa resultof Influencefrom thesauce text,as wecansee,thetendency ofthe useof voicesin differentlanguages playa keyrole inthe translated text.Thereis atable thatillustrated thefrequencyof Passive markers in Chinese native textsand translatedtexts.Table10Frequencyof Passive markersin Chinesenative text and translatedtexts.BEI SHOUGEI ZAORANG（被）（受）（给）（遭）Total（让）Frequenc yPASSIVEPASSIVEPASSIVEPASSIVEPASSIVEChinese
0.122%
0.058%
0.035%
0.033%
0.022%
0.270%Native TextTranslated
0.257%
0.024%
0.156%
0.035%
0.029%
0.501%TextFrom theTable
10.wecanconclude thatin Chinesetranslatedtextthe Passive markers（被）BEI isemployed morefrequently andPassivestructurehas ahigher frequencyin ChinesetranslatedtextthanChinesenativetext.Next,we willhave adetailed discussionabout thetranslationof voicesbetween thetwo languages.
4.1PASSIVE Voicesin Englishto ActiveChineseBecause ofthe propertiesof two voicesin two languagesas wementioned before,Englishtends toshow Passivewhile Chinesetendstoshow activevoice.So wetend totranslate thePassivestructure in Englishto active Chinese:（）42The roomwas cleanedby mom.妈妈把这个教室打扫了（）在短时间内可以生产出43The spareparts can be producedintheshort periodof time零件This is the bestchoice totranslate Passivein Englishtoactivestructure in Chinese whentheobject dontpresent ina sentence.
4.2Fund out the AlternativeMarkers ofthe PASSIVEMarker BEI（被）（被）We havediscussed theabove sectionthatthe PassivemarkerBEI iswithaninflictive（被）voice,so wecan find out thealternative markersto replacethe BEI（）44The enemieswere attackedby us.敌人受到了我们的攻击（）这个年轻人为那个老人所杀45The youngman waskilled by the oldman.There arealso somenotational Passives inChinesewhich aretranslated to Passive voicein English:（）年是联合国确定的国际海洋年4619981998was designatedby theUnited Nationsas theInternational Oceanyear（是确定的），In Chinese,shi...que dingdd inthe mostcases,we turnthis kindof“active toPassive voiceinEnglish.（可以）（被）.In scientificliterature,weuseke yi”to replaceBEI（）47The oilisusedas perfume.AbstractBoth Englishand Chinese have twokinds of voices,Passivevoice and activevoice.However,there isnot alwaysa one-to-one relationshipintwo voices whenit comestotranslation.PASSIVE voiceis quitecommon inEnglish,while itrelatively rarelyappears inChinese.The translation from EnglishPassivevoiceto Chinesevoice hasbecome oneof thefocusesofEnglish-Chinese translation.This paperfocuses onthe useofPassivevoices inEnglishand Chinese,and translation from English Passives to Chinese Passivesor actives,andthe studyofPassivemarker categoriesinthetwo languages and the propertiesofthese markers,combining thecorpus-based andcontrastive approach,seeking tofindoutthefrequencyofusing Passivevoiceintwo languages,the characteristicsof Passivesincluding variousPassiveconstructions andmarkers,long Passivevs.short Passive,semanticpropertiesin Passivevoiceand waysto dothe accuratetranslationof twovoicesbetween thetwo languages.This paperdemonstratesthatthereare variouspossibilities of translationfromEnglishPassivevoice toChinese and thereexist differentemotional attributestoPassivevoicesintwo languages.As aresult,the previouserrors of translation wereremoved andpractical methodsof translation wereobtained.Key words:Passivevoice,English,Chinese,activevoice这种油可以用来作为香水（）这种电脑可以当作人类的朋友来对待48This computeris treatedas humansfriend.靖（可以），Inthissentence,BE asa Passivemarker isreplaced byke which is inlinewith languagespecifications.（被）
4.3Omit theWord ofinEnglish-Chinese TranslationofPassive（被）As abovementioned,BEIPASSIVEonce wascalled inflictivevoice,mainly（被捕）（被杀）expressing unpleasantorundesirableevents suchas“bei biT“bei shabei（被录肖）力（被压迫），U Upo”so,according torules ofChinese expression,if theagent isnot necessaryto bepoint out,as wellas thereare notconfusions betweenvoices,（被）the morphemeBEI willbe omitted.With thefeatures ofChinese,the sentencesstill arefrequentand correct:（）49When thewhale iskilled,it canbe strippedout onthe shore.鲸鱼（被）杀死之后，就在岸上（被）扒皮了（）50The cup was broken.杯子破了（）51The mountainis surroundedby houses.山周围都是房子
4.4Chinese ActiveTranslate toEnglish PASSIVEForthe propertiesofChinesevoices,the Chineseactive hererefertonotional Passiveandsyntactic active,totally namedactive.Chinese belongs to topic-prominent languagewhileEnglish issubject-prominent.Thats theremust besubjectinEnglish sentencesbut Chinesenot:（）需立即交货51Immediate deliverywould berequired.（）要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题52Air resistancemust begiven carefulconsideration when the aircraftis tobemanufactured.Moreover,there moretypes ofEnglish Passiveswhen translatedfrom Chinese.First,weshould findouttherelations ofpossession andif thereappears individualownership inthePassive subjectnone phrase,we choosetheactivetranslation:她的钱包被偷了53She hadher walletstolen.If thereno possessionexpressed and the ChinesePassive isfunctioning asa modifier,which canbe translatedasanoun orpast particles:停在医院后面的车是汤姆的54The carparked behindthe hospitalbelongstoTom.On theother cases,wewilljudge thefocus ofcontext oftranslation.If thesentencefocuses oncauser,theactiveensures,fthe patientisfocused,thePassivetranslation ensures:弟弟被爸爸打了强调打人者爸爸55Father hityoung brother.弟弟被爸爸打了强调被打者弟弟56Young brother was hit by father.ConclusionThis paperhas givenan accountof propertiesof activeand passivevoice,employing ofstructuresof twovoices andrelevant translation inChineseandEnglish.Returning totheproblems posedatthebeginningof this study,itisnow possibleto statethat accordingto thedistinctionofthe passive markers,this paperdivides themarkers intothree types-syntacticPassive,Automatic Passives and NotationalPassives.Markersinthesametypes havevarious（被）characteristics,for instance,some arefunction wordslikeBEI and othersare content（给），（让）（叫）.verbs likeGEI RANGand JIAOThen inthenextpart,this paperisbased onsome corpusdate tosummarize thefrequencyofpassive markersineachone nativelanguagetextandthe studyshows greatgap inthose passive markers,which issignificant tofindouttheunderlying differencesbetweenthetwo languages.All thesestudies mentionedabovewill guideus intomore accuratetranslationweneed.At the last partof thispaper,wemainly talkabout translation between ChineseandEnglish.Based onthe formerstudy andpresentfindings,we pickthemostcommon casesoftranslationbetween twolanguages andtheyare Chineseactives translatedinto English PassivesandEnglishPassivestranslated intoChineseactives.This papercombines thecorpus-based date,systematic studyand previousresearchescollected tendto providea relativelyaccurate ideaoftranslationof twovoices intwokindsoflanguages.The mostobvious findingsto emergefrom thisstudy arethat theconceptofvoicesinEnglishdoes notcorrespond tothatinChinese suchas partof speechanddivergent expressionof emotion.For example,English tendsto employPassives whileChinesedoes notand thatis to say thatthePassive sentences inEnglish should be avoidedto betranslatedinto activesentences ofChinese.We havefoundthatto communicateeffectively onemustrespect thegenius ofeach language.We havetosaythere remainsmuch leftto improveinthis paper,which mayneed moreexamples anddates tocomplete inthe daysto come.AcknowledgementsMany peoplehave offeredme valuablehelp inmy thesiswriting,including mytutor,myclassmates andmy parents.Firstly,I wouldlike to give mysincere gratitude to mytutor Prof.Hao Ruisongwho,with extraordinarypatience andconsistent encouragement,gave megreathelp byproviding mewith necessarymaterials,advice ofgreat valueand inspirationof newideas.It ishis suggestionsthat drawmy attentiontoanumber ofdeficiencies andmake manythingsclearer.Without hisstrong support,thispapercould not been inthe presentform.Then,I ampleased toacknowledge myclassmates for their invaluableassistancethroughout thepreparation ofthe originalmanuscript.They graciouslymake considerablecommentsand soundsuggestions tothe outlineofthispaper.Besides,I amextremely gratefulfor myroommates fortheir cooperation,comments,andwise advice,although theiradvice isnot alwaystaken,where faultsand infelicitiesremain.Finally,in particular,I wouldlike toexpress mygratitudetomy parentsfortheirsupport,providing thecomputers andall thenecessities forme todo myresearch.Bibliography[l]Fei Yuying.A contrastivestudyofthePassiveconstruction ofChineseandEnglish\C\.Masters degreethesis ofShanghai ForeignStudies University,
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87.英语和汉语都有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态，然而，在翻译这两种语态时，他们并不总是一一对应的翻译关系英语被动语态在英语中比较常见，但在汉语中却相对少见英语被动语态向汉语两种语态的翻译转换更是成为了英汉翻译焦点之一本文聚焦于被动语态在英语和汉语中的使用方法，以及英译汉中英语被动语态向汉语主被动语态的翻译，还有对两种语言中的被动语态标志种类及特点的研究，在此结合了语料库和对比研究方法，探索被动语态在两种语言中的使用频率，被动语态特点，这包括不同的被动语态结构和标志，还有长短被动，被动的语义特点，以及在语态方面如何准确翻译这两种语言文章证明了英语被动语态翻译成汉语时，语态的翻译会有很多可能性的结果，而且，在这两种语言中被动语态所承载的情感态度也不同因此以往错误的翻译理念将会改正，从而获得实用的翻译方法关键词被动语态英语汉语主动语态I IntroductionPASSIVEvoiceandactivevoiceare commonlanguage phenomenainbothEnglishandChineseand canbe consideredshared conceptsbetween bothlanguages.Some distinguishingfactorsexist betweenEnglishandChinese invoices,however,which causesinappropriatenessand inaccuracyin translationoftwolanguages,sothatitiscrucial to make acomparative studyoftwovoicesintwolanguages,which canproduce aproper andacute translationadvancesmutual understandingbetween peopleof diverseand culturaland socialbackgrounds.The studyon Passivesandthetranslationof Passives developvery fastand haveachievedgreat success.A numberof contrastivestudies ofPassiveconstructionsinthetwo languageshavealso beenpublished,and studiesonthetranslationbetweenEnglishandChinese alsohaveappeared earlier,but thesepapers arerarely combined,which will show moreclearly thepropertiesofthetwolanguages.This paperwill findoutthemore accurateand idiomatictranslationto achievemutual understandingby makinga corpus-based contrastivestudy.Thispaper willemploy acorpus-based methodtomakea systematicexplanation andexplain somespecificphenomena,moreover,fromtheangle,rules ofusing voicesin respectivenativelanguage inEnglish,the paperfindoutapproaches totranslate EnglishPassives.Here,the paperemploys twocorpora,andthefirst oneis theFreiburg-LOB corpusofBritish EnglishF-LOB,which isan updateoftheLOB corpusand partofthe“Brownfamily“of corpora.FLOB contains500texts ofaround2000words,and around1millionswords.A secondcorpus,the LancasterCorpus ofMandarin Chinesei.e.LCMC,was designedasa Chinesematch forFLOB,representing writtenChinese publishedin Chinaintheearly1990s McEnery,Xiao andMo
2003.And the“Chinese wementioned herecommonly referstoMandarin.There arethree partsof studyinthispaper,which mainlytalks aboutthePassivevoice intwolanguagesandtranslationfromEnglishPassivestoChineseactives orPassives.In thefirstpart,the paperwillshowthepropertiesofPassivemorphemes andthe secondpart mainlycomparesthePassive structures intwolanguageand corpus-based datesand inthird part,thepaper willrespectively exploremeans oftranslationindifferent situations.II PASSIVEMarkersinChineseandEnglishIn manycases,some morphemescanberegarded asPassivevoicemarkersinthesentence.Also theremaybeno markers,but they can alsoexpressaPassivevoice.In the followingsections wewill discussthese markersrespectively.
2.
2.2PASSIVEMarkersin EnglishGenerallyspeaking,few markersare usedtoexpressPassivesinEnglish suchas BEandGET.The mostcommon Passivemarker isBE,andthesecond GET,and bothoftwoauxiliaryverbs functionas themainverb.In mostcases,the morphemesBEandGET cannot be usedinterchangeablyfor existingnatural distinctionbetweenthe BE-PASSIVE withthe stativenature,GET-PASSIVE withthedynamicone.Also,whenthePassive verb is followedby aninfinitivalcomplement,only theBE-PASSIVE isappropriate.8They likedtobeseen togo tochurchZe seencannotbereplaced byget seenInaddition to8E-PASSIVE and GETPASSIVE,thereisanother oneBARE PASSIVE9These clotheswash well theycanbe washedwell.Cf.These clothesare washedwelltheyare washedwell ina particularoccasion.
2.4PASSIVE Structuresin EnglishInEnglish,thepassiveclause istypically constructedsyntactically withan auxiliaryverband apassive participle.Firstly,theverbfollowing themain auxiliaryverbismorphologicallymarked inpast participleform.Secondly,thepatientofthesentence ispromoted togrammaticalsubject,while theagentisdemoted.Thirdly,the demotedagentiseither absentorappears onlyasaprepositional objectwith bysubjectagent+verb phrase+preposition+agent nonephraseThe BEPASSIVEandGETPASSIVEare differentin semantics.One ofthe maindifferencesisthenotion ofcontrol orintent.Lackoff claimsthat controlis retainedby thedemotedactor oftheBEPASSIVE,while controlis maintainedbythepromoted undergoerofthe GETPASSIVE.This isclearly illustratedin constructionswith purposeadverbs:20a Bobwas huggedby Johnintentionally.b John acted with intention to hug.c*Bob acted with intention tobe hugged,false21a Bobgot huggedby Johnintentionally.b Bobactedwithintentiontobehugged.c*Johnactedwithintentiontohug.falseThere isunderlying nature oftheBEPASSIVEandGETPASSIVE,whichisthat BEPASSIVEhas astativenature,while the GETPASSIVEhasadynamicnature.22The bikewas broken.23The bikegot broken.What ismore,the agentivenatureofthe GETPASSIVE seemsto restrictits grammaticalsubjectto animacy,in situationswhere thesubject oftheGETPASSIVE isnon-human,andthereby itselfinanimate andincapable ofcontrol.A humansubject relatedtotheinanimatesubject orevent willeither begiven control,involved physicallyor emotionally,or affectedadversely.24a Mybook was tom bythe naughty puppy.bThe book was torn bythe naughty puppy,because itwas verynaughty.c*Thebook wastornbythe naughtypuppy,because I was inattentive.25a Mybook gottom bythe naughtypuppy.b The bookwastom bythenaughtypuppy becauseIwasinattentive.c*Thebookwastombythenaughtypuppybecause itwas naughty.The previousstudy gavethetwokindsofpassives mentioned aboveadefinition ofVERBALPASSIVE.According toHuddleston andPullum,Passives constructed withBE that describeeventsare verbalBE PASSIVES26;while PassivesconstructedwithBEthatdescribe astate areADJECTIVAL PASSIVES
2728.In fact,BEinADJECTIVALPASSIVESfunctions asacopula witha predicativecomplement ina complexintransitive construction.Hence,the termADJECTIVALPASSIVE strictlyrefers tothe predicativecomplement ratherthanthePassive.26BE PASSIVESThecup wasbrokenbya strongwind.27ADJECTIVE PASSIVESNoone noticedthatthecupwasbroken.28ADJECTIVE PASSIVESIam excited.Except fromthe typesmentionedabove,there existsanother typeofPassive-PASTPARTICIPLE PHRASES.As weall know,past participlemainly performsfour functionssuchas performingpredicative,modifier,object complementand adverbialmodifier.This paperwilldiscuss themrespectively inthefollowing.When usingthe pastparticiples ofintransitive verbsas predicative,we usuallydo notregardsthem asPassives asthe previousstudy told.While weusethetransitive verbsaspredicative,we seethem asPassivesentences,and thiscase includesBEPASSIVEandGETPASSIVE,which willnotbedealt withhere again.The sentenceswith pastparticles servingas modifiershold thePassive meanings.29POSTNOUN MODIFIERThebook placedonthedesk belongsto Bob.30PRENOUN MODIFIERProvokedsnakes bitedeeper intothe wound.We canexpressthePassives bysome pastparticles actingas objectcomplement.31ADJECTIVE OBJECTCOMPLEMENTBob sawthe doctorhitbythepatient.The lastcase isthat pastparticle playsa roleof adverbialmodifier;it canalso apply。
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