超验主义与唯心主义之异同分析

题目The SimilaritiesAnd DifferencesBetweenTranscendentalism AndIdealism超验主义与唯心主义之异同分析been comeup the war,and ittries to avoid war.Idealism is not onlya way of judgingtheownership of all things in the world,but alsoa basicway ofgoverning acountry.Lao Zispoliticalproposition is mainly ngovemingby inaction,but inactionis notreal inaction,butno matterwhat wedo,we should not destroythe naturallaw ofthings development and weshouldfollow the origin of the world.The countrymust firstlyconsider human beings,andthe highestgoal of the government is tocultivate talents.If everyoneis educated,institutions will be improved,and peoplesmorality willchange the law of the nation.Emerson emphasizedthe practicaleffectiveness of individualism philosophy,believingthat truth and effectivenessare closelyrelated.From theperspective of individualismphilosophy,democracy is a politicalsystem suitablefor the United States.Emerson isproudof thedemocratic politicalsystem in the United States.He believesthat thissystemconforms to the characterof the American peopleand thecondition ofeveryone.Dewey,anAmerican philosopher,thinks thatEmerson is a democraticpolitical philosopher.Idealism holdsthat the nation shouldagainst the war,shouldnot actively starta war,should negativelyrespond to thewarof theenemy,and the best offensiveis defense.Protecting thecountry fromcontacting withsome foreign countries is not asstrict asit usedto be,so it is normalto beunwelcome.No onelikes war and violence,and peace.Peaceshould bemaintained andwar shouldnot be allowed tohappen.War has always been alongwith humanhistory,no matterwhy warcan notavoid death.It isso sadthat thinkof theirchildrenwho losttheir parentsin thewarandwant tounite peopleall overthe world.Everyone desire for peacewithout war.For manyyears,there have been manywars in theworld,which havecaused greatlosses to peoples lives and property.

4.3The similaritiesof the ways of thoughtTranscendentalists believe that intuitionis the most importantpart of the humansoul.They try to findtruth byfeeling ratherthan bylogic.So theydont thinkby logicalways.They formeda movementof emotionand belief,notamovement based on philosophy.People do not need to uselogical reasoningor deliberatelyresearch,but onlyrely onintuitiveideas andexperience tounderstand things.One way of thinking is calledintuitivethinking.American Transcendentalism emphasizes the importance of personal intuition.Itholds that individuals candiscover deepertruths throughthe abilityof intuition and reachthehighest levelof communicationwith oversoulor God.Only in this wayperson cantranscendinto ahigher spiritualboundary anddiscover somespiritual things in liferatherthan materialtruth.Moreover,intuition andtranscendence are the wisdomand essenceofidealistic culture.Idealism holdsthat peaceof mind is thebest conditionof intuitivethinking,so that people canget morality.Idealism opposesrational thinkingway judgedbyreasoning andadvocates spiritualcomfort throughsclf-disciplinc.In Taoism,self-discipline.n doesnot forbiddesire,but canpurify the soul andregulate desire,whichcan prolonglife,make peoplemaintain physicaland mentalbalance andharmonypermanently,promote personaldevelopment andimprove socialbehavior.As aprophet ofthetrend of the history,Emerson putforward tothe basictheory ofdirect perceptionofreligion,nature andliterature through intuition,which promotedthe awakeningofAmerican nationalconsciousness in the19th century.Emerson affirmedmans abilitytotranscend sensation,emphasizing that man canrealize dialoguewith the Holy Spiritthroughintuitionandachieve theharmony andunity of human,nature and God.Emersonstarted withintuition,promoted greatchanges inreligious,natural andliterary viewsinAmerican society,and promotedthe finaldetermination of individualism in Americansociety,so thatAmerican individualismthought developedfurther.In fact,Emersonemphasizes thatintuitive thinkingis a kind of spiritual intuition.Only in this waycan westrengthenedourselves andexpress ourselves.Intuitive thinkingis the characteristic of Idealism philosophicalthinking mode.Intuition andtranscendence arethe wisdomand essentialideas ofidealistic culture,andalso the essence and soul of its thinking.Intuition is a cognitivemethod offollowing yourheart.The holism,comprehensiveness andfuzziness of Idealism intuitivethinking areverysimilar tothose ofNew EnglandTranscendentalism.New EnglandTranscendentalismadvocates theintuitive potentialof reason.It holdsthat intuitionisaform oftranscendentalknowledge.Man graspstruthand nature throughintuition.Through intuitionandimagination,everyone canand shouldunderstand the reality of the universeand bedirectlyrelated toit.Human mindperception andexperience aremore realand moreimportant thanexternalexperience.Therefore,New EnglandTranscendentalism issometimes calleditintuitive philosophy.The representativeofIdealism,the timespan betweenLao Tzu,andthe representativeof transcendentalism,Emerson,is nearlythousands ofyears.However,we cansee theinternal consistencyin the way of thinking between the Lao Tzu morality11and Emersons oversoul ideasin Transcendentalismliterature.New EnglandTranscendentalism and Idealismboth emphasizeintuitive understandingto studythecharacteristics ofthings on the basisof theholistic view of the unity of heaven and human.And intuitionnot onlyplays an important role in thefield ofHumanities andarts,but alsoisoften thesource ofinspiration forscientists in natural sciences.The state of mindkeepingquiet is thebeststate toinduce intuitivethinking.A Chinesescholar HongmingGu believesthat the reasonwhy Chineselack ofaccuracy is that theylive aspiritual life.Idealismrepresents Lao Tzu*smainwayof thinkingis to combinewith morality.Lao Tzubelievesthat thepremise ofintuitive understanding of the Tao of heaven is to recoverthe simpleandnatural heartof human beings.Lao Tzusintuitive wayof thinkingis full of mystery.It isthisphysical paththat transcendsthe generalcognitive abilityand thinkingmode thatmakesthewayof humangrasping thewhole of the moralityof Heavenmore colorful.nViewing frommorality meansthat all thingsin the worldand eventhe universeareregarded as an integratedwayof thinking.It presentsthe distinctcharacteristics ofChinesephilosophy.If wclook atthe history of philosophicaldevelopment,he not only reflectstheTaoist wayofthinking,but alsostrengthens thetraditional Chinesecultural philosophyandliterary wayofthinking.5The differences between thetranscendentalism andidealism

5.1The differencesof originAmericanTranscendentalism is animportanttrend ofthought in the United States.Itoriginated inNew Englandin the1930s,but developedin otherplaces andbecame animportantideological emancipation movement inAmerican ideologicalhistory.It isaliterary andphilosophical thoughtmovement related to Ralph,Waldo,Emerson andThoreau.It claimsthat there exists an ideal spiritualentity whichtranscends experienceandscience andis graspedthroughintuition.Because the American Warof Independencehad aprofoundimpact onEmerson,it tooksome timesfor theUnitedStatesto breakaway fromslumpafter independence.With the development of capitalism,Transcendentalismemerges asanidea.In thisregard,Emerson appealedthat peopleshould walkon their ownfeet andoperate with their ownhands,emphasizing self-reliance.Emersons viewreflectsthe spirit ofcapitalismin itsascendant periodand encouragesthe American people togetout of the slump.The formof idealism has threespecific processes.The firstis thesocial andhistoricalroots.Because of the lowproductivity and the scienceand technologyis notdeveloped,human beingsdoesnt understandanything the nature,which provideshistorical conditionsfor the emergence of idealism.The secondis classroots.Only toprotect and supportIdealism canlet Idealismmore developor continue to existinthisworld.The thirdis tounderstand the knowledge.Recognize theIdealism andsimplify thedifferent processinto arelationship between understandingand practicethat we can easilyunderstand it.Thehistorical ofobjective Idealism advocates somekinds ofobjective spirits,and thecuriouspower ofsupernatural determines the development of history.For example,the GermanphilosopherHegel holdsthat humanhistory is the product of theevolution ofHabsoluteconcept11at acertain stage.Confucius believed that Goddominated the world,and thegreathistorical figuresof allnationalities weremerely theembodiment ofobjective spirit.The commoncharacteristics of the twotheoretical formsof historicalIdealism areasfollows:First,from thepoint ofview thatsocial consciousnessdeterminestheexistence ofsociety,the ultimatemotivation of historical development is attributedto spiritualfactors,and theobjective lawofhistoricaldevelopmentisdenied.Secondly,in dealingwith the roleof themasses,they areall manifestedin theheroic view of history,denying that the massesarethe creatorsof history and excludingtherole of themasses from history.Before theemergenceof capitalistindustry,the scaleof productionwas small,the levelofproductivity waslow,the speedof productionwas slow,and the direct socialcontactbetween peoplewas closedin avery limitedrange,and protectedby thesystem of politicalhierarchy,which madethe essentialrelationship ofsociety and the materialmotivation ofhistoricaldevelopment fullyuncovered.In slaveryand feudalsocieties,economic power isin theascendant.People directlyfeel thedominant individualwill in the powerstructure,which is also animportant historicalreason becausethe spiritualdeterminism of thehistorical conceptcan bewidely spread.

5.2The differencesof religiousTranscendentalistsbelievethat there isa closelyrelationship betweenhuman andGod,and the influence of Transcendentalism emphasizesthedirectcommunication betweenhuman andGod and thedivinity of human nature.In fact,the realpurpose isto liberatehuman nature andimprove humanstatus so as tomake humanfreedom areality.Theyinsisted thatGod should be divided into threeparts:the Father,the Son,and theHoly Spirit,that is,theHolyTrinity.They believethat thedestiny of life is not in the handsofindividuals,but in the handsof God.God isholy.The religiousidea of Transcendentalism^characteristic isto changepeoples views on human nature andimproving peoplesstatus.The whatis calledrule of morality doesnot meanthat everythingdevelops frommorality,but thateverything has thenature ofmorality.Specifically,it means thetransformation ofopposites and the circlesappears again.Emersonsoversoulalsorepresents the spiritual unityof allthings.So I think thedifference between the twois thatbesidesthis unity,God isalso theCreator.God orno God.Every thoughthas its own soilfordevelopment.In the soil ofChinese thought,there has beenalack of religious elements.Emersons Transcendentalismactually developedfromhiscriticism of Calvinism.Specifically,LaoZi isan atheist.He doesnot believe in God.On thecontrary,its essenceliesinnaturalinaction,the lawof man,the lawof earth,the lawofheavenand thelaw ofnature.Lao Zidid notconsider the concept of God whendiscussing it.Emerson did not getridof theconcept of God whenhe talkedabout oversoul.He stillbelieved inGodfsexistence,that Godswill createdeverything in the universeand permeatedeverything withhis soul,that isto say,oversoul.It isthis differencethat makesthe essentialdifferencebetween idealismand transcendentalismin theview ofpractice.The representativeofIdealism isLao Tzus atheism.Lao Tzuisananti-theological systembasedon nature.He istheearliest atheistictheoretical formwith distinctcharacteristics establishedin the historyof ancientatheism in China.Lao Tzu!s atheismsystem openedthewayfor the developmentof atheismin ancientChina.When LaoTzu opposedtheism,he establishedmorality,whichopposed Godand deniedhis viewson Godand heaven.Lao Tzusatheism hascertaindefects.LaoTzu*satheismignores the importance of human nature and humansactiverole insociety andethics.However,even so,we can not denythe historicalstatus and roleof atheismin China.LaoTzuattaches greatimportance tohis naturallaw.In fact,LaoTzu*s lawisnot only applicableto Chinesepeople,it isa commonlaw in the world.In fact,people whobelieve inGod requireeveryone tobe ashonourable asGod.But thisisimpossible.It isimpossible foreveryone tobe honourable.

5.3The differencesof core ideaEmersons oversoul is the coreidea of American transcendentalism.EmersonsTranscendentalism advocatesthatpeoplecan transcendsensation andreason and directlyunderstand thereal ideaor soulof the universe.He encouragespeople to transcend allkindsof limitedlines orlimitations andtry tonew areas,whether insideor outside.And onlyifyou obeyto thesesouls thatarc everywhere around you and cando everythingfor youcanpeople transcendthe limits.Emersonfs Transcendentalismwas bornin thesoil ofWesternreligious culture.Although the history ofreligion hasbeen reformedand developedoverand overagain in the historyof the West,its coredetails,in myopinion,how peopleunderstand the Godand approachGod inorder toget theachievement.It isinthiscontextthat Emerson*sTranscendentalism isin facta lawclose toGod.Everyone*ssoul,without exception,isgain withthe potentialof spiritualperception areeverywherearoundyouandcan doeverythingfor God.The amountof propertyisnotimportant.The highof thesoul and theintegrity of thesoulare huge,because onlythe integrityof thesoulisclosest toGod,can wegraspthe spirit ofGod,and peoplewillbeforever.Therefore,he believesthat nature is themostpure andsacred thoughtof human beings,advocating thatpeople intuitivelyexperiencethe ubiquitousGod of nature.The coreideaof idealism ismorality.It isnot onlythe generalrule ofeverything,butalso thesource ofeverything.It iseverywhere withpeople,and hasa closerelationshipwith people.Moreover,everything iscreated bynature.It itselfalso changesaccording tothenatural rule,and therelationship between man andnature isvery important.Themeaning ofmorality isnotonlythe peaceof naturalecology,but alsothe peacefulunity ofhuman andthe universe.There aretwo maincore ideasof idealism:man andnature.But itseemsthat takethe humanas theprincipal thingsin the world,respectful the humannature,andhuman-centered tocirculate.Human ishimself,self-developmentandself-expression.Self-achievement is the maintask.The essenceof respectfor humanability isto praisethe essentialspiritof humanbeings,which is the spiritof freedomand democracy.For transcendentalists,freedom firstmeansthe spiritofindividualindependence,which isindispensable.Thoreau,therepresentative of Transcendentalism,is pursuingabsolute individual freedom,abandoningmaterial needsand advocatingspiritual independence.He isa typicalrepresentative ofemphasizingindividualism inTranscendentalism.Its coreidea isto standout thesignificanceofindividuallife andtheimportance of rights.The most important thingishuman freedomand rationality.We shouldtry ourbest toliberate humanbeings fromconstraintand givethem afree life.They alsoemphasize theimportance and value ofindividualideological independence,pursue high spiritual life,and standout theneeds andimportance of humanbeings.All theseconstitute Transcendentalistvalues oflife and socialresponsibility.For transcendentalists,freedom firstmeansthe spiritofindividualindependence.Emerson saidin hisarticle“Self-reliance:Believe inyour ownthoughts,believeinyour ownheart thatyour thinkis rightfor allpeople,that aregenius.1Onecharacteristic ofself-reliance isits distinctiveness.In addition,Transcendentalism withcritical spirit mustbe basedon freedom.People shouldnot lackof freedom,but alsohaveideological freedom,in otherwords,ideological independence”.Without ideologicalindependence,people whocan notmake self-judgment andunderstanding ofsocietyshould alwaysthink aboutwhat kindofperson they are.I thinkthecharacteristicofindependence isthat we are different from others.We havetobedifferentfromothers.Transcendentalism emphasizestheimportanceandvalue of ideologicalindependence frombeginningto end,and callson Americanstotranscendthe vulgarityof materialpursuit andpursuehighspirituallife.From theperspective of thedevelopmentof Transcendentalism,the drivingforce ofits progresscomes fromthe Americanpursuit anddesireforfreedom.Transcendentalists regardthe realizationof thisindividualfreedomand democracyas theirmaintask.The American-style freedomthey pursueis morean idealand hasa distinctindividualisticcolor.6ConclusionsThis paperhas shownthat althoughthere aresome similarities betweenTranscendentalism and Idealism in theWest,there areessential differences between thembecause of thedifferent timesand environments.Cultural spreadand communicationareeternal,but anyculture hasitsownunique characteristics.Therefore,when carryingoutcultural communication,we shouldnotonlysee the similaritiesbetween cultures,but alsofindthe differencesbetweencultures.At present,under thebackground ofrapiddevelopment andpromotion ofsocialist culturein our country,there isno doubtthat toadvocatethedevelopmentof multicultural,coexistence ofmulticulturalism and toleranceof multiculturalism,gradually andcritically acceptand absorbsome advancedforeignideas andconcepts,incorporate themfor ourown use,and introduceour traditionalcultureinto the world.The guidingideology willplay apositive rolein promotingthe developmentandprosperity ofour countrystrend culture.Matter isimportant,and spiritual,which isinvisiblebut cannot befelt,should alsobe treatedequally.From thiswe canfeel thatTranscendentaiismmay stillhave importantpractical significancefor theUnitedStates andthe wholeworld today.Before theemergenceof Transcendentalism and Idealism,manypeople werefull ofanxiety anduneasiness aboutmaterial life.However,since theemergenceand developmentof Transcendentalism and Idealism,it hasseparated peoplefromanxiety anduneasiness andguided usto facesuch abeautiful world.Some peoplehavesaid thatTranscendentalism and Idealism arelike mirrors,which makeus takeas fewwindingcourses aspossible andlet usgo outof theright path.In addition,Transcendentalism and Idealism haveenabled the American peopleandthe Chinese peopletorecognize themselvesagain andunderstand themselves,thus liberatinghumanity,emphasizing thespirit,stressing theharmony andunity betweenhuman andnature,andpromoting theindependence of theUnitedStatesandChina.Transcendentalism and Idealism areimportant bridgesacross cultures.They playanimportant rolein theconstruction ofa nationalculture.Nowadays,globalization isaninescapable andindispensable trend of developmentin todaysworld.We shouldmakegood useof thisrole tomake ourcountry morestrengthen.Transcendentalism is the wealthof theAmericanpeople,while Idealism is thewealth of theChinesepeople,it isalso thewealthof thepeople of the world.There arealso manylimitations in the theoryofempiricism.Transcendentalists basicview ofsociety andgovernmentisthatthesmaller thegovernmentis,the lessthelawis,the betterthe societyis.We shouldconsider morewaysto solvesocial contradictionsby improvingthe rationalityof governmentinstitutions andthequality oflegal construction.Obviously,this limitationcomes fromthesoilofTranscendentalism-Idealism.So theyhave thesimilarities and differencesbetween them.AcknowledgementTime flies,four yearslater,college lifeis over.College lifeisashort moment.In thepastfour yearsof college,I notonly learneda lotfrom manyteachers,but alsolearned howtobeagood man.And inthis thesis,I meetmany difficultiesand barriers,I cannot solvetheproblem myself,and allthrough teachersand studentsto solve.First ofall,I want to thankmy thesisinstructor,Mr.Wu Di,for hisgreat contributiontomy thesis.He patientlytold mewhat Ididnotunderstand andnever showedanyboredom.He alsogave mesome commentsand suggestions,which mademy thesis moreexcellent and helped meto finishmy thesissuccessfully.I will not forgetthe heartof thethanksfor myMr.Wu forever.At the same time,I wantto thankmy parentsand myroommates.Thank themforcoming upwith manyideas andinspirations for my thesis.It alsoa bighelp formy thesis.For roommates,we learn from eachother andhelp eachother.Even though,we meetallkinds ofthe differences,wearehappy duringthe studycourse.Finally,I wantto thankmyNortheast Electric Power Universityfor makingmy collegelife moremeaningful andsubstantialformyfour years.Thank you,the NortheastElectricPowerUniversity providedthevaluable learningtime forme.I willnever forgetmy collegelife forfour years.References

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2.1Domestic researchinthefieldTranscendentalist scholarsand studiesofTranscendentalismfirst enteredthe Chineseacademic circles inthe1940sand1950s.At present,the studyof Transcendentalistscholarsand transcendentalismin Chineseacademiccirclesis roughlysynchronized withtranslationwork.In1983,the thirdperiodical ofLiterature,History andPhilosophy publishedChengXings introductoryarticle TheExcellent AchievementofAmericanRomantic Literatureinthe19th Century-Thoreau*s Collectionof ProseWalden.Since1983,analyticalcomments on Transcendentalism havebeen published in variousjournals.There aretwomain typesof domesticTranscendentalism researchmaterials searchedby theauthor:papers publishedin journalsand degreepapers publishedsince

1990.Rough statisticsshowthat from1980to1989,13papers onTranscendentalism werepublishedinacademicjournals,43in1990-1999and219in2000-

2011.Since1991,there havebeen about34dissertations on transcendentalism,including onedoctoral dissertationand33masterdissertations.Generally speaking,Transcendentalism researchinChinahas gonethrough aprocessfrom introducingappreciation to analyzing criticism.Pre-20th centurystudies weregenerallyintroductory andappreciative.The fourthperiodical ofForeign LanguageandLiterature in1984contains PamPaulines Declarationof Independenceof AmericanLiterature,Emerson onAmerican Scholars.The thirdperiodical ofJournal ofChangchunUniversity in1997contains NiuLiqiangs Onthe Similaritiesand DifferencesbetweenEmerson andThoreau,the representativesofAmericanTranscendentalism Movementinthe19th Century.Among thesepapers,Chen Kaispaper Cross-cultural ComparisonandLiterary Reviewin ThoreausOne WeekontheRiver publishedinthefirst issueofChinese ComparativeLiterature in1998was aunique researchperspective atthat time.Theauthor usesthe methodof comparativeliterature toanalyzetheOriental factorsinAWeekon theConcord andMerrimack River,and drawsthe conclusionthat Thoreauswriting isinfluencedby theOriental culture,andthecontact andexchange betweendifferent culturesareof greatbenefit toboth sides.As foridealism,it isa questionwhether thediscussion of idealism cancontinuetobestudied indepth inour philosophicalcircles.In thepast,there wasa seriousdefect inthestudy andevaluation of idealism inourcountry,that is,the rich and colorfulidealisticphilosophy inhistory,or theidealistic conceptlogically relatedtoaseries ofcognitiveprovisions,was onlyenclosed inthe mostabstract definitionofthinkingfirst and existencesecond,thus artificiallytransforming vivid,richandconcrete idealisminto rigidity.Dead,poor andabstract idealismseems tobe justbaseless nonsense,which onlyplays anegativeand reactionaryroleinthehistoryofcognition.However,philosophy isthe mosthostile toabstractionnand healthyhuman reasontends to concrete things”.The correctattitudeshould be:idealism mustbe putinto itshistorical andlogical process,and mustbe graspedandelaborated ina wayfrom abstractiontoconcrete,from povertyto abundance,so astotruly reveal the status androleofidealisminthedevelopmentofhuman understanding.

2.2Foreign researchinthefieldFrom theideological connotation,Transcendentalism involvesreligion,philosophy,literature,politics andother aspects.Therefore,Transcendentalism naturallybecomes atreasurehouse ofthought,which makesmany scholarsexplore Transcendentalismandachieve fruitfulresults.Since Emersonpublished OnNature1and nTranscendentalistClubin1836,American criticshavebeenpaying closeattention toTranscendentalistliterati groupsand theirprose creation.Famous journalsof thattime,such asthe SaturdayEveningPost,the NorthAmerican Review,the Recorder,the AtlanticMonthly andtheBoston QuarterlyReview,were the main positionsfor commentingontranscendentalism.At thesame time,famous criticssuch asAndrews Norton,Olistis Brownsonand JohnJayChapman criticizedTranscendentalism positively.Transcendentalism hasalso attractedtheattention ofEuropean scholars.Thomas Carlyle,an Englishwriter ofthesameperiod,oncewrote andcommented onthe proseworks ofEmerson,Thoreau andothers.So far,there arenumerousresearch monographsonTranscendentalismliterati groupcreation,among whichatleast30biographies ofTranscendentalism alone.Generally speaking,becauseoftheadvantages oflanguage andcultural background,the studyofTranscendentalism inforeign academia,especially inAmerican academia,ismoremature,comprehensive andin-depth thanthatindomestic academia.The authorcompares theresearchdata offoreigncountrieswith thatof domesticcountries.Idealism philosophyappeared inancient times,but itwas frommodern timesthatidealism wasclearly definedand evaluatedasanobject.This papertrytohelp peoplerevealthat peoplecan graduallyrevealthesource,essence,statusandroleofidealism,and thenreflectonthelaws andcharacteristics ofthe subjectsown thinkingmovement,soastoenrich anddeepen humanunderstanding.As longas idealismhas existedand willcontinueto exist,it isnecessary tostudy it.Engels wrotein TheEnd ofLudwig FeuerbachandGerman ClassicalPhilosophy1that Thosewho determinethat spiritare originalto nature,inthefinal analysis,recognize thecreationism insome way,form anidealist camp.2Engels assertionhas importanttheoretical valueinthehistoryofhuman cognition.It graspsthemost basiccharacteristics ofidealism,namely,advocating thefirst natureof thinkingandthesecond natureofexistence.This isthe simplestand mostabstract ruleaboutidealism.3Definition

3.1The definitionofthetranscendentalismTranscendentalism isa thoughtmovement thatreligious andphilosophical.The mainideaofTranscendentalismistoadvocate thathumanbeingscantranscendsensation andreasonanddirectlyrecognize thetruth,and alsoemphasize theimportanceofintuition.Itholds thateverything inthe humanworld isa microcosmoftheuniverse.Transcendentalismemphasizesthe essentialcompleteness ofallthings.This affirmationofthe sacrednessofhumanbeings makestranscendentalists disdainexternal authorityandtradition andrely ontheirowndirect experience.We candivide the main ideasofTranscendentalism intothree aspects:First,transcendentalists emphasizethespirit,oroversoul,which theybelieve,isthemostimportantexistential factoroftheuniverse.Oversoul proclaimsthat nothingcannotbe forgiven.It isthe foundationofallthings andbelongsto allthings.It existsin human andnature.Second,transcendentalists emphasizetheimportanceofthe individual.They believethattheindividual isthemostimportant partofsociety,andsocialinnovation canonly beachieved throughpersonal cultivationandimprovement.Therefore,peoples mainresponsibility isself-improvement,rather thandeliberatepursuit ofwealth.The idealperson isone whodepends onhimself.Thirdly,transcendentalists takea newlook atnature,believing that nature isthe symbol of oversoulorGod.In theirview,nature ismore thanmatter.It haslife,thespiritofGodis full ofit,andit isthe cloakof oversoul.However,Transcendentalism againstintellectualism oftheHcnothcism.In addition,it proteststhe predestinationofCalvinism.Transcendentalism isconnectedwiththeRomantics closely.Transcendentalismhasa strongcriticalspirit.Itssocial purposeistobuild asociety withperfect morality and realdemocracy andfreedom.Transcendentalism didnot forma completetheoretical system,but rathera trendofthought,which ledtoaprofound andlasting ideologicalemancipationmovementinthehistory ofAmericanthought.

3.2The definitionoftheidealismThe essentialmeaning ofIdealism isthat onthe basicphilosophical issueof therelationship between thoughtandexistence,spiritand matter,it thinks that spiritisthefirstand matteristhesecond.Spirit determinesmatter,and matteristhe productofspirit.Thereare twobasic formsofidealism:objective idealismand subjectiveidealism.The objectiveidealismthinksthat thereexistsan objectivespirit outtherealworld,which istheoriginofthe worldand fromwhich allthingsintheworldcome intobeing.Its famousrepresentativeperson includeChinese Zhuxi,ancient GreekPlato and German Hegel.Subjective idealismregardshuman subjective spirit asthe startingpoint ofunderstanding theworld.Among thesubjectivespirit,the cognitiveworld istheproductofthesubjectivespirit,not therealobjective world.The mainrepresentatives areChinese LuJiuyuan andWang Shouren,British BerkeleyandGermanFichte.In Marxistworks,philosophy can be dividedinto twomajorschools.Idealismisone ofthe twobasic schoolsofphilosophy,and itisatheoreticalsystem opposedto materialism.Idealismadvocatesthe primacyofspirit,consciousness oridea,andthesubsidiarity ofmatter,that is,material existson consciousness.Matter isthephilosophical schoolof consciousness.In non-Marxist terms,materialism holdsthat theworldis absolutelyobjective,absolutely material,absolutely real,everything isself-develpoment,independent of consciousness.The mainofidealismisthattheworldisnot absolutelyobjective.The worlddepends onconsciousness andexists withoutobjectivepractice toprove coordinates.Peoples socialconsciousness isdividedintotwo aspects:practical consciousnessand theoreticalknowledge.Public powerorthenation isattributedto theconsciousness ofpractice.This classificationis essentialfor expandingtheconceptofidealism.Since thegeneral essenceof publicpowerisconsciousness,under certainhistoricalconditions itmay becomean idealisticpower-thenation.The conceptofidealism ismeaningful onlytothesecondnatureofconsciousness.4The similaritiesbetweenthetranscendentalism andidealism

4.1The similaritiesoftheview ofnatureAncient viewofnature is closelyrelatedtopeople,and opposedtopeople.Theantagonism betweenhuman andnature isthemaincontradiction.Conquering natureis themaintrendofancient culture.But Emersonhad differentviewsonnature.Emerson hasalwaysbelievedthat manandnature areclosely linked,thatmancant leavenature,and manandnature areconcordant andunified.In addition,inthebook Nature,it mainlytalks abouttherelationshipbetweenhuman,nature andsoul.It clearlyillustrates theview andthoughtof idealismonnature:humannatureistheguarantee ofmaterial andentrust ofspirit.Naturereveals the true ideaofhumansoul andmotivates humansinspiration andintuition.Hebelieves thatnatureis fullofspirit,humans heartisalsofullofspirit,andmatteritself isthesymbol ofspirit.This spirit,itisthe connotationof secularity,that nothingcant beforgiven.He callsit“Oversoul”,which isthe absolutespirit.Transcendentalists treatnature asanabsolute spiritor asymbolofGod.Thoreau believedthat onlyby returningto naturehumancan discoverthetruevalueoflife andthe meaningoflife,because natureisfullofthespiritof God.Emerson believesthatnaturehas themoral powerto increasepeoples spiritualinfluenceandtopromote goodand restrainevil.The holinessand loftybeauty ofnatureevoke afeeling ofrespectandadmiration inthehumanmind.Being in nature,people willfeelakindof pleasure,enhance theirthoughts,purify theirsouls,and returnto theiroriginalbeauty.He believedthat itembodied thelaws ofGodandGod.In hisview,nature,societyand peoplecanbetested,observed andheld ina bigsystem.He believesthatthereis anamazingconsistency betweenmanandnature.It canbe said thatmanisthewhole oftheuniverse.Natural phenomenasuch asthe movementof celestialbodies andthe changeofseasons havean impacton man.From Emersonsviewofnature,wecaneasily seetheshadow ofIdealism.Moreover,TranscendentalismandIdealismhavegreat similaritiesinnature.This Transcendentalistviewofnatureisvery similartotheidealist viewofnature,which istheunityofheaven,earth andhuman.The idealistLaoZi alsosaid thatman andnatureare inseparableand arepartoftheuniverse.So fromhere wecan findthe similarviewpointofthetwo:They bothsourced fromtheuniverseand havesimilar lawsof motion,which itclosely linked.People followtheTaoof Heavenand embraceeverything invain,so thathumanandnature canlive in peace andpresent thestateofIn peacebetween humanandnature

1.We regardnatureandhumanbeingsasa whole oflife,in whicheverything isinterrelated,interpenetrative,and connectedwith eachother.We shouldstrictly obey thelaws ofnature.Emerson emphasizedthatthesuccessful peopleinnaturemust understandandobeythenatural rules,andalsoabsorbed theIdealism11In peacebetweenmanandnature asawhole.

4.2The similaritiesofpoliticalview pointThoreau,who istheAmericanfamous writer.His famousWalden reflectstherelationshipbetweenTranscendentalismandIdealism.Walden Lakewrote areflection onthesimple lifeinthenatural environment.It isan argumentthat advocatesindividualresistance tocitizen government,morality opposition to inequitablestate,oppositiontolaw,andsupportfor justice.Thoreau,who reflectsthemainpolitical viewpointoftranscendentalism,once said,Is therenot sucha governmentthat judgesright andwrongnot bythe willofthemajority butby conscienceIthinkwe shouldfirst behumanbeings,then thecommon people11The meaningof thissentence isthat justiceshouldberespected,not thelaw.Justice isofthemost importance,and thereisnoneedtorely onlaw.He ismostconcerned aboutthe protectionofindividualrights andfreedoms,andhehas alwaysworriedabout thatthe governmentwould harmindividuals inthese twoaspects.In ordertodeal withthis injury,he advocatedthat individualsshould passivelyresist thegovernmentin apeaceful wayand non-violent way.Thoreau*s politicalview isalso reflectedin hisattitudetowards tothewar.He docsnot believein solvingconflicts by violence orwar.Heonly believesinpeaceand maintainspeace.In addition,Tao TeChing,who reflectstheidealist viewpoint,said thatLao Ziopposed conqueringtheworldbyviolence,conqueringthe country,giving mainto peace,maintaining peaceand buildinga harmoniouscountry.Itis alsosaidthatif wedonotlive inpeace,we willlose themoralityandour lifewillnotbechanged.From historicalaspects,idealismhasnever。