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第一章时态英语中谓语动词的时态Tense是一种动词的形式，不同的时态用以表示在不同的时间完成的动作或保持的状态英语动词共有十六种时态，这里将重点讲解其中较常用的十种时态现以动词do为例，将英语十六种时态列表如下:一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现have have beendo doesam isdoing done在has hasdoingare过wasdid doinghad done去were had been doinghave将shall shallbe shallhave shalldobeen来will willdoing willdone willdoing过去have将be havewoulddo would would would been来doing donedoing
一、一般现在时The PresentIndefinite Tense
1.用于表示客观事实，现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态等，常与often,always,sometimes,usually,once aweek,every day,seldom等时间状语连用【例句】The earthrevolves aroundthe sun.The studentsget upat sixthirty everymorning.
2.表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作，常使用arrive,be,go,start,stay等动词【例句】There is a dancingparty tonight.The planearrives in Beijing atthree this afternoon.
3.用在以as soon as,when,after,while,as,until,till,whenever,the monment,theminute,immediately,directly等引导的时间状语从句中或以if,unless,as/so long as,in case,provided that等引导的条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时【例句】Ill ringyou as soon as he comesback.If it is finetomorrow we will goswimming.The machinestarts runningthe momentthe buttonis pressed.•注if条件句中，有will出现时，will是情态动词，意义为“愿意”，“肯
二、一般过去时The PastIndefinite Tense一般过去时用于表示过去某时刻或某一时期内的动作或状态，也可表示过去习惯性的动作常与表明过去时间的状语连用，如yesterday,then,just now,last month,two daysago,in1990,或由when或while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句【例句】We methim last week.Where didyou livewhen you were youngHeused to do fourteenhours aday.•提示一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去
三、一般将来时The FutureIndefinite Tense一般将来时用来表示将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作It may be because he is too youngto do it.这可能是因为他太年轻而不会做的缘故It seemthat（as if）the nightwould neverend.夜晚似乎永远也不会结束（）The reasonwhy that he has been such a success is that he nevergives他荻得如此成功的原因是由于他从不放弃The reasonhe didnot cometo the meeting is that he was波.他没有参加会议的原因是由于他病了（常用Ther reasonis...that,不用because）
四、同位语从句同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导，表示与之同位的名词的具体内容，一般多紧接在名词之后，与之是等同关系的从句，偶尔，当谓语太短时，为了保持句子平衡，也可将同位语从句置于谓语动词之后能够跟同位语从句的名词多为表示事实、看法、思想、消息等的名词主要有fact,idea,news,belief,hope,conclusion,opinion,suggestion,proposal,proof,order,thought,doubt,rumor,problem,truth,answer,theory,theory,desirion,discovery,understanding,wish,possibility,promise,report,probability（可能性）,evidence（iiE据），certainty（必然），likelihood（可能性）等【例句】We arefamiliar with the ideathat allmatter consists of atoms.The news that we are invitedto the conference is very encouraging.Have youany proofthat he is athiefThe problemthat theycan ftget hereearly ishard tosolve.他们不能及早到达这里，这个问题很难解决No onecan denythe factthat hehas madesuch progress.没有人能否认他取得如此进步的事实The orderhas comethat the work bedone at once.工作应立刻开始的命令已经到了此例为保持句子平衡同位语从句后置的情况【实例】The merefact mostpeople believenuclear warwould bemadnessdoes notmean that it willnot occur.A.what B.which C.that D.why
1997.6多数人认为挑起核战争是疯狂之举，单凭这个并不意味着核战争不可能发生答案C【实例】Evidence cameup specificspeech soundsare recognizedby babiesas young as6months old.A.what B.which C.that D.whose
1991.6有证据表明，出生仅6个月的婴儿就能辨别一定的语音答案C•说明_
1.同位语从句常也有连接副词why,where,when,how等引导【例句】The questionwhether weought tocall in a specialistwas answeredby the familydoctor.家庭医生回答了彝们是否应请个专科大夫的问题_
2.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在先行词后，而被别的词隔开【例句】Word hadcome fromTom that he couldarrive on the Mondayfollowing.汤姆说过他可能下星期一来
3.在on condition（条件是）,with theexception（除…以外）,inspite of the fact（不管）等成语后，也可用从句作同位语【例句】ril letyou usethe roomon conditionthat youkeep itclean andtidy,如果你们能保持房间整洁的话，我可以让你们用
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别定语从句与同位语从句的区别从三个方面来看
1.定语从句中that代替先行词，它在从句中作某个成份，而在同位语从句中，that为连词，在从句中不担任成份
2.定语从句是对先行词加以修饰、限制，而同位语从句是说明名词中心词的具体内容
3.同位语从句的先行词是一些有限的表示抽象意义的名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是无数的表示抽象或具体概念的名词【例句】The news that hehas succeeded inspired themall.他成功的消息使他们深受鼓舞（同位语从句）Whats the newsthatupset herso much是什么消息令她如此沮丧（定语从句）.The proposal that we should importmore eqmknentfrom abroadisto be discussed at the meeting.我们应从国外进口更多的设备，这个建议将在会上讨论（同位语从句）The proposalthat heput forwardis to bediscussedat the meeting.他所提出的建议将看会上讨论（定语从句）•提示
1.从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解，但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句whether可与or（not）连用，而if不可以【例句】I dontknow whether if she is at home.Whether shecomes or not makesno difference.
2.that和what引导名词性从句的区别that在从句中不充当成分，而what在从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、表语、宾语等that可省略，what则不可省【例句】He alwaysmeans whathe says.She suggested{that hedo itatonce.第四章定语从句定语从句Attributive Clause是指在复合句中用作定语的从句，又称为关系从句Relative Clause但与一般定语不同的是，定语从句一般都位于它所修饰的名词或代词之后被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词引导定语从句色关系词有关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which等和关系副词when,where,why等另外，as,but等也可以作为关系代词来引导定语从句根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种
一、限制性定语从句限制性定语从句主要用来限制或修饰先行词，使先行词的所指明确化；若把该从句去掉会影响主句意义的完整性限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写时通常不用逗号
1.由关系代词引导的限制性定语从句关系代词who,whom代人,which代物,that,whose代人或代物在定语从句中作主语，宾语，定语等关系代词在定语从句中作动词宾语时一般可以省略关系代词的人称和数要和先行词一致，它的格取决于它在从句中充当的成分【例句】The manwho didthe robberyhas beencaught,（who在从句中作主语）（）Then Itelephoned thedoctor whomCharles hadrecommended,（whom在从句中作宾语，在口语中常用who代替，也可省略）It is a questionthat/which needsvery carefulconsideration,（that/which在从句中作主语）Edison is a greatinventor whosefame isworldwide,（whose在从句中作定语，指人）The housewhose windowsare brokenis unoccupied.（whose在从句中作定语，指物）He is not the man that he was.（that指人，在从句中作表语）He thatwould eat the fruitmust climbthe tree.（谚语，that指人，在从句中作主语）You can take anyseat that is free,（that指物，在从句中作主语）Who is the man thatis waiting for you under the tree（在疑问句于，当疑问词为who时、关系代词则要用that指人）•提示当先行词为all,everything,anything等不定代词，或先行词之前有all,no,any,little,only,very等限定词、序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时，其后的关系代词通常要用that【例句】All（that）you have to dois topress the button.（止匕句中关系词必须用that,也可以省略）Thats the very textbookthat weused lastterm.He is the bravestmanthatever lived.（此句中that不能换成）which
2.由关系副词引导的限制性定语从句关系副词when,where,why等在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间，地点和原因；它们的先行词分别是表示时间，地点和原因的名词【例句】There aremoments when I forgetall about it.This isthe factorywhere myfather works.The reasonwhy he came is not veryconvincing.
3.由关系代词as,but引导的限制性定语从句As用作关系代词引导定语从句时，可在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，先行词前一般有the same,such等词But也可以用作关系代词引导定语从句，用于否定词语之后，在语义上相当于that/who...noto【例句】This isthe samebag as I lostyesterday.（as指物,在从句中作宾语）Such peopleas youdescribe arerare nowadays,（as指人，在从句中作宾语）Such peopleas knewTom thoughthe was a talentedyoung man.（as指人，在从句中作主语）（）There are very fewbut=who dontadmire histalents.（）There isno manbut=who doesntfeels pityfbr starvingchildren.
二、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行附加说明，若把该词去掉，一般不会影响主句意义的完整性除that之外，前面提到的关系代词和关系副词都可引导非限制性定语从句【例句】I have a brotherwho worksin achemical works.我有一
4、在化工厂工作的哥哥（意即我还有别的哥哥，但他们不在化工厂工作who引导限制性定语从句）I havea brother,who worksin achemical works.我有——个哥哥，他在化工厂工作（意即我只有一个哥哥，非限制性定语从句只是补充说明他的情况）My newcar.which Ipaid severalthousand poundsfor,is notrunningwell.A boytook us into thephysics classroom,where Jackwas sittingonthe lecturetable.
三、考点定语从盲是考试中常考的内容，除了测试学生对定语从句基本用法的掌握外，还常出现下列两种特殊情况1）“介词+which/whom”引出的定语从句“介词+which/whom”是一个介词短语，它在从句中担任介词短语通常担任的成分，即状语，定语，补足语等，既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句【例句】The gamesin whichthe youngman competedwere difficult.Uli neverforget theday onwhich I visited theGreat Wall for thefirsttime.The documentsfor whichwe weresearching have been recovered.（）They admiredthe wayin whichshe dealt with thecrisis.The athleteto whomyou talkedis afamous runner.He is a manon whomyou cansafely depend.I calledhim by the wrongname,/ir whichI apologized.There areabout100foreign studentsin theiruniversity,many ofwhomare fromAsia.2关系代词指代全句的定语从句关系代词which与as可以用来指代前面整个句子或部分句子的意思，此时which或as往往可以译为“这或“这一点”两者的区别在于as引出的定语从句可以位于句首，而which引出的定语从句只能用于句中【例句】She oftenchanges hermind,which makesme angry.He has to work on Sundays,which hedoesnt like.He opposedthe plan,as could be expected.As iswell known,the earth is one of thenine planets in theSolarSystem.
1.第五章状语从句在复合句中，起状语作用的从句称作状语从句根据语义,状语从句分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句其位置可在主句之前，也可在半句之后如果状语从句位于主句前，一般用逗号将其与主句隔开
一、时间状语从句Adverbial Clauseof Time引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,till,since,ever since,once,so longas,as soon as,every time,each time,the moment,the minute,immediately,instantly,directly等【例句】Whenever Imet with any difficulty,he came to myhelp.Until we know thefacts,we cantdo anything about it.Everybody was assigned ajob as soon as they leftuniversity.The momentshe sawhim,she knewhe was her brother.•提示儿组从属连词和词组用法区分
1、when,as,whilewhen表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，或先于主句动作While表示从句的动作与主句同时发生，并有延续之意，所以这种从句的动作往往是延续性的As表示从句动作与主句动作并行发生，所以常译为“边……边……有时也可表示从句动作比主句动作早些发生从时间上来说，when指一段时间或一点时间，while只能指一段时,间，as指一段时间【例句】When Sallyarrived,I waspreparing lunch.While Cathywas doingthe washing-up,she wasplanning herholiday.The workersshouted slogansas theypassed thesquare.
2、before,after由before引导的从句主要表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前，如从句是过去时，主句要用过去完成时After引导的从句则主要表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后，如主句是过去时，从句要用过去完成时【例句】He hadpulled thetrigger before we couldstop him.The computerwent betterafter newRAM（内存）had beenaddedto it.
3、as soon as,directly,immediately表示从句动作一发生，主句动作随即就发生，常译为“一……就……【例句】The doctorcame directlyhe got the message.As soonasherealized whatwas meant,he would be furiousimmediately.
4、the moment,each time,every time,bythetime,the firsttime,theminute等表示时间的名词词组也可用于引导时间状语从句，起连接词的作用【例句】The momentI sawhim,I knewsomething badhad happened.Every timehecame,he wouldbring us a lot of candies.
5、till/until,表示“直到……”意义时无差别，但在句首一般只用untilo肯定句中表示“直到……为止主句通常用延续性动词否定句中表示“直到……才”，”在……以前不”，主句常用终止性动词,这种情况下，tiH/until可用before替代【例句】Tired of her usualhectic work at the office,she stayedfrom MondaytillFriday at the summerresort.Though hepromised to come at4p.m.this time,Johnson didntarriveuntil elevenoclock.
二、地点状语从句Adverbial Clauseof Place引导地点状语从句的从属连词和词组有where,wherever,everywhere等【例句】Where there isawill,thereisa way.Wherever Johnhappens to be,he canmake himselfat home.Where theancients knewnothing,weknowa little.Everywhere thevisitors went,they werewarmly received.
三、条件状语从句Adverbial Clauseof Condition引导条件状语从句的从属连词和词组有if,unless,suppose,in case,so longas,in case,so faras,on conditionthat,provided that,providingthat等【例句】If thedam had broken in the floodlast year,there would have beengreatloss oflife andproperty.Provided that he winsthe supportof theminority groups,he willbe able towin theelection.In caseit rains,we wontbe able to gothere onfoot.You cango out,as/so longasyoupromise to be backbefore eleven.•提示if和unless的区别if表示正面的条件，意为“如果；unless表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”，语气较用【例句】0If hedoesnt followour advice,we wontaccept his invitation.We wontwait fbrhim longunless hecomes before
6.
四、原因状语从句Adverbial Clauseof Cause引导原因状语从句的从属连词和词组有as,because,since,seeingthat,considering that,now that,not that...but that等【例句】As there was noanswer,I wroteagain.Since the speaker cant come,well have to cancelthe meeting.Because itwas wet,he didntgo outfor awalk thatday.•提示because表示原因的语气最强，as和since较正式表示原因，语气较弱，其原因对方略知一二For在引导并列句时可以和because相互替换，但因for是并列连词，因此不能用于句首，只能用于连接表示原因的并列句【例句】I have gottheposition forjust two months.My bossdoesnt trustmebecause I am newto himand hisoffice,I think.Since somany peopleare absent,we had better putthe meetingoff.
五、让步状语从句Adverbial Clauseof Concession引导让步状语从句的从属连词和词组有as,though,although,nomatter,even if,even though,however,whatever,while,grantedgranting that等【例句】He passedthe examinationalthough he had beenprevented byillnessfrom studying,Though he should standalone,he will never yield.I shouldnthave time to seehim evenif hewere here.Rich ashe is,Mr.Johnson isby no means ahappy man.•提示whatever,wherever,whichever等带-ever的连接代词和连接副词的强调让步用法=nmatter what,常译为“无论……:【例句】Wherever yougo,there I go!Whoever of you comesin first,he orshe willreceive aprize.•提示动词be可以置于句首引出让步状语从句，现只见于书面语中【例句】Be itvery late,we mustfinish the work.Electronic computersworkon the binarysystem二进制be theylargeor small.
六、比较状语从句Adverbial Clauseof Comparison引导比较状语从句的从属连词有than,as；还有“the+比较级,the+比较级”句型【例句】The projectwas completedearlier than we hadexpected.You area littleheavier thanwhen I saw youlast.He workedas fast as askilled worker.The furtheran objectisthe smaller itlooks.
七、目的状语从句Adverbial Clauseof Purpose引导目的状语从句的从属连词和词组有so that,in orderthat,lest,forfear that,in case等【例句】The teachermust speakclearly so that hisstudents canunderstandwell.They climbedto thetop of the buildingin orderthat theycould getabirds-eye viewof the city.
八、结果状语从句Adverbial Clauseof Result引导结果状语从句的从属连词和词组有so that,so...that,such...that等【例句】He had overslept,so that he waslate forwork.What haveI donethat youwere soangry withmeHe wasvery angry,sothat he left the roomwithout sayinga word.I was in thebath,with the result that I didnt hear theknock at thedoor.
九、方式状语从句Adverbial Clauseof Manner引导方式状语从句的从属连词和词组有as,as if,as though,theway等【例句】You mustdo theexercises asI show you.Mary wasbehaving as though she hadnt grownup.Shes doingher workthe wayI likeit done.•提示as if/as though表示“好像，仿佛:在其引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反as if比as though更为常用【例句】Johnson talksloudly as if hewere anative French-speaker.Tom andMarry pretendedas thoughnothing hadhappened.•提示as用于修饰动作或状态意思相当于in the same mannerthat...oas与like容易混淆，as是连词，其后接主谓结构；like是介词，其后只可接名词或与之相当的词二者均为介词时，as意为“实质是，真像,作为，like意为“表面像”【例句】Love is to Williamsas wateris tofish.He takescare of the boyas hisfather.（真父亲）He takescare of the boylike hisfather.（像父亲一样的关心，但he不是其生身父亲）考点
1、大学英语考试中，除上述状语从句最基本的分类和用法外，还有一些其他成分可以在句子中起到与状语从句相同的作用，应加以注意和区分它们包括分词短语、分词复合结构、不定式、介词短语、“with+复合宾语”结构等另外，由“For+n./pron.+to do”构成的不定式符合结构,在句子中有时可充当状语其中for本身并无词义，其中的名词或宾格代词形式上是for的宾语，但在逻辑上是后面不定式的主语【例句】Seen fromtop of the mountain,the riverlooks likea bluebelt.Working hard,youll succeed.Their comingto help,we areencouraged.The rainbeing over,we wenton withour work.He made a long speech onlyto showhis ignoranceof thesubject.He shudderedat thethought.She isa nicegirl inspite ofher shortcomings.I steppedaside for the carto pass.With myfather besideme,I amnot afraidof thebig boys.With armsin thepockets,Tom lookedat mein ahostile way.
2、状语从句的倒装1）在英语正式文体中为了强调“only+状语”时，可将其置于句首，此时句子应半倒装【例句】Only in this waycan wehope toimprove thesituation.Only whenIvisitedhim didI realizehow lonelyhe was.2）以as引出的让步状语从句常常倒装，将谓语、宾语、中心动词、状语或表语提前有时以though引出的让步状语从句也可以这样安排语序而表语若为单数名词提前时，该名词省去冠词【例句】Try asI might,I couldntlift thestone.Poor ashe was,he washonest.Exhausted thoughshe was,therewasno hopeofherbeingable tosleep.Child ashe was,he coulddeliver a longspeech.3）在带有so...that……”（如此……以致于……）的状语从句中，为了强调可把“so…”置于句首，此时主句的主谓语要半倒装【例句】So carelesswas shethat she could scarcelyfind anythingin orderatlast.So loudlydid hespeak thateven people in thenext roomcould hearhim.4）在虚拟复合句中，如果虚拟条件从句的连词if被省略,则条件句应半倒装【例句】Were Ito do it,I woulddo itwell.Had Ibeen toldearlier,I would have donesomething.
3、状语从句的省略1）在表示时间、地点、条件、让步、方式等的状语从句中，如果谓语包含动词be,主语又和主句的主语相同，则从句中的主语与动词be可同时省略【例句】一If heated,molecules movemore rapidly,（if后省去they are）He workedextremely hardthough stillpoor inhealth,（though后省去了he was）2）比较状语从句中常出现省略【例句】（）I canrun asfast ashe can.（）I knowyou better than he knows you.
4、在时间状语从句、条件状语从句中，必须用一般现在时表示将来的动作、行为【例句】Well starttomorrow aslongas it isfine.Mr.Smith willsee you when hereturns.The machinestarts runningthe momentthe buttonis pressed.•提示If引出的条件状语从句中，有时谓语中出现will,这个win并不是表示将来时的助动词，而是情态动词，意为母忌、^o【例句】If you will helpme,I shallbe gratefulto you.•提示下面由when,if引出的从句中并没有用一般现在时表示将来，因为其中的when,if并非引出时间、条件状语从句【例句】I dontknow if it willrain tomorrow.The dayis notlong incoming whenwe shalluse oilas materialrather than fuel.第六章动词不定式The Infinitive
一、动词不定式的形式
1.动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语，由不定式符号“to+动词原形”构成如to have,to work等不定式符号“t”不是介词，无词义不定式有一般、完成、进行等几种常用的形式，也有主动和被动语态的区别以do为例:主动被动一般式to doto bedone进行式to bedoing完成式to have done to have beendone
2.动词不定式保持动词的一些特征，即可带宾语和状语等，这样就构成不定式短语，如to doshoppingto help them in their work
3.不定太的否定形式是在不定式前面加not,never等【例句】They told me not to openthe window.不定式有时带疑问词，如what,when,where,which,whom,why,whether,how等可以这样用的动词有ask,consider,explain,find out,know,show,tell,understand,wonder等【例句】He didnt know whetherto waitor gohome.
二、不定式或不定式短语的用法
1.作主语不定式或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数【例句】To servethe peoplewell isour duty.动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，用引导词it作形式上的主语【例句】It isimportant tolearn aforeign language,
2.作蓑语在系动词如be,seem,appear等之后【例句】q_Your maintask nowis toimprove thequality of the products.He appearsto havecaught acold.•有时be+动词不定式表示应当、打算、计划做什么的意思【例句】Peter isto arriveat seventhis morning.
3.作宾语有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语afford,agree,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,tend,wish等【例句】John offeredto helpme.She wishesto leavehere soon.如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补足语时，要用“it”作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语（即不定式）放到补足语后面去【例句】We foundit impossibleto finishtheworkin sucha shorttime.
4.作定语用来修饰名词，位于被修饰名词的后面1）动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后有必要的介词【例句】Hes apleasant fellowto workwith.Theres nothingto worryabout.2）有些名词后常跟不定式作定语time,reason,chance,right,ability,willingness,need,anxiety,wish,plan,way,power,order,effort,opportunity,determination,attempt,decision,promise,refusal,failure,tendency等【例句】Women should have theright toreceive education.There isno timeto hesitate.You donthave anyreason to leave me.3）在“the only+名词，the last+名词，“the best+名词”，“序数词+名词”等结构中的名词之后，在“序数词”之后，习惯上用不定式做定语【例句】（）The monitorwill bethe firstman tocome.He was the lastman to blame.Long skirtswere the only thingto wearat thattime.
5.作状语1）作目的状语不定式作状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，一般置于句子末尾但是，如果表示强调，亦可置于句首【例句】He wentto shanghaito visithis parents.To savethe earth,we mustprevent the earth frombeing polluted.I shutthe doorquietly,so asnot towake the baby.2）作结果状语【例句】We camehome afterour holidayto findour gardenneat andtidy.She lefthome,never toreturn again.3）作原因状语不定式做原因状语时，一般放在句子末尾【例句】She burstinto laughterto seehis fimnyaction.The boywas shockedto seethe frighteningscene.4）作独立成分有些固定词组带to不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分这些词有（）to behonest,to beginwith,to cutalongstory short,to getback tothepoint.not to make muchof it,to putit another【例句】We shallwill go to Nanjingtomorrow morning.He willtake part in animportant raceacross theAtlantic.The studentswill havefive Englishclasses perweek thisterm.•提示表示将来时态的其他形式与用法
1.“be going to+动词原形”表示能看出迹象很快就要发生的事情或打算要做的事It is going torain.
2.be to+动词原形”表示安排好的动作或安排别人去做的事They are to meetin front of thehall.You arenot tobring anymaterials to the examroom.
3.“be aboutto+动词原形”表示即将发生的或正要做的事The conference is aboutto begin.
4.“be+现在分词”有时可表示按计划即将发生的一个动作，但仅适用于少数的一些动词作口arrive,come,go,leave,start等而且常跟表示较近将来的时间状语连用My friendis arrivinghere theday aftertomorrow.•提示在美国英语中第
一、
二、三人称都用“will+动词原形”
四、现在进行时The PresentContinuous Tense现在进行时表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作但表示后一种情况时，动作此刻不一定正在进行【例句】We aremaking anexperiment now.Steve isstudying ChineseinBeijing.另外，现在进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩【例句】He isalways cookingsome deliciousfood for her family.He isalways findingfault with his employees.•提示并非所有动词都有进行时，有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常无进行时，除非这类动词的词义发生变化这类动be,love,like,hate,believe,think认为，feel,seem等【例句】Do yousee anyoneover thereAreyou seeingsomeone offsee...off意为“为…送行”
五、过去进行时The PastContinuous Tense过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，或过去某阶段内正在发生或反复发生的动作通常带有一个表示过去时间的状语或状语从句或能通过上下文判断的过去时间【例句】We werehaving apreparatory meetingat two-thirty yesterdayafternoon.She waswriting acomposition whenyou camein.Bill wascoughing allnight long.
六、将来进行时The FutureContinuous Tense将来进行时表示将来某时可能正在发生或持续的动作【例句】Ell bereading thistime tomorrow.Most of the youngpeoplein the townwill bemeeting themat thestation.
七、现在完成时The PresentPerfect Tense现在完成时表示目前已完成或刚刚完成的动作，也可以表示从过去某一时刻发生，现在仍延续着的动作或情况经常与for+一段时间或与since+时间一点引导的短语或从way,to tellthe truth等To tellyou thetruth,I havenever been to Beijing.lb behonest,I havenever heard of WinstonChurchill.
6.作宾语主语补足语在某些及物动词后按照习惯用法用不定式作补足语advise,allow,ask,bear,beg,cause,command,compel,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,help,instruct,intend,invite,leave,like,mean,need,oblige,order,permit,persuade,prefer,press,recommend,request,remind,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,want,warn,wish等【例句】She didntwant meto go.They dontallow peopletosnioke.•在let,make,see,hear,feel,watch,notice,have,listen to,look at,等感官动词和使役动词后用不带to的不定式作补足语【例句】I didntsee youcome in.I madethem giveme the money back.•help后面的作宾语补足语的不定式带“to”或不带“to”都可以•带有宾语补足语的谓语动词变为被动语态时，宾语成了主语，宾语补足语也就相应地成为主语补足语当动词不定式用作主语补足语时，一律要用带“to”的形式The elephantwas madeto dancebefore audience.•在cannot but,do nothing but except,hadbetter,had best,rather than,would rather...than和would soonerthan等结构后要求接不带t的动词不定式【例句】I havedone nothingexcept dowhat I should.
三、不定式的逻辑主语如果表明不定式或不定式短语的动作发出者（即逻辑主语），就要在不定式前用for+名词（或代词的宾格）【例句】Is theroad wideenough fortwo carsto passTheconferenceis too importantfor youto miss.
四、不定式的完成式和进行式的用法
1.完成式表示的动作发生在句子谓语表示的动作之前【例句】Im sorrynot to have comeon Thursday.The earthis saidtohave been partof the sun.
2.进行式一般表示正在进行中的动作，强调与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生【例句】I noticedthat heseemed tohe smokinga lot.I happenedto belying inbed whenshe camein第七章动名词（TheGerund）
一、动名词的形式动名词与动词不定式一样，也是一种非谓语形式，在句中不能单独作谓语，它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语动名词由动词原形+ing构成，没有人称和数的变化，但有语态的变化，并且有一般式和完成式以动词do为例主动被动一般式doing beingdone完成式having donehaving beendone
二、动名词的用法
1.作主语【例句】Swimming isnever asfastasrunning.Talking about it isno use.•动名词（或动名词短语）作主语时，有时句中使用形式主语ito【例句】It isno usetalking aboutit.It is worthwhile repeatingthe experiment.It is后面常见的词有no good,no use,waste,worthwhile等
2.作表语【例句】Our dutyis programmingthe computer.My hobbyis performingon musicalinstruments.•be+动名词（表语）与be+现在分词（构成进行时态）在形式上相同，但在前一种结构中，be是系动词，有词义，而在后一种结构中，be是助动词，只是用来构成一种谓语时态，无词义二者的区别主要是根据上下文的逻辑意思来定【例句】My favoritesport is而切g.（动名词）My brother is（分i司）
3.作宾语（动词或介词的宾语）有些及物动词常用动名词作宾语，这类动词有admit,advise,advocate,allow,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,deny,dislike,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keep,mention,mind,miss,pardon,permit,postpone,practise,prevent,quit,require,resent,resist,risk,stop,suggest,understand,cant help（couldnt help）,stand等【例句】I couldnthe\p feelingproud ofour country.Someone suggestedorganizing anouting to the WesternHills.•某些动词词组也要求动名词作宾语例如give up,leave off,put off注这些动词短语均为动词+副词结构以及amount to,attend to,be accustomedto.be used to,be opposedto,devote to,feel like,look forwardto,object to,resort to,submit to等【例句】Mr.Smith gaveup smokingaccording to his doctorsadvice.Do youfeel likehaving awalk withusin the woodsbytheseaSome peoplein therich worldare opposedto doingbusiness withpoorcountries.•有时在形容词后面也要求用动名词，例如busy,worth,worthwhile等【例句】Is itworthwhile makingsuch anexperiment•还有在point,trouble,difficulty原名词后，也用动词+ing.【例句】There isnot muchpoint inthinking aboutit,American businessmen have difficultyin understandingtheirJapanese counterparts.•在IPs no use,Its notmuch use,Its nogood后要求用动名词但是在It isof nous则要用动词不定式【例句】Its nouse cryingaboutit.You mustdo something.Its nogood writingto him;he neveranswers letters.Its ofnouseto cryover spiltmilk.•有些动词后面用动名词还是不定式作宾语，其含义有明显的差别常见的动词有stopquit,remember,forget,regret,try,want,mean等如1stopquit后面跟动名词，通常表示“停止或不再做某事”；跟不定式则通常表示“停止或不再做正在做的事，而去做别的事”【例句】Stop arguingand startworking.I didntknow howto get there soI stoppedto askthe way.2remember后面跟动名词，通常表示“回忆过去相记得”，跟不定式则通常表示“记住去干，别忘了”【例句】I rememberreading areview ofthat book.Please rememberto bookseats for them today.3regret后面跟动名词，通常表示“对已发生的情况表示后悔”；跟不定式则通常表示“对现在或将来的情况表示抱歉”【例句】I regrettelling himthis.I regretto informyou that your applicationhas beenrefused.
4.作定语・【例句】None is allowed tosmoke in the waitingroom.=room forwaitingThese dialoguesmaybeused aslistening materials.=materials forlistening
5.作状语介词+动名词可以作状语用，表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等【例句】After finishingthe job,he wenthome.He wasblamed forhaving donesomething wrong.They wentto Manchesterwith theobject ofwinning theWorldChampionship.
三、动名词的时态与语态动名词分一般式和完成式，一般式表示一般性的动作概念，不明确动作发生的时间（如现在、过去或将来），有主动语态和被动语态【例句】（主勾））Besides reading,he isfond ofcollecting stamps.Was sheupset at not beinginvited（被动）•动名词完成式用来表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作它也有主动语态和被动语态【例句】I rememberhaving readthe articleon economicsystems.（主动）After having been tested,the instrumentwas sentto thelaboratory.（被动）•动名词的完成式用得较少，有时动名词表示的动作虽然发生在谓语动作之前，也常用动名词的一般式来代替【例句】After beingdesalted,sea watercan beused fordrinking.•在need,require,want等动词后面，一般不用动名词的被动形式，即使表示被动意思，也用动名词的主动形式代替【例句】（）The housewants repairingto berepaired.
四、动名词的逻辑主语动名词前可以有自己的逻辑主语，作为该动名词所表示的动作的发出者用作动名词逻辑主语的词类有物主代词、名词所有格（即名词后加意为的复数名词如以s结尾，则其后面只加“，”）、名词通格或人称代词宾格【例句】His takingpartin theworkwill helpusa lot.We arelooking forwardto Bettys coming.the developingcountries发展中国家She doesntlike myfather andme interferingin heraffairs.23•如果这种结构不是在句子开头，常可以用名词通格（或人称代词的宾格），这比用所有格更自然一些；但如果动名词逻辑主语是无生命的东西，就只能用名词的通格【例句】Here is an exampleof heatenergy turninginto electricalenergy.第八章分词（The Participle）
一、分词的形式分词也是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语、没有人称和数的变化，它可以带宾语、状语和表语构成分词短语分词有现在分词和过去分词两种
1.现在分词和过去分词构成A.现在分词由原形动词+ing构成,如designing,leaving,stopping等oB.过去分词分两类，一类是规则动词，由原形动词+ed构成，如started,excited,copied,stepped等；一类是不规则动词，如dug,thrown,written等
2.分词的时态和语态现在分词有一般式和完成式，并有主动语态和被动语态过去分词则只有一种形式，现以动词do为例主动被动现在分词一般式doing beingdone完成式having donehavingbeendone过去分词done
3.现在分词和过去分词的区别1）在时态上，通常现在分词表示进行，过去分词表示完成，如the developedcountries发达国家2）在语态上，通常现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，如the touchingtale动人的传说（主动）the touchedaudience受感动的观众（被动）
二、分词（或分词短语）的用法
1.作定语可放在被修饰的名词的前面或后面1）单个现在分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词的前面;单个过去分词作定语时，放在被修饰的词前，但有时为了强调，也可放在被修饰的词的后面【例句】The growingplants in our gardenneed moresunlight andwater.There arenine knownplanetsin the solarsystem.Scientists believethat seawater containsevery naturalelementknown.2）分词短语作定语时，一般总是放在它所修饰的词之后【例句】The housestanding at the comerof the street wasbuilt in
1980.Most of the kindsof toolsmade outof ironareveryold.•现在分词作定语时，表示正在进行的动作，或经常性的动作，或表示现状【例句】Give thenote to the mansitting atthat desk.The sunonly lightsthe partof Earthfacing it,过去分词作定语时，表示的动作是在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性【例句】The computermade inour factoryhas beenusedtosell ticketstoconcerts.•如果指的是一个未来的动作，可以用不定式的被动形式【例句】You arecordially invitedto aparty
4.
2.作状语分词或分词短语可作状语，说明谓语表示的动作发生的时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等1表示时间、条件、原因等状语一般放在句子开头或中间，表示结果则放在句末，有时为了强调或明确分词短语所指的是时间，前面可加when,while,所指的是结果，前面可加thuso【例句】Finding noone athome,he leftthe housein abad temper.=When hefound...Given theopportunity,he mightwell havebecome anoutstandingengineer.=If hewas given...When laboringto opena farmin theforest,Lincolns grandfatherwaskilled bythe Indians.The truckstopped suddenly,thus causingthe accident.2表示伴随情况、行为方式或补充说明这种分词短语一般不能用状语从句代替，它通常放在句末，但也有放在句首的【例句】She wentdown thesteps into the kitchen,力〃wed byher littledaughter.Sitting stillonastone,the frogiswaitingfor somethingto eat.3）作分词独立结构分词或分词短语用作状语时，一般说明句子的谓语，分词所表示的动作或状态的主体，一般是句子的主语，但有时分词或分词短语作状语时，还可带自己的动作主体，一般用名词或代词表示，放在分词前面这种结构称为分词独立结构【例句】The workdone,they putaway theirtools andlefttheworkshop.His healthfailing,he decided to retirefrom office.•分词独立结构有时还可由介词引出，通常用于补充说明或表明伴随情况，有时也有时间、原因、条件、结果等含义，翻译时可根据上下文译为“随着……“……之后”，“由于……”等，有时也可不译出【例句】With summercoming on,ifs timeto buyair conditioners.With thetest finished,they began to analyzethe result.
3.作补足语.分词或分词短语可作补足语要求分词或分词短语作补足语的常见的动词多为“感觉”和“使役”动词，有feel,find,get,have,hear,imagine,keep,make,notice,see,set,smell,start,watch等1）作宾语补足语【例句】He heard the clockstriking six.We watchedthe workmensawing the trees.2）作主语补足语把上述句子改成被动语态，原来的宾语补足语就成为主语补足语了【例句】The clockwas heardstriking six.The workmen were watchedsawing thetrees.•在“have+宾语+宾语补足语过去分词”的结构中，过去分词所表示的动作往往是由别人来完成的【例句】I hadmy taperecorder repaired.•有些动词可由不定式作补足语，又可由分词做补足语用不定式着重说明所发生的事情；用分词着重强调动作进行的情景【例句】I sawhim climbingover mywall,Isawhim climbover mywall.
4.作表语分词或分词短语可在系动词如be,become,get,remain,seem,stay等之后作表语【例句】Johns storiesare amusing.His finequalities remainunchanged.•用在系动词后面作表语的分词，其中大部分已被看作形容词
三、分词的时态过去分词没有时态形式的变化现在分词分一般式和完成式，一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生•现在分词完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中不作定语，常常用作状语，表示时间和原因【例句】Having heardthe storybefore,she didntwant tohear itagain.Having fedthebaby,she satdown toher owndinner.第九章虚拟语气
一、虚拟式用于非真实条件句时的构成if从句主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式学动词be would（should/cou用were表示）might）+动词原形与过去事实相反动词的过去完成式would（should,coumight）+have+动词过去分词与将来时间相反
1.动词的过去式（be为would（should,couwere）might）+动词原形
2.were+不定式
3.should+动词原形【例句】If I had time,I wouldgo to the movieswith you.（与现在事实相反）If I were you,I shoulddo it.（与现在事实相反）If wehadn7made adequate preparations,theconferencewouldn have been sosuccessful.（与过去事实相反）If it were torain tomorrow,the gamewould be put off.（与将来时间相反）We shouldshowyoutheresultof the experiment ifyou should comethis evening.（与将来时间相反）【实例】If the whole operationbeforehand,a great deal oftime and moneywould havebeen lost.A.was notplanned B.has not beenplannedC.had not been plannedD.were notplanned（）
1999.6要是整个手术当时没有预先计划好的话，大量的时间和钱就白花了答案C【实例】Jean doesntwant towork rightaway because she thinksthat ifshea jobshe probablywouldnt be able to see herfriendsvery often.A.has to get B.were togetC.had gotD.could havegot（（）
1996.1琼不想马上就工作，她想要是找了工作，就不能经常探访朋友了答案B•说明1）在非真实条件句中，有时从句的动词所表示的动作和主句的动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这样的条件句中使用的虚拟式称为混合虚拟式或称为错综时间条件句此时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整而且一般有明确的时间状语如now,then,tomorrow等提示这种差异【例句】I should have broughtthe boxof booksmyself if itwere not heavy.如果书箱不是这样的沉重，我自己就把它带来了（从句用一般时，表示客观情况，主句用了完成时，表示过去没有做的动作）If I had takenmy raincoatwhenIcame outthis morning,I wouldnotbe wetnow.（从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在）If Iwere you,I wouldnthave missedthe filmlast night.（从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去）If Tomintended tostart outthis morning,he would have goteverythingready last night.（从句虚拟将来，主句虚拟过去）If he had takenmy advice,he wouldbe ascientist now.从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在If heshould askfor me,tell him to phoneme.如果他来找我，叫他打电话给我从句用了表示将来的虚拟语气，而主句用了祈使句【实例】If Ihadn7stood underthe ladderto catchyouwhenyou fell,you now.A.wouldnt besmiling B.couldnt havesmiledC.wont smileD.didnt smile
1999.1你掉下来时，如不是我在梯子下面把你接住，恐怕你就不是现在这个样了答案A2从句中如有助动词，情态动词，动词be或have时，引导非真实条件从句的连词if在正式文体中有时可以省去，were,had,should等非行为动词这时应提到从句句首,构成倒装结构【例句】Were Iyou=If Iwere you,I wouldntfee\sorry.Had wemade=lf wehad made adequatepreparations,we might havesucceeded^要是准备充分，我彳门本耒是有可能成功的Were I=If1were asked.I shouldtell all the factso如果问到我，我将讲出所有事实Had you=If youhad not helped me,I shouldfailed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了Were I=If Iwere todo thework,Ishoulddoitsome otherway.要是我做这项工作，我就用另外的办法【实例】right now,she wouldgetthereon Sunday.A.Would sheleave B.If sheleavesC.Were sheto leaveD.If shehad left
1996.6她要是现在就走的话，星期天就到那儿了答案C3主从句还可以换位We mighthave succeededhad wemadeadequatepreparations.4主句主谓还可以省略Dont pressthe button.——What wouldhappen ifI did不要按按钮一一要是按了会怎么样？
二、虚拟式也可用于其他情况
1.在表示愿望、建议、命令、要求等意义的动词后的宾语从句，用S十should+V结构，should可省可留常见这类动词如下request请求，vote建议，propose提议，move提议，decide决定，advise劝告，order命令，ask要求，demand要求，maintain坚持,require要求，insist坚持，urge极力主张，desire渴望，object反对，prefer宁愿，recommend推荐，plead恳求，ask要求，suggest建议，command命令等【例句】I suggestthat we should gocamping tomorrow.He insistedthat ourlaboratory reportsshould behanded in the dayafter theexperimentwas done.他坚持要求我们在做完实验后第二天将实验报告交上来•提不上句中insist意为坚持要求如insist作”坚持认为“解，则不需用虚拟式【例句】He insistedthathewas right.他坚持认为他是对的【实例】As Commander-in-Chief of the armedforces,I havedirected that allmeasures forour defense.A.had been taken B.wouldbe takenC.betakenD.to betaken
1999.6我作为武装部队的总司令命令采取一切措施进行防御答案C
2.在It is/was+形容词/过去分词+that结构后的主语从句，用虚拟结构，S+should+Vo表示必要、应该、建议、要求、惊讶、不相信等意常见形容词和过去分词如下possible可能的,urgent紧迫的,ordered命令的,important重要的，imperative迫切的，requested要求的,advisable适当的，appropriate恰当的，commanded命令的，vital非常重要的，keen渴望的，preferred更喜欢的，desirable想望的，probable可能的,asked要求的,essential必要的，preferable更可取的，required要求的，better较好的，insisted坚持的，suggested建议的，recommended推荐的，resolved决定的，necessary必要的等【例句】Ifs necessarythat weshould setout atonce.Its proposedthat acommittee should be set up tolook into the matter.［实例］I dontthink itadvisable thatTom tothe jobsince hehas no experience.A.is assignedB.will be assignedC.beassignedD.has beenassigned
1997.6汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的答案C
3.表示愿望、建议、命令、要求等意义的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句用虚拟结构S+should+Vo常见名词如下recommendation推荐，preference偏爱，advice忠告，requirement要求，insistence坚持，request请求，proposal提议,motion提议,demand要求，understanding理解,order命令，necessity必要性，importance重要性，significance重要性，plan计划，desire要求，command命令，decision决定，suggestion建议，requirement要求，instruction指令，idea想法等【例句】My suggestionis thatweshouldsetupa specialboard toexaminethe problem.我的建议是成立一个特别委员会来研究这个问题What do you thinkof hisproposalthat the meetingshould bepostponedtill nextSaturday他建议会议延期到下礼拜六开，你觉得怎么样？【实例】We areallfor your proposalthat thediscussion.A.beput off B.was putoffC.should putoff D.istoputoff
1998.6我们都支持你提出的推迟讨论的建议答案A
4.虚拟语气“should十动词原形”或完成原形可以表示惊讶、遗憾、不满、责备、不以为然等含义用于it isa pity,it isa shame,it isstrange,it isnatural,it isincredible等词语后的主语从句中这时should不可省【例句】It isa pity thatheshould beso careless.真遗憾他竟会如此粗心大意Ifs strangethat sheshouldhavefailed theexam.真奇怪，这次考试她竟会不及格It isquite naturalthat suchproblems shouldarise,出现止匕类问题是很自然的
5.虚拟语气可用于wish后的宾语从句中，表示与事实相反的愿望其虚拟形式为a）与现在事实相反行为动词v-ed/系动词were用过去时表示与现在相反b）与过去事实相反had+v-ed/could havedone用过去完成时表示与过去相反一c）与将来事实相反would/could/might+v表示与愿望相反【例句】I wishIhadbeen tothe concertlastnight.（指过去）I wishhe wouldforgive me.（指现在）I wishIwereas handsome ashe is.但愿我有他那样的一表人材（指现在）I wishIhadpaid moreattention tomy pronunciation.我以前要是对发音多注意一些就好了（指过去）I wishhe wouldtry againo我希望他还能再试一次（指将来）【实例】I wishI longerthis morning,but Ihad toget upandcome toclass.A.could have slept B.sleptC.mighthaveslept D.haveslept（（）
1995.6我真希望今天早上能多睡一会儿，可我不得不起床去上课答案A
6.if only引起的感叹句用虚拟语气其虚拟形式为a）与现在事实相反行为动词v-ed/系动词were用过去时表示与现在相反b）与过去事实相反had+v-ed用过去完成时表示与过去相反c）与将来事实相反would/could/might+v表示与愿望相反【例句】If onlyI knewJapanese!我要是懂日语多好啊!（指现在）If onlythe letterhad arrivedin time!信要是及时到了就好了！（指过去）If onlyI couldonly seehim again!我要是能再见他一面就好了！（指将来）【实例】If onlythe committeethe regulationsand putthemin toeffect as soonas possible.A.approve B.will approveC.can approveD.would approve（（）
1997.1要是委员会尽快批准这些规章制度并付之实施就好了答案D
7.在as if（though）引导的状语从句中，谓语动词大多用虚拟语气其虚拟形式为a）与现在事实相反行为动词v-ed/系动词were用过去时表示与现在相反b）与过去事实相反had+v-ed用过去完成时表示与过去相反c）与将来事实相反would+v表示与愿望相反【例句】She looksas ifshe knewall aboutit.（指现在）They talkedas thoughthey hadgot acquaintedwith eachother for years.（指过去）I rememberthe wholething as if ithappened yesterday.这件事我记忆忧新，就象是昨天发生的事似的（指现在）They talkedas if they hadbeen friendsforyears.他们说话很亲热，就象多年老朋友似的（指过去）•提示look,seem,sound,feel,taste等动词后的as if（asthough）从句中，当表示真实情况时，用陈述语气，不用虚拟语气【例句】It looksas ifwe shallhavetodo thework ourselves.It soundsasifsomeone isknocking at the door.
8.lest（以防），for fear that（惟恐）和in case（以防）引起的从句lest和in case引导的目的状语从句出现在过去时中，多用虚拟结构，should可省略否则，也可用陈述语气for fearthat引导的目的状语从句，可用should也可用may或mighto【例句】ril keepa seatfor youin caseyou（should）change yourmind.我给你留了一个施位，说不定你会改变主意She putthe coatover herson forfearthat（或lest）heshould句连用，也可与一些表示不确定过去时间的副词连用，如already,before,ever,never,just,once,recently,yet,up to now,so far,thus far,up till/tonow,inthe last/past fewyears等【例句】We havebeen toShanghai once.They have already finishedthe task.He hasstudied English/br morethem10years.He hasstudied Englishsince1991/since hewas twelve.So fareverything has been successful.
八、过去完成时The PastPerfect Tense过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作在时间上,它属于“过去的过去”在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语，如by,before等介词或连词引导的短语或状语从句【例句】By theend of the war,thesmallworkshop hadbecome a largefactory.The planehad takenoff beforewe gottothe airport.They foundthata stream hadformed in the field.•提示在由after,assoonas,before等连词引导状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身已明确动作发生的次序，所以，这个从句也可以用一般过去时表示，不一定用过去完成时【例句】Students wentout after the bellrang.I informedhim of the progressof thework assoonasJ arrivedhere.•提示在It is/was the first/second/last time that…句型中,that后的从句谓语用现在/过去完成时【例句】Is itthefirsttime youvevisited thecityThat was the secondtime that Id visitedEngland thatyear.
九、将来完成时The FuturePerfect Tense将来完成时表示将来某时前将已经完成的动作，也可以用来表示推测【例句】By thistime nextyear theywill havebuilt ahotel here.Hurry up!Or thetrain willhave leftbeforeweget tothe station.
十、现在完成进行时The PresentPerfect ContinuousTense现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始，一直持续到现在的动作此动作或情况可能已停止，也可能继续下去但强调到说话时为止一直在进行的动作【例句】They havebeen workingfor IBMfor15years.I havebeen waitingfor an hour butshe stillhasnt come.有些动词如play,stay,study,teach,wait等，在表示一直继续到现在的动作时，可以用现在完成进行时，或用现在完成时Bill hasplayed hasbeen playingbasketball sincehewassixteen yearsold.•提示现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是前者强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响后者强调动作的延续性【例句】I havethought it over.我已经考虑过这件事了I havebeen thinkingitover.我一直在考虑这件事卜
一、考点catch cold.她把大衣盖在儿子身上怕他着凉【实例】The madman wasput in the soft-padded celllest hehimself.A.injure B.had injuredC.injured D.would injure
1998.1疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房，以防他自伤答案A
9.It ishigh,about time后的定语从句常用虚拟语气，结构为It，stime+主语+动词过去式表示应该做还没做的事其含义是现在或将来，不是过去【例句】It ishigh time that I was going.现在我该走TIts hightimethathe stoppedsmoking;Its abouttimethatwe tookour leave.【实例】You arevery selfish.Its hightime you that youarenot themost importantperson in the world,Edgar saidto hisbossangrily.A.realized B.have realizedC.realize D.should realize
1999.1埃德加怒气冲冲对老板说你太自私了；你也该想想你到底有什么了起答案A
10.在I wouldhad rather后的句子中，动词也要求用虚拟式，表示某人的愿望would rather/sooner/assoon后的宾语从句，从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气用过去时，过去完成时可分别表示对现在、将来和过去的一种愿望【例句】rd ratheryou lefttomorrow instead of today.指将来rd ratherhehadnft doneanything likethat.指过去I wouldsooner hecame herenow.我倒希望他现在来这里指现在【实例】rd ratheryou make any commenton theissue forthetime being.A.dont B.wouldnt C.didnt D.shouldnt
1998.6我倒是希望你对这个问题暂时先别发表什么看法答案C
11.有时假设的情况不是以if引导的非真实条件从句的形式表示出来，而是通过介i司这种情况下主句动词仍需用虚拟式如without或介词短语but for,except for,in theabsence of,ifitwere not for/were itnot for,ifithad notbeen for/had itnotbeenfor,butthat+从句，save that+从句等词或词组,或由连词but,or,副词otherwise,or else等，或通过上下文以及其他方式表现出来【例句】Without the sun,no lifecould liveon earth.如果没有太阳，地球上任何生物便不能生活But for theair,we wouldsoon die.要不是因为有空气，我们便会很快死去If notfor thestorm,weshouldhave arrivedearlier.要不是碰上暴雨我们还会早到一些的We would havedonebetter underother conditions.别的情况下，我们本来会做得更好些In theabsence offriction,it wouldbe impossibleto walk.没有摩擦便不可能走路This changecould not have takenplace withouta solidindustrialfoundation没有坚实的工业基础发生这种变化是不o可能的I wasill thatday;otherwise I wouldhaveattended the meeting.If itwerenotfor his help,I couldnever goto college.要不是他的帮助，我绝不可能上大学Were itnotfor their assistance,we couldn1havegotover thedifficulties.要不是他们的帮助，我们不可能克服那些困难Had itnotbeenfor thereservoir,wed neverhavebeenable to beatthe drought.要不是有这个水库，我们就不可能战胜干旱But thathe sawit二If hehad notseen it,hecould not havebelievedit.要不是他亲眼看见，他早就不相信了【实例】We didntknow histelephone numbersotherwise wehim.A.wouldhavetelephoned B.must havetelephonedC.would telephoneD.had telephoned
1995.6我们不知道他的电话号码，否则，我们会打电话给他答案A【实例】We tostart ourown business,but wenever hadenough money.A.have hopedB.would hopeC.had hopedD.should hope
1994.1我们原本就希望开业，可是钱总是不够答案C【实例】He must have hadan accident,orhethen.A.wouldhavebeen hereB.had to be hereC.should behere D.wouldbehere
1990.1他准是出事了，否则他已经到这儿了答案A
12.含蓄条件句含蓄条件句常用一些标识词或词组含蓄地暗示条件，要从上下文的语言环境中判断属于哪种假设的情况It wouldbeamistake notto help him.=It wouldbeamistake ifwe didnot helphim.要是求帮助他，就会是一个错误I wouldhave writtenthe paperbefore,but I havebeenill.=If Ihad notbeenill,I wouldhave writtenthe paperbefore.我本来早就该写好这篇论文，但我一直在生病A truefriend wouldhave acted differently.=A friend,if hehad beentrue,wouldhaveacteddifferently.一个忠实的朋友就不会这样做了
13.在providing/provided that,on conditionthat,suppose,supposing引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气Suppose hecame,what wouldyou sayto him假设他来了，你会对他说些什么？On conditionthat yousign thisreceipt,I willpay youthemoney.如果你在这张收据上签字，我就付款She wasprepared tocome,provided/providing that she mightbring herchildren.如果她可以带上孩了的话，她就准备来了第十章形容词、副词
一、形容词
1.形容词在句中主要用作定语，表语，复合宾语的补语,特殊结构中的状语【例句】Miss Smithisavery goodteacher.前置定语He hasnothing pleasantto tellyou.Something terriblewillhappen.后置定语（表语）Dont feelsad.everything will be allright.They foundthe bookquite instructive.They spentsix daysonthesmall island,cold andhungry.（状语）
2.形容词的某些特殊用法1）当某些表示行为的动词用作系动词时，作表语有些行为动词常用作系动词，后面应跟形容词作表语，不能误用副词常见这类动词有appear,act,become,feel,fall,get,grow,look,remain,seem,sound,smell,stay,taste,turn,etc.【例句】We believethathealready feelsvery sadabout hismistake andwehave decided to takeno furtheraction.Since one of theirmembers was a prisonerof warin Vietnam,thefamily feltbad whenthey heardover theirradio that the peacewere tobediscontinued.2）表示人品的形容词的常用结构It is十表示人品的形容词十of十代词十不定式”，这种结构用来表示对某人所做的事的一种赞赏，或者厌恶用在这种结构中的形容词有brave,clever,considerate,cruel,foolish,good,kind,nice,rude,silly,stupid,thoughtful,wicked,wise,wrong,etc.【例句】It wasvery kindof youto lendhim somemoney toescape thebankruptcy.Its considerateof youto meetme at the airport.3）易误作副词的形容词通常形容词加后缀-ly可变为副词；但有些带-ly词尾的词却是形容词，特别容易引起误用，如lovely（可爱的）deadly likely（很可能的）（致命的）leisurely earthly（现世的）（有闲的）yearly（每weekly（每周一次的）年一次的）brotherly manly（丈夫气概的）（友爱的）badly（糟friendly（友好的）,糕的）【例句】As I didnt have any experience,I waslikely tohave problems.Electronic World^^isaweekly magazine,weareits permanentsubscriber.
二、副词
1.副词通常在句中作状语，修饰动词，形容词，副词，或整个句子【例句】I usuallytake sandwichesfor mylunch,but nowIgoto acafe.（修饰动词）He isvery honest.（修饰形容词）She singsquite well.（修饰副词）Personally,I didntapprove of the idea.（修饰整个句子）
2.副词的位置1）地点副词与态度副词地点副词如:abroad,away,downstairs,everywhere,outside,around,here,there,below,anywhere,somewhere,态度副词如;kindly,badly,well,quickly,distinctly,intentionally通常应放在宾语之后，若无宾语，应放在该动词之后但态度副词还常可放在系动词之后，行为动词之前【例句】I rememberhaving seenhim somewhere.She didntdoitintentionally.2）时间副词时间副词，如already,before,finally,immediately,lately,shortly,presently,then,yet,still,now,soon,recently可以放在句子的前或后但是yet,before放在句末【例句】Finally,he returnedhome penniless.I havenever seenhim before.3）频度副词频度副词如sometimes,seldom,rarely,always,ever,usually,often,never,constantly,frequently,occasionally,ordinarily通常应放在动词前，系动词后助动词之后Ever与never有时可放在助动词之前，以示强调频度副词frequently,generally,normally,occasionally,ordinarily,usually,和sometimes在表示强调和对比时，可放在句首【例句】We mustalways bearthis inmind.She isseldom ill.And soshe hasnever beenlate.Ordinarily,tariff dutiesare placedon commoditiesaccording to theirvalue.4）程度副词程度副词,如almost,nearly,quite,Just,too,fairly,extremely,completely,considerably,deeply,partly,terribly,definitely,greatly,hardly可用来修饰一个形容词，另一个副词；它通常放在被它修饰的那个词的前面【例句】He stumbledand almostfell.I amawfully sorryfor it.5）程度副词与额度副词之间的位置当程度与频度副词同时在句中出现时，通常是程度副词修饰频度副词【例句】They nearlyalways spendtheir holidaysin themountain.The seatsin thesecond planehad almostall beencompletely filled.
三、形容词与副词的比较级
1.比较级的构成单音节形容词和副词通常都以加-er和-est的方式构成比较级和最高级但在加词尾时要注意1一般加-esttall tallertallestkind kinderkindestgreat greatergreatest2）以e结尾的词,只加・r和large wisefine largerlargestwiser wisestfinerfinest3“辅音字母十元音字母十辅音字母”构成的词，末尾字母要双写，再加・er和・est hotthin flathotter hottestthinnerthinnestflatter flattestbigbigger biggest4）下面双音节词以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级以y结尾的词，先变y为i,再加词尾，如happy,happier,happiest这类动词有happy,angry,dingy,naughty,likely,lucky,misty,stormy,lovely,kingly,timely,beastly.more和most foolishmore foolishmost foolishactivemore activemost activecharmingmore charmingmostcharmingbeautiful more beautiful mostbeautifulaffable moreaffable moremost affablemostdigestible digestibledigestible5）上面未提到的双音节词和更多音节的词，通常多加7）但加・er和・est的双音节形容词，在加上un-这样否定前8缀音时，仍保持加・er,-est的方式untidy untidieruntidiest节,unlucky unluckierunluckiest
2.unhappy unhappierunhappiest1现在分词和过去分词（起形容词作用的），不管有多少都加more和mosteg:tired fmore tired形容词与副词比较结用的用法同级比较
（1）“as十形容词或副词的原级十as形容词与副词的同级比较，其肯定式要用“as十形容词或副词的原级十as；而否定形式要用“not as（so）形容词或副词的原级十as,用于表示两个人或事物之间的差别句子中两个as作用不同，前一个as是副词，含“如此”的意思；后一个as是连词，表示“比”或“如同”的意义【例句】We haveaccomplished asmuch in the pastthree yearsas wouldhavebeentakenten yearsin thepast.He didntdo somuch preparationfortheexam asIdid.John doesntwork sohard asHenry.
（1）最高级句型用于表示某一事物在一定范围内最突出或某一动作达到最高程度的句子，一般要有一个表示范围的结构，它可以是单词、短语、从句、或“the十形容词/副词最高级十（名词）十范围词”【例句】It isthe bestbook imaginable（or available,conceivable,possible,known）.（形容词）Jane isthe tallestgirl inthe departmentof publicrelations.（介词短语）Of all my students,Beth workshardest.（介词短语）I amdriving the best carthat Ican get.（从句）•提示引导范围的介词，如果为同一范畴，用f,否则用in
（2）作定语用的形容词最高级前如没有定冠词the,通常表示“非常”，“极端”，“特别”等意思【例句】He isa mostintelligent student.He isa manof greatestability.He receivedmy giftwith wannestthanks.演十一章倒装倒装结构主要用于某些特定的句型和强调某个句子成分倒装语序有两类一种是将谓语的一部分助动词提到主语之前，没有助动词，则加do,does或did,称为“不完全倒装”或“部分倒装”；另一种是将整个谓语动词部分全部提到主语之前，不用助动词，称为“完全倒装”或“全部倒装”针对全真考题，我们将详细说明以下几种倒装形式
1.为避免句子部分内容重复，英语中常用倒装句，—即so neither,nor+be动词助动词，情态动词+主语表示“前面所说情况也适用于另一人或东西”的句子，neither,nor为否定句【例句】My fatheris anengineer;so ismy husband.Jane didntattend myclass yesterday;nor didTom.Society haschanged and so havethe peoplein it.社会变了，人也跟着变了We donot believetheir niceword andnor arewe intimidatedbytheir bluster.我们既不相信他们的甜言蜜语，也不怕他们的恐吓威胁【实例】The organizationhadbrokenno rules,but haditacted responsibly.A.neither B.so C.either D.both
1996.1该组织虽没有违反规定，却也不够负责答案A•注如表示赞同别人的陈述，so后面的部分不倒装“Jim isa good-swimmer.”So heis,andsois Dick.^^
2.具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时，句子一般部分倒装，即将be动词［助动词或情态动词提到主语，用于进行“对比”这类词或短语包括:not,never,nowhere,seldom,hardly，rarely,little，，scarcely bynomeans,under no circumstances,in noway,at notime,in noway,on noaccount,atnopoint,in nocase,no sooner...than,hardly...when,not only...but also,not until,in vain,not once,stillless等，只要是放在句首，句子就要倒装【例句】Never hasmy brotherbeen abroadbefore.Hardly hadI satdown whenI heardsomeone knockingat the door.No soonerhad hereturned thanhe boughta finehouse andwent tolivethere.Rarely couldhe havebeen facedwith sodifficult achoice.他很少碰到过这样两难的局面Never beforehas ourcountry beenas unitedasit is today.今天我们的国家空前团结Hardly/Scarcely had he finishedwhen someonerose torefute hispointso他还没说完，就有人起来驳斥他的论点No soonerhadhearrived therethanhefell ill.他一到那儿就病了Under nocircumstances shouldwe doanything thatwill benefitourselvesbut harmthe interestsof thestate.任彳可T青况下，我们不应当做只对自己有利而损害国家利益的事情【实例】We havebeen toldthat undernocircumstancesthetelephone intheofficefor personalaffairs.A.may weuse B.we mayuseC.we coulduse D.did weuse
1999.6我们被告之在任何情况下都不能用办公室的电话办私事答案A•注如果句首的否定词修饰主语，是主语的一部分，则句子不用倒装Scarcely adrop ofrain felllast month.
3.as引导的让步状语从句，意思为“虽然……”、”尽管……”常用倒装as相当于though,常用于名词（形容词、副词、动词）+as+主语+be或其他动词（名词单数省去冠词）【例句】Child asheis,heknowsa greatdealoProminent asheisin hisfield,he remainseasy-going.Wealthy asheis,I dontenvy him.Much as1would like to help,I haveother workI mustdo.虽然我很愿意提供帮助，但是我有其他工作一定得我去做
4.当only,so,often,well,many atime,now andagain等表示程度、方式或频率的副词置于句首时，句子一般部分倒装【例句】Only in this waycan weaccomplish iton time.So greatwas thedestruction that the southtook decadestorecovery.Often doeshe warnus notto touchthe poisonouschemicalWell doI rememberthe storieshe toldus aboutour belovedPremierZhou我清楚记得他给我们讲的敬爱的周总理的事迹Many atime hasJohn givenme goodadvice约翰多次给我提了o中肯的意见［实例］Only underspecial circumstancesto takemake-up tests.A.are freshmenpermitted B.freshmen arepermittedC.permitted arefreshmen D.are permittedfreshmen
1997.6大学一年级学生只有在特殊情况下才被允许补考答案A•注0nly用来说明主语，则主谓语不倒装Only youcould doa thinglike thato只有你才能干那样的事
5.“so/such+形容词/副词”位子句首的半倒装在带有so/such…that…”如此……以致……的复合句中，为了强调可把“so/such…”置于句首，此时主句的主谓语要半倒装【例句】So fastdoes lighttravel thatit is difficult forus toimagine itsspeed.光这么快，我们很难想象它的速度So busyishethathehasnotimetowrite a letter.他忙得没有时间写信So loudlydid hespeak thateven peopleinthenext roomcouldhear him.他讲一由声音如此之大连隔壁房间里的人都听得见So greatwasthehonor thatthe winnerof thefoot racegave hisnametotheyear of his victory.赛跑手获胜的荣誉非常之高，他的名字用来命名他获胜的年份Such anoise did he makethat hisroommate toldhimtobe quiet.他发出那么大的噪音，他的室友让他安静To suchan extentdo parentslove theirson thatthey havetried tosatisfyevery demandof his.父母如此爱儿子以致于他们会尽量满足他的每一个要求
6.反意问句后半部的半倒装:反意问句前半部若为肯定句，则后半部的疑问部分为否定半倒装；若前半部为否定句，则后半部为肯定半倒装【例句】_You oweme$20,don tyou你欠我二十美元吧？You arefrom NewYork,arentyou你是纽约人，是吗？John speaksChinese,doesn the约翰会说中文，是吧？You havebeentoEngland,haven tyou你去过英国，是吗？You dontsmoke,doyou你不吸烟吧？You arenttired,are you你不累吧？Jane doesntknow Japanese,does she珍妮不懂日文，是吗？You haventheard fromhim,have you你还没有收到他的信，是吗？
7.为了强调或保持句子平衡的全倒装当一个句子没有宾语而主语又比较长，常可把状语或表语提前到句首，同时谓语全部放到主语前，形成全倒装这样做的目的是使句子保持平衡避免头重脚轻，同时也给句首的状语，表语以一定的强调【例句】Under atree wassitting one of thebiggest menI haveever seen.树下坐着一个人，我从来没有见过象他这么大的个子On thebed laya beautifulyoung girl床上躺着一位年轻貌美的女子In thesewaters arefound variousmineral elementsthat arebeneficialto ourhealth.这些水源中存在有对人体健康有益的各种矿物元素Thus beganthe plunderof the countrys wealth.就这样开始了对该国财富的掠夺Among themwasasoldier who was woundedinthestomach.Hidden underground isa wealthof gold,silver,copper andlead.地下埋藏着大量的金、银、铜和铅Running acrossitisastreamnamed PeachBrook.穿过这里有一条小溪叫桃花溪
8.为了叙述生动的全倒装写一个情景时，为了使之形象生动，我们把句中的副词如:up,down,off,away,in,out,及bang等拟声词置于句首时，句子一般全部倒装句中主语必须是名词，而谓语则是不及物动词【例句】Up wentthe rocket.火箭轰地上了天Down camethe hammerand outflew thesparks.哨地一声槌子打了下来，火星飞散出去Away hurriedthe hunters.猎人们匆忙走了Away flewthe bird.Out rushedthe boys.小男孩们呼地冲了出去Bang cameanother shot.砰的又是一枪Bang wentthe fireworks.Click-click wentthe weavingloom.织机卡嗒卡嗒地响着•注但如果句中主语是代词，则主谓语不倒装Away theyhurried.他们匆忙地走了Out herushed.他冲了出去Back hewent again.他又回去了
9.当there,here,then,now等副词置于句首，且谓语动词为come,go,be,follow等动词时，句子一般全部倒装此类倒装句旨在引起别人注意此时主语是名词，如果主语是代词，则句子不倒装【例句】Here comesthe bus.公共汽车来了Here isaletterforyou.这是你的信There goesthe bell.铃响了There isa manatthe door.门口有个男子Then camewind,hail andfrost.接着是风灾、雹灾和霜冻Then followeda seriesof battlesagainst theinvaders.接着是抵抗入侵者的一系列战役
10.比较状语从句中为平衡而倒装He isyounger thanare theother studentsin hisclass.彳也比班里其他同学年龄小He travelleda greatdeal asdid mostofhisfriends.他去过许多地方旅行，他的大多数朋友也是第十二章强调
1.一般强调结构强调结构为It is（was）…that…句型中的that可用于各种场合它可以用来强调句中的某些成分，如主语（从句）、宾语（从句）、状语（从句）等如强调主语或宾语，则that可用who（指人），whom或which（指物）来代替；如强调状语，则不能用when,where等代替，只能用that,注意强调结构不能用来强调谓语动词和表语【例句】（）It wasmy unclethat whosent methe parcel.（）It isthe articlethat whichthey discussedlastweek.It wasbecause hewas toocareless thathe brokealltheglasses.It isinthisroom thatI wasborn30years ago.考试中出现最多的时态是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时，时间或条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时针对这类题目，考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语，判断是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间？是短暂时间还是延续时间？其次耍考虑主从句动作的先后问题空格中应填入的动词是发生在题干动词之前还是之后，抑或同时发生，据此判断正确的时态•时态一致问题时态一致主要指主从复合句中，从句动词必须与主句谓语动词保持时态一致；当主句谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句的动词时态不受影响；当主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句动词则要变成相应的过去时态时态一致主要存在于宾语从句和间接引语中，如【例句】Will youtell mewho setthe recordIhadnt expectedthatyouwould comeso early.She saidthat shehadnt recognizedme.但是，当宾语从句和间接引语中谓语动作表示一个不变的事实或至今仍然如此的状况时，则可以不作任何时态调整,如Copernicus putforward thatthesun,insteadoftheearth,is thecenteroftheuniverse.
1.第二章语态语态Voice是说明句子中的主语与谓语之间关系的动词形式英语语态有两种主动语态Active Voice和被动语态PassiveVoiceo主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者
一、被动语态的形式:由“be（助动词）+过去分词（及物动词）”构成Be随着主语的人称、时态和数的不同而变化被动语态的各种时态形式见下表（以p ro vi de为例）一般时态进行时态完成时态been现am isam is being hasprovided在are areprovided have过was wasbeing去were providedwere providedhadbeenprovidedbe将shall shallhavebeen来will willprovidedbe have过去wouldwould将来【实例】she firstheardofthemanreferred to asaspecialist.A.That wasfrom StephenB.It wasStephenwhomC.It wasfrom Stephen that D.It wasStephenthat
1990.1她是从斯蒂芬那儿第一次听说那个被称为专家的人答案C
2.谓语动词前用do,does,did表示强调在肯定句中，可以用do强调谓语部分，可译为“务必”、“一定”、“真的、确实等这时动词要用原形【例句】He doesliketoeat noodles.She didsend mea postcardasIexpected.
3.强调词very用来加强名词的语气1very用在the,this,that,my,your,his等和名词之间，含义为“正是”，“就是，“即使”，“仅仅”【例句】This istheverydictionary wewant.这正是我们所要的词典He knowsour verythoughts.他知道我们的真实想法2very可用来修饰作名词用的many,few,little等，含义为“非常的”，“极二【例句】Very fewbelieve whathe says.几乎没有人相信他的话Give meonly avery little,给我极少一点就行了3my your,his等very,own表示“绝对是某人自己”的意思【例句】The faultis yourvery own.这完全是你的过错I finallyhave myvery ownroom;I donothaveto shareit.我终于有了自己的房间，不必和别人合用一间屋子了4其他1）much,still,alot/lots,a little,far/by far,a good/greatdeal常用来强调比较级，much和by far还可以强调最高级【例句】This filmis muchbetterthanthat one.Tom isby farthe tallestinourclass.John spenta littlemore thanten dollarson thisbook.2）含有“究竟”意义的词组the devil,the hell,the mischief,onearth,underthesun用来加强疑问句【例句】Who thedevil isheWhere underthesundidhego他究竟去哪了？3）强调句中可以用might,must havebeen等表示“推断”“可能”之类的词，这样强调程度有所减弱【例句】It mightbe tomorrowthatheshouldcome.可能明天他会来第十三章主谓一致一致指句子成分之间或词语之间在性、数等方面应保持一致主谓一致指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、性、数上保持一致在具体处理一致关系时可遵循以下三原则语法一致、意义一致、就近一致
1.集体名词作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致（）Agreement betweenSubject andPredicate如集体名词在句中意指整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如在句中意指其具体成员，谓语动词用复数形式这类集体名词包括army,audience,class,school,committee,crowd,crew,couple,family,faulty,group,staff,team,public,party,cabinet,band,orchestra,personnel,club（俱乐部），company（公司），council（理事会），government（政府），jury（陪审团）等【例句】The populationoftheearthisincreasing veryfastOne thirdofthepopulation hereare farmers.The publichas everyreason tobe cautiousof professionaldeception.The publicnow knowthewholestory.The crewconsists of20sailors.船上人员由二十名水手组成The creware dividedastothebestway tocook thefish.船员们对于用什么方法煮鱼最好意见不一The audiencewere greatlymoved atthe words.听了这些话听众都很感动The audiencewas enormous.观众人彳艮多The presentgovernment,which hasnft beenin powerlong,istrying tocontrol inflation.It isnthaving muchsuccess.现政府上台不久，就试图控制通货膨胀，但收效不大The government,who arelooking fora quickvictory,are callingfora generalelection soon.政府希望很快获胜,要求立即进行大选
2.学科名称和疾病名称作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致某些学科名称和疾病名称虽是复数形式，但这些词作主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式这些词包括electronics（电子学）,mechanics（力学），classics（古典文学）,linguistics（语言学），economics（经济学），statistics（统计学），physics（物理学），mathematics（数学）等【例句】Electronics isa pieceof caketo him.Quantum mechanics（量子力学）supplies methodsfor calculatingtheresults ofexperiments in all thoserealms.以-ics结尾的名词如表示的是一门学科，动词用单数，如指特定事物，动词用复数单数复数statistics统计学统计数字tactics兵法策略体育课体育运动athleticsmathematics数学数学能力politics政治政见economics经济学经济情况mechanicsacoustics机械学技巧，机械部分声学音响效果
3.表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词或词组作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词（或词组）作主语时,如只指一种、一本或一个，不论它形式上是单数还是复数，谓语动词只用单数形式【例句】The Adventuresof HuckleberryFinn waswritten bythe famousAmericanhumorist MarkTwain.The NewYork Timesisnotavailable here.The UnitedStates wasfounded in
1776.
4.单复数同形的名词作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致单复数同形的名词作主语时，要根据句子意思来确定诅语动词的单复数形式，单复数同形的名词包括aircraft,deer,fish,sheep,means,species,series,works,crossroads,headquarters等【例句】Various meansof transportare introducedinthisarticle.There arealready137species ofbutterflies knowninthe worldtoday.
5.people,police,cattle,folk,militia,youth,vermin,puultry等作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致是复数【例句】There aremany peoplepresent atthemeeting.许多人出J常了这次会议The policehaveadifficult timekeeping order.警察很难维持秩序The cattleare grazinginthefield.牛群在田野上吃草
6.表示时间、距离、度量、价值的复数名词作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致这些复数名词，如表示抽象概念，被视作一整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；如表示具体的多少，强调复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式【例句】Ten minutesisall thatIcan spareforyou.Six thousanddollars isalargesum ofmoney toher.The fiftymiles werecovered bythe winnerin threehours.Eighty mileswas coveredin asingle night.一夜之间就走了八十英里Ten dollarsisnotenough topay forthe book.买这本书十美元不够Fifteen tonsisthemaximum capacityofthebridge.这座桥的最大载重量是十五吨•注1）若强调这类词的复数意义，谓语动词亦可用复数如One hundredtons of water wereused lastmonth.上个月用了100吨水Twenty yearshave passedsince hisparents died.自他的父母亲死后，已经过去20年了2）分数和百分数修饰名词作主语时，谓语的单复数取决干名词Only20%ofthework wasdone.只干了20%的活About20%ofthe students areabsent.约20%的学生缺席Two thirdsofthebooks areworth reading.三分之一的书值得一读
7.由with,as wellas等词或词组修饰的单数名词作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致如作主语的单数名词后有下列词或词组修饰时，谓语动词仍用单数形式with,along with,together with,besides,as wellas,inaddition to,accompanied by,combined with,including,in steadof,noless than,rather than,but,except等【例句】The teacheras wellasthe students likesthis novel.A scientist,together withsome assistants,was sentto helpsolvethat problem.The boss,ratherthanhis employees,isto blame.No oneexcept myparents knowsanythingaboutit.除了我父母谁也不知道此事One manwith hiswife,both lookingvery anxious,was askingtheguard tolet themthrough.有个男人和他的妻子看上去都很着急，正在那儿央求卫兵放他们过去The actress,along withher managerand somefriends,isgoing toa partytonight.这位女演员今晚和她的经理人和一些朋友一起去参加晚会Physics,as wellas mathematics,isanimportant branchof science.物理学如同数学是一门重要的科学学科
8.and连接的两个名词作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致一般情况下，and连接的两个名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式但有些情况下，and连接的两个名词意指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式通常，如果两个名词只有一个限定词或无限定词修饰时,它们常常表示一个概念，如果两个名词分别有两个限定词修饰时,它们往往表示两个不同的概念另外，如果and连接的两个单数名词均有each,every,many a,no等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式【例句】War andpeace isa constanttheme in history.战争与和平是历史上永恒的主题Bread andbutter isa dailyfood inthe west.抹黄油的面包是西方的日常食品Whisky andsoda isalways myfavorite drink.威士忌酒加苏打水是我最喜爱的饮料_A cartand horsewas seeninthedistance.可以看见远处有一辆马车The secretaiyand managerwas presentatthemeeting.Many aboyand many a girlhasbeentotheexhibition.Every hourandevery minuteis vitalto menow.Each manand eachwoman isasked tohelp.要求所有男人和妇女都来帮忙The tenthand thelast chapterare written by Bruce.第十章和最后一章是布鲁斯写的The tenthand lastchapter iswrittenbyBruce.第十章即最后一章是布鲁斯写的The redand thewhite rosewere withering inthecold.红玫瑰和白玫瑰冻得凋谢了The redand whiterose waswitheringinthe coldo刃K朵红白相间的玫瑰冻得凋谢了The singerand thedancer havearrived那位歌唱家和那位舞蹈o家（两个人）已经到过The singerand dancerhas arrived.那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家已经到达
9.由“表示种类、数量、单位的名词+o3修饰名词作主语时其动词往往与表示种类、数量、单位的名词保持一致【例句】There isa kindof rosesinthegarden.花园里有一种玫瑰花There aremany kindsof apples.苹果有许多种In thelast threeyears5million squaremetres ofhousing havebeen built inthecity.过去三年间该市建了五百万平方米的住房Three milliontons ofcoal wereexported lastyear.去年出口了三百万吨煤Two piecesof cakewere dividedamong thechildren.孩子们分吃了两块蛋糕
10.并列连词I•等连接两个名词或代词作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致连词or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also连接两个并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词必须和靠它较近的一个名词或代词取得一致，这就是就近一致原则【例句】Either Ior they are responsiblefor it.Neither yourunkind wordsnor yourunfriendly attitudehascaused meany distress.Not onlyhebut also hisfamily membersare interested in footballmatch.No sacrificeor riskistoogreat whenfate ofthecountryis atstake.当国家命运悠关时任何牺牲与风险都算不了什么
11.其他情况下的主谓语一致1none本身作主语时或它修饰的名词或代词作主语时，如代表不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式，如代表可数名词，谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式2one anda half后接的名词应是复数形式，但谓语动词用单数形式如:One anda halfyears haspassed.3each和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词；manya或more thanone后接单数可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但如果more thanone本身作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式如Many aworker hasbeen outof work.许多工人已经失业More thanone personwas involvedinthecase.不止一
4、人牵涉在这个案子中Nothing buttrees wastobeseen.除了树，什么都看不见Anotheris prefered.我更喜欢另一个4either,neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式Either ofthe roomsis bigenough.两个屋子中，哪个都够大的Neither plansuits me.两个计划都不合我的意•注在neither of或者either of的否定式中，亦可用谓语动词的复数形式如Neither of them wantstocome.没人想来I dontthink eitherofthemis areathome.想他们都5one ortwo后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式如:One ortwo peoplecantcome.有一两个人不能来6one of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式Oneof ourcats hasdisappeared.我们的一只猫不见了•注one of十复数名词彳定语从句，定语从句一般看作修饰复数名词，从句中的谓语动词用复数在“the onlyoneof+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句应视为修饰单数名词，从句谓语动词用单数This isoneofthe laboratoriesthat havebeenbuiltthis year.这是今年建成的实验室之一She istheonlyoneofthe girlswho isinterested inliterature.她是这些人中唯一喜欢文学的女孩7由there或here引起的而主语又不止一个时采用毗邻一致的原则，来确定谓语的数如Here isa pen,a fewenvelopes andsome paperfor him.这儿有一支笔，几个信句和一些纸给他8动词不定式、动名词短语、和疑问词how,what,who,why,whether引导的名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数如:Seeing isbelieving.To hesitatemeans failure.How thebook willsell dependson itsauthor.这本书好不好卖取决于作者的水平【实例】How closeparents are totheirchildren astronginfluence onthe characterofthechildren.
1991.6A.have B.has C.havingD.tohave父母与孩子亲近的程度对其性格有很大影响答案B•注1what引导的从句作主语，如果表语是复数名词，谓语动词用复数What theywant arefinancial aid.他们需要的是经济援助2当what引导的从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，谓语动词用复数What Isay andthink areno businessof yours.我说的和我想的不关你的事3that引导的从句作主语，无论置于句首还是句末，谓语动词通常用单数例如It issheer luckthatheis still alive.二That heis stillalive issheerluck.他仍活着纯属侥幸
12.代词/名词十定语从句，从句谓语动词的单复数与所修饰的词一致I,who amwrong,should apologize to him.我错了，应该向他道歉She cameacross aformer classmatewho isvery wealthy.她碰上了一个富有的老同学
13.谓语动词可用单数也可用复数情况l“the+形容词”作主语，表示一类人或可数事物时，谓语动词用复数，否则用单数【例句】The agedare welltaken careof bythe government.老年人受到政府很好的照顾2none,neither和either+of+复数名词或代词，正式文体中谓语动词用单数，非正式文体中可以用复数考试中对语法的测试，常属于正式文体范畴【例句】Neither ofthe alternativesthat hadbeen outlinedatthelastmeeting wasacceptable tothe executivecommittee.上次会议拟定的两种选择方案都不能被执行委员会所接受3a number/variety/group of+复数名词或代词作主语，谓语动词为复数the number/variety+名词作主语，谓语动词为单数themajority of+名词视名词单复数来确定动词的数an amountof+不可数名词；quantity of+不可数名词，谓语动词用单数【例句】A numberof applicantshavealreadybeen interviewed.若干名求职者已经过面试了The numberof foreignstudents atthe universityis considerable.该所大学留学生人数很多A greatvariety offlowers wereshown there.那里展出了很多品种的花4由kind,form,sort,type,species,portion,series,quantity+of修饰主语时，其谓语形式取决于这些词本身的单复数而不是后面跟的名词series和species无单数形式，其单复数形式取决于修饰它们的数词【例句】Large quantitiesofwaterare neededfor coolingpurposes.冷却需要大量的水A substantialportion ofthe reportsis missing.那些报告里有相当一部分不见了其他•代词与其指代名词的一致代词与其指代的名词在性、数、格上必须保持一致下面句中的斜体字都是错误的
1.As soonasthefruit onthetreesgets ripe,pick them.（应该是it）
2.One ofthe advantagesof transistorsis thatitisvery smallinsize.（应该是theyare）
3.Metals areeverywhere,we seeit anduse itevery day.（应该是）them
4.Everyone hastodo their ownresearch•（应该是his）
5.John speaksto Mary and Ieverymorning.（应该是me）
6.Sometimes aman isnot assuccessful asthey hopetobe.（应该是he）hopes
7.Ihavetalked toMaryandhis sisteraboutitseveral times.（应该是）her・非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的一致按照英语的正确用法，分词作状语时其逻辑主语必须是句中的主语，否则就是不正确的不定式作状语和“介词+动名词”作状语也有类似情况注意以下句子的正误
1.Incorrect:Entering thecrowded room,no seatcouldbefound.Correct:Entering thecrowded room,we couldnot finda seat.
2.Incorrect:Walking down thestreet,a gustof windblew myhat off.Correct.When Iwas walkingdownthestreet,a gustof windblewmy hatoff.
3.Incorrect:To learna languagewell,patience andhard workareneeded.Correct:To learna languagewell,one mustbe patientand workhard.
4.Incorrect:By readingnewspapers andwatching television,yourEnglish willimprove rapidly.Correct.By readingnewspapers andwatching television,you canimproveyour Englishrapidly.•形容词、副词与其被修饰的一致形容词说明名词，副词修饰动词或其它形容词、副词，因此以下句中的斜体字都是错的
1.She playsthe violingood.（应该是well）
2.Nancy typesfastly andefficiently.（应该是fast）（）
3.He wavedto mefriendly,ina friendly way
4.The shopassistant lookedimpatient atthe fatlady,whowasreluctanttoleave.（应该是impatiently）
5.The shopassistant lookedimpatiently whenthe fatlady wasreluctanttoleave.（应该是impatient）
6.Mike felthappily afterpassing hislaw schoolexam（.应该是happy）
7.The doctorfelt theleg carefulto seeif therewere anybroken bones.（应该是carefully）
8.The ladyis smellingthe flowerscautious.（应该是cautiously）
9.The flowerssmell sweetly.（应该是sweet）
10.The studentsoften complain thatthefood tastesbadly;（应该是）bad
11.The cooktasted themeat carefulbefore presentingit tothe guests.（应该是carefully）•并列成分的结构一致:
1.Incorrect:Jane isyoung,enthusiastic andhas talent.Correct:Jane isyoung,enthusiastic andtalented.
2.Incorrect:The dutiesofthenew secretaryaretoanswer thetelephone,to typeletters andbookkeeping.Correct:The dutiesofthenew secretaryaretoanswer thetelephone,totype lettersand todothebookkeeping.
3.Incorrect:She isnot onlyfamous inthe UnitedStates,but alsoabroad.Correct:She isfamous notonly inthe UnitedStates,butalsoabroad.
4.Incorrect:A personwho buysa gunfor protectionis sixtimes morelikelyto killa friendor relativethan killingan intruder.Correct:A personwho buysa gunfor protectionis sixtimes morelikelyto killafriendor relativethan tokill anintruder.第十四章词汇词汇题是大学英语
四、六级考试中必考的内容，在词汇与结构部分中，词汇题占多半数以上它的测试目的是检验学生运用词汇、短语的能力词汇重在积累没有一定的积累，就做不好词汇题词汇量不足也会使其他各项受到影响因此，考生平时一定要注重词汇的积累只有在拥有一定的词汇量的基础上，才可以谈解题技巧和方法本章将分析大学英语
四、六级考试中出现的词汇题目，将它们归类，词汇题大概可以归纳成如下几类
1.同义或近义词这类词的词义相同或相近，但由于用法或搭配不同而不能互相替换【例句】They havegot everythingready tomakeaacrossthe Atlantic.A.trip B.travel C.voyage D.journey正确答案为C译文他们已作好一切准备横渡大西洋voyage的意思是“航行以上词汇题所提供的四个选择词的含义很相似，均有“旅行之意”，但它们各有侧重trip指娱乐性的旅行，travel是指到各处旅行，voyage是指航行，journey是指到某地去旅行根据Atlantic（大西洋）一词，得出C.voyage为正确选择【例句】She wasso inher jobthatshe didnthearanybodyknocking atthedoor.A.attracted B.absorbedC.drawn D.concentrated正确答案为Bo译文她如此专心致志于工作，以至于没有听到敲门声Be absorbedin为固定搭配，意为“专心致志作某事:其他三个词搭配不对
2.形近义异词一些词的词形相似，词义相异，也是测试的重点之一它们有些是同根词，但词义和用法不同例如，assure,insure和ensure,均有词根sure,但含义却不同有些是同缀词，虽然前、后缀相同，但词义和用法瑕不同例如，cooperation,operation和corporation均有后缀-tiono【例句】Mr.Brown graduallya knowledgeofthesubject.A.required B.inquired C.enquired D.acquired正确答案为Do译文布朗逐步掌握了这门学科的知识Acquire意为后天获得知识和技能等上述四个选择看上去词形相似,但词义相异Require的意思是:要求，inquire和enquire同义，意思是询问【例句】It wasof younottoplay thepiano whileIwashaving asleep.A.considerate B.considerableC.considering D.considerably正确答案为Ao译文你真体贴人，在我睡觉的时候不弹钢琴considerate意为体贴的上述四个选择看上去词形相似，属于同源词，但词义相异considerable的意思是相当的considering的意思是正在考虑Considerably是considerable的副词形式
3.难词辨析有些题四个选项为没有太大联系的词，既不是同义词或近义词，形近义异词，也不是固定搭配做这类题时，一定要理解句子，弄清四个词的不同含义，在某些情况下，还可用排除法进行选择【例句】The insurancecompany paidhim$10,000in afterhisaccident.A.compensation B.installmentC.substitution D.commission答案为A译文他出事故之后，保险公司付给他100美元的赔偿金Compensation意为“赔偿，补偿，installment意为“分期付款”,substitution意为替代”；commission意为委托业务的“酬金，佣金，回扣”【例句】At first,thespeakerwas referringtotheproblem ofpollution inthecountry buthalfway inher speech,she suddenlyto anothersubject.A.committed B.switched C.favoredD.transmitted答案为B译文最初，演讲者谈的是国家环境污染的问题，但中途转换了话题committed意为犯（错误，罪行），干（坏事，傻事）switched意为“转换或改变话题，favored意为“喜爱支持，transmitted意为“传送,传递，发射
4.短语短语试题在英语测试中一直占有很大的比例短语是指词组的固定搭配短语的固定搭配包括名词与介词的搭配，形容词与介词的搭配，动词与介词和副词的搭配做这类题时，一定要牢记各固定短语的意思，结合句子上下文进行选择【例句】The managerneeds anassistant thathe canto takecareof problemsinhisabsence.A.count onB.count inC.count upD.count out（1996年1月）正确答案为Ao译文这位经理需要一位助手，在他离开的时候依靠他来处理问题这四个选项为同一动词与不同介词组成的动词短语count on意为“依靠，依赖；count in意为“把……算在内”；count up的意思是“加起来”，count out的意思是“点数固定搭配是英语学习中的一个难点，也是考试的重点学生在学习中要特别注意常用的固定搭配
一、名词与介词的搭配
1.名词与for的搭配这些名词主要有:affection,admiration,appetite,fancy,need,reason,demand charge,sympathy,contempt,wish,substitution,consideration,responsibility,desire,cure等【例句】I feelnothingbutcontempt forsuch dishonestbehavior.The reasonfor hissuccessiswhy heworkshard.
2.名词与in的搭配这些名词主要有advance,difficulty,faith,success,confidence,point,proficiency等【例句】Have yonany faithin whathe saysHis successin businesslies inhis honestdealing.
3.名词与on的搭配这些名词主要有comment,dependence,effect,emphasis,impact,influence,operation,pressure,stress,judgment,mercy等【例句】We placemore emphasison layinga solidfoundation.The doctorsdecidedtohaveanoperation onthe patient.
4.名词与to的搭配这些名词主要有access,adjustment,insult,approach,attention,attitude,contribution,damage,exposure,introduction,key,objection,preface,reaction等【例句】She couldntforgive soterrible aninsult toher pride.The oldlady madea generouscontribution tothe Fund.
5.名词与with的搭配这些名词主要有accordance,acquaintance,association,combination,connection,contact等【例句】He hasno associationwith thecompanyEverything hereisinaccordance withits surroundings.
二、形容词与介词的惯用搭配
1.形容词与about的搭配这些形容词主要有anxious，concerned,enthusiastic,excited,happy,nervous,particular,careful,curious,suspicious,worried等【例句】He isparticular abouthis food,clothes,etc.She isworried abouther approachingexamination.The coupleis enthusiasticabout dancing.
2.形容词与at的搭配这些形容词主要有angry,annoyed,good,amazed,quick,slow,surprised等【例句】The teacherthought Edisontobea littleslow athis study.The visitorswere amazedatthebeautiful sceneofthemountain.The bosswas furiousatthesecretarys delayin handingin file.
3.形容词与for的搭配这些形容词主要包括adequate,appropriate,competent,eager,famous,fit,convenient,grateful,known,late,necessary,responsible,useful,regretful,sorry等【例句】Be suretogeta competentelectrician forthe job.They wereheld responsiblefortheloss.The areafamous forits localproducts.
4.形容词与from的搭配这些形容词主要有absent,different,distant,distinct,free,sale,derived,remote等【例句】Alien andI areinthesame historyclass,but hisassignment isdifferentfrom mineManystudents areabsent fromclass due totheapproaching•提示被动语态没有完成进行和将来进行时态
二、被动语态的用法
1.当动作的执行者不明确或无需指出时【例句】Printing wasintroduced intoEurope fromChina.A lectureon Englishliterature will be giventonight.
2.为了强调动作的承受者【例句】Four peoplewere killedand thirtyinjured inthe bombattack.Susan wassingled outfor praiseyesterday.
3.为了修辞的需要【例句】He startedto complainabout thiswicked worldbut wasinterruptedby aknock atthedoor.Yesterday hevisited ouruniversity andwas welcomedby thePresident.•提示
1.除及物动词外，一些相当于及物动词的短语动词如call on,carry out,look after,deal with,take careof等也可使用被动态形式，短语动词应被视为不可分割的一部分，一般不拆开使用This matterwillbedealtwithassoonaspossible.（）My youngerbrotheriswell lookedafter bymy grandma.
2.不及物动词（或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词）和表示状态的动词（或短语动词）无被动态形式，如happen,rise,occur,take place,break out等；以及lack,fit,suit,equal,become,resemble,befall,consist of,look like等The storyhappened in
1949.The committeeconsistsoften members.
3.将主动态形式改为被动态形式时，如遇到带有双宾语的动词如buy,give,send,show,teach,tell,write等，只能将其中之一变为主语，另一个保持不变当直接宾语变为主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to主动句We teachthestudentsEnglish ina new way.被动句The studentsare taughtEnglish ina newway.English istaught tothestudentsina newway.
三、考点在历年考试中，被动语态一般不作为单独的测试项目出现，都是与时态，虚拟语气，非谓语动词等语法项目一起出现另外还要注意下列几种特殊的被动情况
1.形式主动但意义被动的动词一些动词的某些用法采用主动形式表示被动意义常见的这类动词有sell,read,wash,wear,cut,spread,iron,open,peel等o【例句】His newbook isselling badly.The shopdoesnt openon Sundays.These orangespeel well.
2.主动不定式代替被动不定式1）当不定式作表语形容词的补足成分时，主语又是不定式的逻辑宾语，不定式要用主动形式表被动意义不定式的oftheholiday.The paperis freefrom spellingerrors.
5.形容词与f的搭配〜这些形容词主要有ashamed,aware,capable,careful,certain,composed,confident,considerate,deprived,envious,greedy,guilty,ignorant,independent,jealous,proud,worthy等【例句】It wasvery considerateofyouto sendmeacredit card.The bravemenwereaware ofthe dangerconfronted withthem.“You arejealous ofmy bigoven!”saidtheneighbor.
6.形容词与to的搭配这些形容词主要有attentive,applicable,accustomed,adaptable,agreeable,beneficial,faithful,favorable,loyal,opposite,prior,superior,inferior,similar,devoted,equal,grateful,polite,harmful,subject,thankful等【例句】Health withoutriches ispreferable toriches withouthealth.Many ofus holdthe mistakenbelief thatlocal goodsare Inferiortoimported ones.The weatherin NewYork issimilar tothat inBeijing.
7.形容词与With的搭配这些形容词主要有busy,associated,bored,familiar,strict,wrong,concerned,annoyed,satisfied,disappointed,friendly,popular,generous,pleased等【例句】He isbusy withhis work.He isquite generouswithhismoney.The criminalwas chargedwith murder.The planisverypopular withthe mass.
8.形容词与in的搭配这些形容词主要有rich,interested,expert,engaged,absorbed,firm,abundant,lacking,weak,strong等【例句】She isengaged inplanning hissummer trip.China isabundant incoal.
三、动词与介词的搭配
1.动词与after的搭配这些动词主要有long,thirst,run,go,keep,look,take,ask,make,name等【例句】The girltakes afterher motherintheeye.The bridgewas namedafter thehero whogave hislife totheconstruction ofit.She hasbeen looking afterthedisabled formore thanten years.
2.动词与at的搭配这些动词主要有laugh,gaze,hesitate,get,work,call,look,stare等【例句】The strangermade mequite uncomfortablewhen hestared atmeon thelift.It isnot politeto laughatthehandicapped.He hasbeen workingattheproject formore thantwomonths.
3.动词与away的搭配这些动词主要有carry,take,throw,give,pass,clear,put等【例句】Do notgive awaymy secret.He passedaway peacefully.
4.动词与down的搭配这些动词主要有back,bring,cut,burn,run,keep,break,settle,hand,turn,put,take,get,go,knock,let,lay,pull,set等【例句】JMy carbroke downon myway upthe hill.Our houseisbeingknocked downtomakeway foranewroad.This customhasbeenhanded downsince the18th century.
5.动词与for的搭配这些动词主要有allow,answer,ask,call,care,no,head,look,make,apply,count,search,leave,exchange,take,qualify,send等o【例句】I exchangemy watchfor hiscamera.She madeforthenearest treefor shelterwhen itbegantorain.Years ofexperience qualifiedhim forthe postof chairmanof theunion.
6.动词与from的搭配这些动词主要有arise,originate,vary,separate,remove,derive,emerge,result,infer,keep,prevent,prohibit,release,resign,shelter,distinguish等【例句】Many problemshave arisenfrom thechange overtoanew kindoffuel.Not allblacks weresatisfied withthe slowprogress resultingfrompeaceful protestsintheearly1960s.His colorblindnessprevented himfrom attendinga medicaluniversity.
7.动词与in的搭配这些动词主要有break,deal,draw,look,put,drop,give,hang,result,step,take,trade,check,cut,fill,get,send等【例句】You mustcheck inattheairport anhour beforeyour planeleaves.It tookmealong timeto takein whatyouweresaying.
8.动词与on的搭配这些动词主要有call,carry,come count,draw,get,go,hand,hold,hang,keep,live,pass,put,take,insist,rest,feed,depend,turn等【例句】We aregoingtotake onmore employeesdue tothe fastexpansionof business.You cannotcount onhim,becauseheisaliar.I finishworkat5but rilhang onhalf pastto meetyou.
9.动词与out的搭配这些动词主要有lay,put,keep,come,figure,hold,wear,think,watch,give,leave,rule,turn,work,break,go,hand,let,look,pick,point,pulL run,burst,set等【例句】Here aresome toys.You canpick outone ortwo foryour littlesonasabirthday gift.When wesaw themess hewasin,we burstout laughing.The firemusthavebroken outaftertheworkers hadleft.
10.动词与to的搭配这些动词主要有apply,adjust,object,attend,appeal,attribute,belong,contribute,refer,set,yield,conform,correspond,add,amount,adapt,come,relate,see,take,turn,keep摩o【例句】One musttry hisbest toadapt tothenewenvironment.She fainted,and itwas halfanhourbefore shecametoagain.The governmentis appealingto everyoneto savewater.
11.动词与up的搭配这些动词主要有back,break,call,end,put,mix,cut,draw,hang,take,show,dress,bring,hold,clear,burn,eat,brush,clean,turn,make,come,cover,count,give,go,keep,line,look,pick,pull,set,sum,stand,use,wash等【例句】We didntexpect themto turnup\we thoughtthey wereinCanada.The carin frontpulled upsuddenly atthe trafficlight.If youdrive acar likethat,youwillend upinthehospital.The actorshavetomake upbefore theyappear infrontofthestrong lightsonthetelevision.
12.动词与with的搭配这些动词主要有catch up,come up,compare,deal,do away,find fault,get on,go along,keep up,put up,comply,match,agree,cope,collide,compete,interfere,make away等【例句】She decidedtoleaveher husbandbecauseshecouldnt putupwith hisbad temper.All visitorsare requestedto complywiththeregulations.He couldntcome upwithanexcuse whenthe teacherasked whyhewas absent.这种用法经常出现在形容词easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,interesting,nice,heavy,dangerous等之后【例句】Mary iseasy toteach.His theoryisdifficultto understand.The riveris dangerousto bathein.2to blame为发生的某种坏事承担责任常以主动形式出现却表示被动含义【实例】Nobody wastoblamefortheaccident.对于这起事故，谁也不能责怪The motherdidntknowwho forthe brokenglass.A.blamed B.be blamedC.toblameD.would blameC
2002.
13.以主动的动名词形式表示被动含义1这一用法主要出现在表示“需要”的动词need,want,require之后，多数情况下由事物充当其主语，偶尔可以由人作主语，动名词与句子主语之间有动宾关系，也可以用被动的不定式替代，而句子含义没有差别【实例】The floorrequires washing/tobewashed.The housewanted repairing,unless hedecidedtomove tothecountry.The patientwill needlookingafter.Your hairwants.Youd betterhave itdone tomorrow.A.cut B.to cutC.cutting D.being cutC
1997.62在形容词woHh值得做某事，有做某事的价值之后,并且worth后的动词与句子主语之间有动宾关系【实例】The bookisworthreading.What alovely party!Ifs worthallmylife.A.remembering B.to rememberC.toberemembered D.being remembered（）（）A
2002.6名词性从句名词性从句（the nounclause）是在句中主要起名词作用的各类从句的统称，主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括从属连词that,if,whether；连接代词who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,whose；连接副词where,when,why,how其中，从属连o词只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句法成分，而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用，又在从句中充当一定的成分【例句】That Owenshouldhavemarried hiscousin isnot atallsurprising,（that引导主语从句）The factisthathedidntgotothe dinnerparty.（that引导表语从句）I dontknow if he will attend themeeting,（that弓|导宾语从句）Have youheardthenewsthatMary isgoingtomarry Tom你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗（that引导同位语从句）
一、主语从句主语从句主要有三类what等代词引导的主语从句；由连词that引导的主语从句；由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句
1.第一类主语从句的关联词what,实际上已成为关系代词二the thing that,它所引导的主语从句在结构上相当于名词加定语从句除what外，whatever也可引出主语从句，含有强调语气，可作主语从句的主语或宾语【例句】They losttheir wayintheforest,and whatmade mattersworsewas thatnight beganto fall.他们在森林里迷了路，更糟糕的是，夜幕开始降临what在从句中作主语Whatever wehave achievedis attributedtotheguidance ofourteachers.无论我们取得什么成绩都归功于老师的教导whatever在主语从句中作宾语二A〃77%gthat【例题】Although happenedinthatdeveloped countrysounds likesciencefiction,it couldoccur elsewhere intheworld.A.which B.what C.how D.it尽管那个发达国家发生的情况听起来像科学幻想似的，但在世界其他地区也有可能发生答案B,what引导的从句作主语，表示所……的东西的情况广必须注意what引导的从句是各类的重点，由于what引导的从句本身相当于一个名词后加上一个定语从句，所以，在what引导的从句前，一般不可再加上名词或代词【实例】In somecountries,is called‘equality doesnot reallymeanequal rightsfor allpeople.A.which B.that C.what D.one
1995.6所谓“平等”在有些国家实际上并不意味着全体人民都享有平等的权利答案C
2.由that引导的主语从句在多数情况下都放在句子后部,而用it作形式上的主语口语中that常省略如果放在句首主要是为了强调或为了使句子前后平衡注意此时that不能省掉，前面也不能再加what【例句】That hebecame adoctor mayhavebeenduetohis fathersinfluence.他成为医生可能是由于他父亲的影响It iswell knownthat wateris indispensableto life.Ifs apitythatyou missedsuchafine speech.这样好的演讲你没听到真是可惜【例题】How didit comeabout youmadealotofmistakesin yourhomeworksA.which B.what C.that D.it你的作业里出现了这么多错误，到底是怎么回事？本句中it是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语，所以答案为Co【实例】menhavelearned muchfrom thebehavior ofanimals ishardlynew.A.What B.Those C.That D.Whether1993人类从动物的行为中学到了很多东西，这并不是什么新论答案为C
3.由连接代词疑问代词who,whom,whose,which都可用作连接代词和连接副词如when,where,whether,how,why等引出的主语从句放在句子后部时，前面用it作形式上的主语从句放前或放后，意思基本上没有多大差别不过whetheror not引导的从句放在句首或句子后部都可以，而if仅可引出宾语从句，不能放在句首，也不能加ornot【例句】Whether ornothewill gowont make too much difference.It wontmaketoomuchdifferencewhether ornothewill go.他去不去都一样Who willpreside atthemeetingremains unknown.谁宋主持会议还不知道How shegot woundedat workshouldbeinvestigated.她怎样在工作时受伤有待调查Why hedid sucha stupidthing isnot known.为什么他做出如此蠢事还不知道Where weshould stayisaproblem.我们应该呆在哪里是一个问题It isstillaquestion whenwe shallhave oursports meet.我们什么时候举行运动会仍是个问题Whether hewill attendthemeetingis uncertain.=It isuncertainwhether/ifhewillattendthemeeting,他是否参加会议还不确定
4.whoever也可引出主语从句，含有强调语气，可作主语从句的主语或宾语【例句】Whoever toldyouthatwas lying.这件事不管是谁告诉你的都是骗人的
二、宾语从句在句子中充当宾语的从句叫作宾语从句由what,when,where,how,which,why,who,whom,whetherif及whatever,whoevef,whichever等引导宾语从句可用作动词的宾语，介词的宾语，也可用在某些形容词短语如be sure,be certain,be afraid,be confident,be anxiuos,be convinced,be glad,be worried,be sorry,be annoyed,be pleased,be satisfied,be hurt,be content,be proud等的后面【例句】He askedme卬〃“woWed.他问我想要什么I dontknow wherethe soundcame from,我不矢口道声音力、哪儿传来I doubtwhether/iftheywillbeabletoarrive hereon time.我不知道他们是否能按时到达这里I dontcare whethershe willapologizetome ornot,我不介意她是否向我道歉In primitivesocieties,people atewhatever theycould find.在原始社会，人们吃他们所能找到的所有食物Im notquite confidentwhether Ican passthe graduateadmissiontest thisyear.我没有把握今年是否能通过研究生入学考试She isconfident thatshe willwin.她相信自己能获胜They areglad thatyou vesucceededinyour plan.他彳门彳艮高兴你的计划获得成功We arenot surewhether hewill come.我们不确信他能否来【例题】We cantunderstand heavoided speakingto us.A.which B.that C.whyD.after我们不明白他为什么不愿意和我们说话这里，疑问词why引导的从句作understand的宾语，答案Co【例题】Iam interestedinyou havetoldme,A.which B.allthatC.all whatD.that我对你告诉我的一切都感兴趣all在此句中是代词，意为“一切”、“全部”，作为主句谓语动词短语aminterestedin的宾语，that引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词allo allthat意思等于whatC亦不正确，如前所述，由于what引导的从句本身相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句，所以，在what引导的从句前，一般不可再加上名词或代词本题答案B•说明
1.在非正式文体中，that用于引导宾语从句时，引导词that常常可以省略【例句】He saidthathewould neverdo suchci thing.他说他永远不会做那种事
2.在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后面的宾语从句中，如果宾语从句的谓语动词是否定形式，通常要把否定词not转移到主句，而使从句谓语动词变成肯定形式【例句】I dontthink yourproposal isvery feasible,我认为你的提议不太可行
3.如果宾语从句后面有宾语补语，为保持句子平衡，that引导的宾语从句一般要使用形式宾语让代替，而把真正的宾语从句放到宾语补语后面【例句】He madeit quiteclear thathe preferredto livehere.
4.That引导的从句一般不可直接用作介词宾语，但可跟在带有先行词it作宾语的含有介词的动词短语之后【例句】You candepend onit thatwewillkeep thismatter strictlyco叨加*你尽可以放心，我们会对这件事情严格保密
三、表语从句表语从句常常放在主句系动词后面，对主语的内容起解释、进一步阐明的作用可以接表语从句的系动词有be,look,remain,seem等常由that（通常不能省）,whether,because,where,when,why,how,who及asif/asthough等弓|导表语从句【例句】One advantageof solarenergy isthatitwillneverrun out.太阳能优点之一是它取之不尽The questionremains whetherwe canwin themajority ofthepeople.问题是我们是否能赢得大多数人的支持This iswhere youare mistaken.这就是你的错误所在This iswhy Igot scolded,这就是我受到训斥的原因。
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