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虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气讲话者对于说话内容的看法的一种与法范畴虚拟语气在条件句中的使用（条件状语从句）非真实条件的情况之下条件状语从句的真实情况，有两种情况的使用主将从现If hedoesnt hurryup,he willmiss thebus.非真实条件，则要用虚拟如何表达？知识框架
1.含有条件状语从句的复合句wish would rather+宾语从句名宾语从句词suggest•••+宾语从句性
2.主语从句It is+adj./p.p/n.+that+S+should+do从句表语从句S+is that+s+should+do同位语从句S+that+s-i-should+do
3.定语从句It ishigh time that+S+did用过去式表现在情况n.i时态后退型用过去完成式表过去两种形式用过去将来表将来
①I reallyappreciate havingtime torelax withyou onthis niceisland.（2001上海高考）
②While shopping,people sometimescan，thelpbeing persuadedinto buyingsomething theydon，t reallyneed（上海96）
③I can，tstandworking withJane inthe sameoffice,she justrefusesto stoptalking whileshe works.（d匕京2006）接动名词作宾语的动词「速记口诀」Mrs.P Blackmissed abeef bag.（P.布莱克夫人丢了一个牛肉袋）「妙语诠释」该句话中每个字母代表了一个动词或短语，这些动词要求后面跟动名词作宾语这些动词分别是M=mind,厂risk,s=succeed in,P=practice,B=be busy,l=look forwardto,a=admit,c=can thelp,k=keep on,m=miss,i=insist on,s=suggest,s=stop,e=enjoy,d=delay,a=avoid,b=be worth,a二advise,g=giveup.1动词过去式wouldshould,could,might+动词原2should+动词原形与将来事实可能相反形3were to+动词原形注意事项例句1与现在事实相反例1If I knew thefact now,I wouldtell you.假如我现在知道事情真相，我就告诉他了2If youwere inmy place,you woulddo thesame thing.如果你处于我的位置，你同样也会这么做3If therewere nogravity,we should not beable towalk.如果没有引力，我们就不可能行走If I had enough money,I should/would buya camera.If Iwere rich,I wouldhelp thepoor.2与过去事实相反彳列1If theart dealerhad hadmoney,he would have boughtthe painting.假如那位画商有那么一笔钱，他就买那幅画了4If you had comehere yesterday,you would have mether.如果你昨天来，你就会见到她5If she had takenmy advice,she wouldnthave failed.如果她接受我的劝告，她就不会失败If Ihad hadenoughmoney,I would have boughta car.3与将来事实可能相反例1If youwere tosee Jane,what wouldyou tellher假如你要去看珍妮，你会告诉她什么？2If Ishould havethe timetomorrow,I wouldgo to the library.如果明天我有空，我就会去图书馆3If bargainswere prohibitedby law,our standardof livingwould immediatelyrise.假如廉价商品受到法律的制裁，我们的生活水平就会马上有所提高If itshould raintomorrow,I wouldnot go.If Iwere to go abroad,I wouldgo toAmerica.倘若我要出国，我就到美国注意点L倒装句如果条件句中含有功能词had,should,were时，可以省去If,把功能词提前，构成倒装句
1.Were itnecessary,i mightresign.
2.Had youinformed meearlier,I wouldnthave signedthe contract.
3.Were theyto getmarried,they would be happy.
4.Should youmeet marry,you wouldnot beable torecognize her.
2.错综条件句若条件句和主句动作不存在同一个时间，则谓语形式应根据具体情况而定在条件状语从句中，常会出现主句所表示的行为所发生的时间与从句表示的行为的时间不一致，叫做错综时间虚拟条件句，即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致如从句指过去，而主句却指现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作出相应的调整
1.If youhad workedharder,your Englishwould bebetter now.如果过去你学习更加努力些，现在你的英语会更好
2.If youhad gone to bedearly lastnight,you wouldnot beso sleepynow.
3.If Iwere you,I wouldnthave goneto the party lastnight.
3.含蓄虚拟有时if引导的虚拟条件从句在句中并不出现，假象的条件隐含在情境中或由其他语法方式表示，这种情况称为含蓄条件句If therewerenft/had notbeen+・,,二without••If it were notfor-**/If it hadnt beenfor・・・=but for---otherwise+虚拟语气的句子1If therewere nowater,fish could not live.如果没有水，鱼就不能生活短语Without water,fish could not live.2If theParty didntlead us,we couldnot haverealized thefour modernizations.没有党的领导，我们就不可能实现四个现代化短语Without thePartys leadership,we couldnot haverealized thefour modernizations.1But for=if itwere notfor/if ithadnt beenfor要不是例1But forthe doctor^skill,he would have died.要不是医生医术高明，他早就死了2Otherwise/or=if thisdidnt happen/hadnt happened否则例1I gotup veryearly,otherwise I would have been laterfor school.我很早起身，否则我上学早就迟到了2He feltvery tiredyesterday,or he would havehelped you.昨天他感到很累，不然他会帮你的3supposing/suppose=if假如例1Supposing somethingshould gowrong,what wouldyou dothen假如出了什么问题，你准备怎么对付？2Suppose whitewere black,you mightbe right.假如白的即是黑的，那么你或许就对了4拟语气的句子，but+陈述事实的句子有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里，于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句，例如Iwou1dhavehung youbut thetelephone wasout oforder.在这样的句子里，如果主句没有用虚拟语气，或者从句用了虚拟语气，都是错的II.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中r sb.did…（希望现在用过去式）
1.wish+that sb.had done---（希望过去用过去完成式）/would could have done.sb.would/could do（希望将来用过去将来）例句I wish Iknewthe answer to thequestion..2）I wishyouhadcome to my birthday party yesterday.、你昨天要是参加我的生日聚会就好了）3I wishyou couldhave cometomybirthdaypartyyesterday.I wishit wouldstop raining.
2.wouldrather后的从句要用虚拟语气（宁愿）时间从句虚拟现在were,did（动词般过去式）虚拟过去had done虚拟将来did（动词一般过去式）例I wouldrather Ihadnt saidsuch unkindthings toyou.（虚拟过去）rd ratheryou camehere forthe answertomorrow morning.（虚拟将来）rd ratheryou postedthe letterright away.（虚拟现在）（）
3.suggests thatS+shouId+do…表示愿望、建议、请求等主观意向的动词之后的宾语从句，谓语用should+动词原形，should常常省略这类词有decide,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,suggest,recommend,requested,require等例句I demandthat he（）should answerme immediately.The headnurse insistedthat thepatient notbe move.注意:
1.suggest当“建议”讲时，其宾语从句用虚拟语气；当“暗示、表明”时，用陈述语气His paleface suggested that he was inpoor health.
2.insist当坚持“看法或建议”时，宾语从句用虚拟语气；当坚持“某个事实”时，用陈述语气判断改错（错）Your paleface suggeststhat you（should）be ill.（对）Your paleface suggeststhat youare ill.（错）I insistedthat you（should）be wrong.（对）I insistedthat youwere wrong.III.虚拟语气用在主语从句中It isdemanded/necessary/a pity+that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should加动词原形，should可省略可用的词有三类suggested,ordered,required,proposed,demanded,requested,insisted等It is that should doimportant,necessary,natural,imperative,strange等a pity,a shame,no wonder等
2.主语从句中的应用It is+形容词/名词/过去分词+that引导的主语从句，主语从句中谓语动词常用should+动词原形”常用形容词有necessary,important,essential,imperative,urgent,preferable,vital,advisable等常用名词有duty,pity,regret,no wonder,shame等常用过去分词有demanded,suggested,required,requested,ordered,decided等It issuggested thatpupils shouldwear schooluniforms.It isimportant thateveryone shouldinform themselvesof theserules.It isa pitythat he should refuseto acceptthe offerIV.虚拟语气用在同位语从句中某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词后同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should+动词原形这类名词常见的有advice,suggestion,proposal提议，order,demand,desire,request,requirement,recommendation推荐，plan,resolution决议，idea等eg.We areall foryour proposalthat thediscussionshould beputoff.1He madea suggestionthat we should havea footballmatch withClass Four.他提出建议，和4班举办一场足球比赛2They receivedorders thatthey shouldstart at once.他们接到命令，必须立即出发3The proposalthat hebe invitedwas rejected.那项邀请他来的建议被否决了V.虚拟语气用在表语从句中某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，表语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should+动词原形这类名词常见的有advice,suggestion,proposal,order,demand,desire,request,requirement,recommendation以及plan,idea,resolution等eg.My suggestionis thatthe mayorshouldpresent theprizes.1My suggestionis that we shouldcarry onan Englishconversation.我的建议是我们进行一次英语会话2Her proposalis thatwe shouldrest forhalf anhour.他的请求是允许他请假3His proposalisthatweshouldget ridof badhabits.他建议我们戒除这些不良习惯VI.虚拟语气用在定语从句中It isabout/high time+that sb.did sth/shoulddosth..在It ishigh time that…句型中that引导的是主语从句，其动词用过去式,表示现在或将来的状态或行为，意思是“该干某件事了”，含有晚了一点的意思，为了强调，往往在time前加higheg.Dont youthink itsabout timewe wenthome例1It istime thatwe wenthome.我们该回家了2It istime thatyou handedin yourcomposition.你该交作文了3It istimethat hewaswere off.他该告辞了4It ishigh timethatwestarted,我们该出发了注在this isthe firsttime/second timethat...句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态eg.Is thisthe firsttimethatyou havevisited Hongkong5I.虚拟语气用在让步、方式、目的状语从句中
1.在带有even if/even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同如Even if hehad been ill,he would have goneto hisoffice.即使生了病，他俩去办公室
2.由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时从句谓语形式为动词的过去式be用were或“had十过去分词如He treatedme as if Iwere astranger.他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的She talkedabout thefilmas ifshe hadreally seenit.她谈论那部影片,就好像她确实看过一样1She lovesthe boyas ifshe werehis mother.她喜爱这个男孩，似乎她是孩子的母亲2The necklacemade ofglass looksas ifitwerea realdiamond necklace.那条玻璃做的项链看上去好像是真钻石的3She talksas thoughshe hadknows usfor years.她谈话的样子好像认识我们多年似的4How wildhis whitehair looked一as ifithad been electrified.他满头白发，十分凌乱一一好像带了电似的
3.虚拟语气用在lest唯恐、免得，for fearthat及incase引导的目的状语从句中在由lest等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“以防，以免”等意思，其谓语动词多由should+动词原形构成，should也可省略eg.He waspunished lestheshouldmake thesame mistakeagain.1She closedthe windowlest sheshould catchcold.她关上窗户，以免着凉2Lucy hidher jewelryfor fearthat itshould bestolen.露丝把宝石藏起来了，以免被偷VIII.虚拟语气用情感语言中
1.虚拟语气在表示客气、遗憾以及祝愿等场合中，使用虚拟语气eg.You shouldnt have beenfollowing himso closely；you should have keptyour distance.
2.If onlysb./sth.+时态后退型的谓语eg.If onlyIhad known theresult of the examination.虚拟语气练习题
1.If youwere oldenough,I youtogothere yesterday.A.will allowB.should allowC.would haveallowed D.had allowed
2.The secretarysuggestedthatthey themen inatonce.A.had broughtB.shouldhavebrought C.brought D.bring
3.1you,I wouldgo withhim totheparty.A.Was B.Had beenC.Will beD.Were
4.It isstrange thatsuch athing inyour class.A.will happenB.happens C.should happenD.happened
5.How IwishIto repairthe watch!I onlymade itworse.A.had triedB.hadnt triedC.have triedD.didnt try
6.If hetotheteacher attentively,he theanswertothe problemnow.A.had listened,would haveknown B.listened,would knowC.listened,would haveknown D.had listened,would know
7.1was busyyesterday,otherwise I your birthdayparty.A.attended B.had attendedC.would attendD.wouldhaveattended
8.If onlyI howto operatean electroniccomputer asyou do.A.hadknownB.would knowC.should knowD.knew
9.The twostrangers talksasifthey friendsfor years.A.were B.would beC.havebeenD.hadbeen
10.It ishigh timewe upour results.A.sum B.summed C.will sumD.would sum
11.The librarianinsists thatJohn nomore booksfrom thelibrary beforehe returnsall thebooks hehadborrowed.A.will takeB.took C.take D.takes
12.But forthe guidanceof ourinstructor（导师）,we inthe experiment.A.shouldnt succeedB.couldnothave succeededC.will notsucceed D.should nothave succeeded
13.The youngman insistedthathenothing wrongand freeimmediately.A.did;set B.had done;should be set C.do;besetD.had done;must beset
14.Your advicethat tillnext weekis reasonable.A.she waitsB.she waitC.wait sheD.she waited
15.It wasessential thatwe lease（条约、合同）beforethe endofthemonth.A.sign B.signed C.had signedD.were signing
16.1wish thatI withyou lastnight.A.went B.have goneC.could goD.couldhavegone
17.He speaksChinese sofluently asifhea Chinese.A.were B.hadbeenC.is D.has been
18.the Englishexamination Iwouldhavegonetothe concertlast SundayA.In spiteof B.But forC.Because ofD.As for
19.But forthe guidanceof ourinstructor（导师）,we inthe experiment.A.shouldnt succeedB.couldnothave succeedC.will notsucceed D.shouldnothave succeeded
20.1wouldhavecalled youup forhelp hadit beenpossible,but Iyour phonenumber then.A.hadnt hadB.didnt haveC.shouldnthaveD.couldnt have
21.Had youlistened tothe doctor,you allright now.A.are B.were C.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen
22.today,hewouldget thereby Friday.A.Would heleave B.Was heleaving C.Were heto leaveD.If heleave
23.Look atthe troubleIm in!If onlyIyouradvice.A.followed B.would followC.had followedD.should follow
11.Translation
1.我不知道他的电话号码，否则我就打电话给他了
2.他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙3「-如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？-会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢
4.如果你昨晚没有看电影到那么晚的话，你现在就不会这么困了
5.没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。
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