还剩11页未读，继续阅读
本资源只提供10页预览，全部文档请下载后查看！喜欢就下载吧，查找使用更方便
文本内容:
“一划二括三会意”破解长难句Simplify whatseems
一、长难句考情complicated.分析近年高考可知，长难句的比重日益增加词汇量对于读懂文章固然重要，但句子太长或者句子结构复杂也会成为学生高考取得高分的绊脚石无论是阅读理解、完形填空还是语法填空都需要辨清句子的主干和修饰成分英语中长难句的特点往往是结构复杂，逻辑层次多，通常是在主干成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而使句子变长在高考试题中，英语句子常常以长难句形式出现
二、长难句的组成不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构trunk修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用这些修饰语有介词短语、modifier非谓语动词短语、从句等句子的主干像树干，修饰成分像繁茂的枝叶只要把修饰成分都用画出来，主干自然就清晰了不过在此之前，我们要先学会每一种成分该从何处标起，又从何处结束介词短语1【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构【起止标识】标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止如:athome duringmy happychildhoods overthe lastfew yearsto thedestination【例句】After thelong dayof work,she returnedhome,took offher coatand collapsedonto the couchin theliving room.三大从句2【定义】从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom when、why where、how which、if、although,after,before...等关系词引导的非主句部分【起止标识】标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止1到句尾终止，如Li Huais aboy whoexcels inmathematics.2到句中的逗号终止，如When Iarrived home,it beganto rain.主干Carson proves翻译卡森证明，一种流传多年的简单抒情形式今天仍然可以用来引起人们对重要真理的关注
16.（2023全国乙卷）Still,looking backon thephotos,they aresome ofmy bestshotsthough theycould havebeen somuch betterif Iwould havebeen preparedand managedmytime wisely.主干they aresome ofmy bestshots翻译尽管如此，回顾这些照片，它们仍然是我最好的一些照片，尽管如果我能明智地准备和管理我的时间，它们本可以拍得更好
17.（2023全国乙卷）Even thoughBritain has a reputationfor less-than-impressive cuisine,it isproducing moretop classchefs whoappear frequentlyon ourtelevision screensandwhose recipebooks frequentlytop thebest sellerlists.主干it isproducing moretop classchefs句子翻译尽管英国以不那么令人印象深刻的美食而闻名，但它正在培养更多的顶级厨师，他们经常出现在我们的电视屏幕上，他们的食谱经常登上畅销书排行榜的榜首
18.（2023全国乙卷）If youwant totell thehistory of the wholeworld,a historythat doesnotprivilege onepart orhumanity,you cannotdo itthrough textsalone,because onlysomeof theworld hasever hadtexts,while mostof theworld,for mostof thetime,has not.主干you cannotdo it翻译如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不赋予一部分人类特权或者人性的历史，你不能只通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一些地区有文本，而世界上大多数地区在大多数时候都没有
19.（2023全国乙卷）The CaribbeanTaino,the AustralianAboriginals,the Africanpeopleof Benin and theIncas,all ofwhom appearin thisbook,can speakto usnow of their pastachievementsmost powerfullythrough theobjects theymade:a historytold throughthingsgives themback avoice.主干:The CaribbeanTaino,the AustralianAboriginals,the Africanpeople ofBeninand theIncas,can speak翻译加勒比泰诺人、澳大利亚原住民、贝宁的非洲人民和印加人，他们都出现在这本书中，现在可以通过他们制作的物品最有力地向我们讲述他们过去的成就通过事物讲述的历史让他们发声
20.（2024新课标I卷）We wereparticularly interestedin exploring the aspects of samplingthattend tobias（使有偏差）data,like thegreater likelihoodof acitizen scientistto takeapicture of a floweringplant insteadof thegrass rightnext toit.主句We wereparticularlyinterested in exploringthe aspects ofsampling.翻译我们对探索取样中容易使数据产生偏差的方面特别感兴趣，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草
21.（2024新课标I卷）The benefitsof printreading particularlyshine throughwhenexperimenters movefrom posingsimple tasks-like identifyingthe mainidea ina readingpassage-to onesthat requiremental abstraction-such asdrawing inferencesfrom atext.主干The benefitsof printreading particularlyshine through翻译当实验者从提出简单的任务一一比如识别阅读段落中的主要想法一一转向需要心理抽象的任务一一比如从文本中得出推断时，印刷阅读的好处尤其突出
22.（2024新课标II卷）Given theastonishing potentialof AIto transformour lives,we allneed to take action todeal withour Al-powered future,and thisis whereAI byDesign:APlan forLiving withArtificial Intelligencecomes in.主干we allneedto takeaction翻译鉴于人工智能具有改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来《人工智能设计与人工智能共存的计划》正是为此而生
八、长难句语法填空
1.（2023新课标I卷）The keyfinding of the studywas thatwhen crowds were furtherdividedinto smallergroups thatwere allowedto have a discussion,the averagesfrom thesegroups were more accurate than those from an equalnumber ofindependent individuals.
2.（2024新课标I卷）However,for maximizinglearning where mental focus and reflectionarecalled for,educators shouldnt assume allmedia arethe same,even whenthey containidentical words.
3.（2024新课标I卷）These observationsnow outnumber the primarydata that comes fromphysicalspecimens（标本），and since we are increasingly usingobservational datatoinvestigate how species are responding to global change,I wanted to know:Are theyusable
4.（2022新课标I卷）Its jaw-dropping howmuch perfectlygood foodis thrownaway一（）from uglybut quiteeatable vegetables rejected by grocers to large amountsof uneatendishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
5.（2022新课标I卷）Levine andhis researchteam selectedvolunteers agedbetween45and64who didnot exercisemuch butwere otherwisehealthy.
6.（2023新课标I卷）The goalof thisbook isto makethe casefor digitalminimalism,including a detailed explorationof whatit asksand whyit works,and thento teachyou howto adopt thisphilosophy ifyou decideits rightfor you.
7.（2023新课标I卷）In partone,I describethe philosophicalfoundations ofdigitalminimalism,starting with an examinationof theforces that are makingso manypeoplesdigital livesincreasingly intolerable,before movingon toa detaileddiscussion of the digitalminimalismphilosophy.
8.（2023新课标I卷）Youll hearthese participants9stories andlearn whatstrategiesworked wellfor them,and whattraps theyencountered thatyou shouldavoid.
9.（2023新课标I卷）You canview these practices asa toolboxmeant toaid yourefforts tobuilda minimalistlifestyle thatworks for your particularcircumstances.
10.（2023新课标I卷）That way,you couldexchange thoughtson whatmakes eachof youspecialand theaspects ofyour personalitythat shine through.
11.（2023新课标n卷）Besides,working in the gardenseems to have a calming effectonJaramillos specialeducation students,many ofwhom haveemotional controlissues.
12.（2023新课标II卷）And incontrast toour increasinglynetworked liveswhere theinformationwe consumeis monitoredand tracked,a printedbook stilloffers thechance ofawholly private,off-line activity.
13.（2023新课标n卷）Naming eachnature experiencecreates ausable language,whichhelps peoplerecognize andtake partin theactivities that are mostsatisfying andmeaningfulto them.
14.（2023新课标II卷）They talkto theflood ofinternational touristsand tovisitingChinese zookeeperswho oftencome tocheck on the pandas,which areon loanfrom China.
15.（2023全国甲卷）Terri,who nowrents ahouse withfriends inWandsworth,South WestLondon,says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit whena tenancy（租期）comes toan end.
16.（2023全国甲卷）The westernhalf of the U.S.,was full of grizzlieswhen Europeanscame,with arough number of50,000or moreliving alongsideNative Americans.
17.（2023全国甲卷）So many of ushave thebelief thatbeing comfortableis theonly statewewill tolerate,and whenwe experiencesomething outsideof ourcomfort zone,we getimpatientabout thecircumstances.
18.（2023全国甲卷）Carson provesthatasimple lyricform thathas beenpassed downthrough the agescan stillbe employedtoday todraw attention to importanttruths.
19.（2023全国乙卷）Still,looking backonthephotos,they aresome ofmy bestshotsthough theycould havebeen somuch betterif Iwould havebeen preparedand managedmytime wisely.
20.（2023全国乙卷）Even thoughBritain hasa reputationfor less-than-impressive cuisine,it isproducing moretop classchefs whoappear frequentlyon ourtelevision screensandwhose recipebooks frequentlytop thebest sellerlists.
21.（2023全国乙卷）If youwant totell thehistory ofthe wholeworld,a historythat doesnotprivilege onepart orhumanity,you cannotdo itthrough textsalone,because onlysome oftheworld hasever hadtexts,while mostoftheworld,for mostofthetime,has not.
22.（2023全国乙卷）The CaribbeanTaino,the AustralianAboriginals,the Africanpeopleof Beninand theIncas,all ofwhom appearin thisbook,can speakto usnow oftheir pastachievementsmost powerfullythroughtheobjects theymade:a historytold throughthingsgives themback avoice.
23.（2024新课标I卷）We wereparticularly interestedinexploringtheaspectsof samplingthattend tobias（使有偏差）data,like thegreater likelihoodofacitizen scientistto takeapicture ofa floweringplant insteadofthegrass rightnext toit.
24.（2024新课标I卷）The benefitsof printreading particularlyshinethroughwhenexperimenters movefrom posingsimple tasks-like identifyingthe mainidea ina readingpassage-to onesthat requiremental abstraction-such asdrawing inferencesfromatext.
25.（2024新课标II卷）Given theastonishing potentialof AIto transformour lives,we allneedtotakeaction todeal withour Al-powered future,and thisis whereAI byDesign:APlan forLiving withArtificial Intelligencecomes in.3到下一个修饰成分终止，如I willvisit Beijing（which isrich inhistory and culture）with myfamily,（with myfamily是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故从句的标记在此处终止）4到下一个谓语动词终止，如Beijing（which isrich inhistory andculture）alwaysattracts visitorswith itsrich historyandculture.
（3）非谓语动词短语【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）三类非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时、一定是从动词不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）或分词（现在分词doing或过去分词done）开头，到以下四种情况终止1至U尾终止，如:Li Huais aboy（exceling inmathematics）.2到句中的逗号终止，如:（To enhancemy languageskills）,I regularlyparticipate inlanguageexchange meetups.3到下一个修饰成分终止，如They doubtedhis ability（to solvecomplex problems）inthe first place.（in thefirstplace是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故非谓语的标记在此处终止）4至U下——个谓语动词终止，如They,（laughing anddancing）,enjoyed theeveningaround thecampfire.
三、如何快速读懂长难句？长难句破解的具体操作“一划二括三会意”一划划出句子主干（主谓宾、主系表）；二括括出修饰成分（介词短语、非谓语动词和从句等）；三会意抓主题，去修饰，按照逻辑理顺句意
四、句子的类型句子可以分为三种类型简单句、并列句、复合句
1.Having suffereda numberof healthproblems,former OlympicPresident Samaianchdiedon April21in Baicelona.（简单句）
2.We tookpity onthe peoplein thedisaster-hit areain Yushuand manystudents raisedmoneyfor them.（并歹ll句）
3.The Internetis anexciting toolthat notonly putsvast informationat yourfingertips butexpandsoptions.（复合句）
五、长难句的类型及突破
（一）类型简单句（含有分隔结构）1:Example:（2021•全国乙卷）These days,safety regulations-not tomention themodemsports fansdesire fora goodview and a comfortableseat-tend tokeep stadiumcapacitiesslightly lower.主干These days,safety regulationstend tokeep stadiumcapacities slightlylower.翻译现在，由于安全规定，体育馆的容量有所减少，更不用说现代体育爱好者希望有良好的视野和舒适的座椅【】在理解含有分隔结构的句子时，先理解插入语以外的内容，再理解插入语，Tipi即“先读两端，再读中间多数插入语都位于双逗号或双破折号之间，和句子其他部分显性地隔离开来
（二）类型简单句（介词短语、非谓语、从句等多种成分修饰）2Example1:（2024・新课标I卷）The.reasons relatetoavariety offactors,（CDincluding reducedconcentration,an entertainmentmindset（心态）andatendency tomultitask）［
②while consumingdigital content.］主干（主+谓+宾）The reasonsrelateto avariety offactors翻译这些原因涉及多种因素，包括注意力下降、娱乐心态以及在消费数字内容时一心多用的倾向Example2:（2024•新课标］［卷）Moreover,having asystem inthe samebuilding（©where itseaten）means zero emissions（排放）（
②from transportingplants fromsoil）to salad.主干（主+谓+宾）having asystem inthe samebuilding meanszeroemissions翻译此外，在食用植物的同一栋建筑里有一个系统，意味着将植物从土壤运输到沙拉的零排放（排放）［］找主干，去枝叶分清句子附属成分和主要成分确定主干成分，分析分词Tip2功能，再分析从句
（三）类型并列句3Example1:（2024新课标II卷）In thewrong hands,such abook couldprove
①ascomplicated toprocess asthe computercode（代码）（
②that powersAI）but,thankfully,（（）Campbell hasmore thantwo decades*professional experience3translating theheady）into theunderstandable.主干such abook couldprove ascomplicated asthe computercode（主+系+表）butCampbell hasmore thantwo decades*professional experience（主+谓+宾）翻译如果处理不当，这本书可能会像人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔拥有二十多年的专业经验，可以将枯燥的内容转化为通俗易懂的内容Example2:（2024年新课标I卷）According tothis theory,people approachdigital textswith a mindsetsuited tosocial media,which areoften notso serious,and devotelessmental effortthan whenthey arereading print.主干people approachdigital textswithamindset（主+1胃+宾）...and devoteless mentaleffort...翻译根据这一理论，人们在阅读数字文本时，会以一种适合社交媒体的心态去阅读，因为社交媒体通常并不那么严肃，人们在阅读时所花费的心力也比阅读印刷品时要少[Tip3]先找并列连词（and,but,yet,or,for,so,while,whether...or;neither...not,notonly...but also...）,确定并列成分；然后将长句分解成多个分句，理清各分句的内部结构和句意，再综合考虑全句，即可明确整句话想表达的意思
（四）类型主从复合句（多个从句；从句套从句）4Example1:（2024年新课标[卷）However,for maximizinglearning（©wheremental）（
②focusandreflection arecalled for,educators shouldntassume allmedia arethe）
③same,[even whenthey containidenticalwords].主干However,for maximizinglearning,educators shouldn*tassume...（主+谓+宾）翻译然而，为了最大限度地提高学习效果，在需要集中精力和思考的情况下，教育者不应认为所有媒体都是一样的，即使它们包含相同的文字Example2:（2023年新课标[卷）The keyfinding ofthe studywas（
①that「
②when（
③crowdswerefurther dividedinto smallergroups thatwere allowedto havea）discussion],the averagesfrom thesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefrom anequal）numberofindependent individuals.主干The keyfinding ofthe studywas....（主+系+表）；翻译这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为更小的群体，并被允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比来自相同数量的独立个体的平均值更准确先主句，后从句首先找出从属连词并确定主句，接着按照简单句的分析方法，[Tip4]梳理各分句的结构和意义，然后确定各从句的性质，也就是明确每个从句在句中分别修饰哪些词语或结构，最后综合考虑全句大意
（五）类型并列句和主从复合句并存5Example:（2024新课标I卷）These observationsnow outnumberthe primarydata（
①thatcomesfrom physicalspecimens（标本）），and「
②sinceweareincreasinglyusing
③（
④）observational data[to investigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange]],Iwanted toknow:Are theyusable句式解构主干These observationsoutnumberthedata（主+谓+宾）and Iwantedtoknow…（主+谓+宾）主干由两个并列的分句构成，通过“and”进行连接修饰成分
①这个定语从句修饰“the primarydata”，说明了主要数据的来源
②since”引导的原因状语从句到“change”结束，提供了观察数据数量增多的原因
③不定式短语表示使用数据的目的
④“how”引导的宾语从句到“change”结束，解释了调查的内容翻译随着科技的发展，人们很容易借助移动应用程序对不同物种进行观察既然我们越来越多地利用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道这些数据是否可用吗？先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句[Tip5]六类型多种句式结构并存插入语、非谓语、从句、并列句、形容词短语等6Example1:2024年新课标I卷”
①With therise oftechnology it is easy for people tomake obseivationsof differentspecies
②with theaid ofa mobileapplication」
③said
④⑤Barnabas Daru,who islead authorofthestudy andassistant professorof biologyinthe StanfordSchool ofHumanities andSciences.句式解构主干“itiseasyforpeopleto make observationsof differentspecies主+系+表”，主句中含有两个介词短语“
①With therise oftechnology和
②with theaid ofa mobileapplication”后面是插入语“
③said Barnabas Daru/\提供了说话人的信息插入语通常前后有逗号，在句子中起到补充说明的作用后面接了一个定语从句，由who引导这个从句提供了BarnabasDaru的身份信息，即他是这项研究的主要作者也是斯坦福大学人文与科学学院的生物学助理教授翻译“随着技术的发展，人们很容易在移动应用的帮助下观察不同物种,BarnabasDaru说，他是这项研究的主要作者，也是斯坦福大学人文与科学学院的生物学助理教授Example2:2024年全国甲卷The governmenthas struggledto comeup withmeasuiesto addresstha problem,Dparticularly inthe poorer,rural areaseast ofthe VolgaRiver,©including arrangingdoctors appointmentsby videochat andexpanding financial
④aid programs[3to motivatedoctors topractice medicine][in remoteparts ofthecountry likeKrasnoyarsk.]句式解构主干The governmenthas struggledto comeup withmeasures toaddress theproblem...主+谓+宾+状修饰成分
①介词短语做定语，修饰the poorer,rural areas,提供了这些问题的具体地区©including引导的并列的介词短语，列举了政府考虑采取的措施
③不定式短语做目的状语，说明了采取上述措施的最终目的
④介词短语做地点状语，说明了实施的地点翻译政府一直在努力想出措施来解决这个问题，特别是在伏尔加河以东的贫困农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，并扩大财政援助计划,以激励医生在克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等国家偏远地区行医【Tip6】灵活运用上面的tip按照“读•划・析・译”的思路，逐个击破
七、长难句分析练习
1.（2022新课标I卷）Its jaw-dropping howmuch perfectlygood foodis thrownaway一from ugly”（but quiteeatable）vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamounts ofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.句子主干It sjaw-dropping句子翻译从虽能食用但因“长相难看”就被杂货店主丢弃的蔬菜到大量未食用就被扔进餐厅垃圾桶的菜肴,这些非常不错的食物就这样被扔掉，简直令人吃惊
2.（2022新课标I卷）Levine andhis researchteam selectedvolunteers agedbetween45and64who didnot exercisemuch butwere otherwisehealthy.主干Levine andhis researchteam selectedvolunteersLevine和他的团队选择年龄45到64岁的志愿者，这些志愿者不经常锻炼，但是身体依然很健康（otherwise,在其他方面；另；亦）
3.（2023新课标I卷）The goalof thisbook isto makethe casefor digitalminimalism,including adetailed explorationof whatit asksand whyit works,and thento teachyouhow toadopt thisphilosophy ifyou decideits rightforyou.句子主干The goalof thisbook istomakethe caseand thento teachyou句子翻译这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后教你如果你认为它适合你，如何采用这种哲学
4.（2023新课标I卷）In partone,I describethe philosophicalfoundations ofdigitalminimalism,starting withan examinationoftheforces thatare makingso manypeoplesdigital livesincreasingly intolerable,before movingontoadetaileddiscussion ofthedigital minimalismphilosophy.句子主干I describethe philosophicalfoundations翻译在第一部分中，我描述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先是对使许多人的数字生活越来越难以忍受的力量的研究，然后是对数字极简主义哲学的详细讨论
5.（2023新课标I卷）Youll hearthese participants9stories andlearn whatstrategiesworked wellfor them,and whattraps theyencountered thatyou shouldavoid.主干Youll hearthese participants,stories andlearn翻译您将听到这些参与者的故事，了解哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到了哪些陷阱，您应该避免
6.（2023新课标I卷）You canview thesepractices asa toolboxmeant toaid youreffortsto builda minimalistlifestyle thatworks foryour particularcircumstances.主干You canviewthesepracticesasatoolbox翻译你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你努力建立一种适合你特定情况的极简主义生活方式
7.（2023新课标I卷）That way,you couldexchange thoughtson whatmakes eachof youspecialandtheaspectsofyour personalitythat shinethrough.主干you couldexchange thoughts翻译这样，你们就可以交换关于是什么让你们每个人都很特别，以及你们个性的闪光点的想法
8.（2023新课标II卷）Besides,working inthe gardenseems tohaveacalming effectonJaramillos specialeducation students,manyofwhom haveemotional controlissues.句子主干working seemstohaveacalmingeffect翻译此外，在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有镇静作用，他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题
9.（2023新课标II卷）And incontrast toour increasinglynetworked liveswhere theinformationwe consumeis monitoredand tracked,a printedbook stilloffers thechance ofawholly private,off-line“activity.主干a printedbook stilloffers thechance翻译与我们日益网络化的生活形成鲜明对比的是，在网络化生活中我们消费的信息受到监控和跟踪，印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会
10.（2023新课标H卷）Naming eachnature experiencecreates ausable language,whichhelps peoplerecognize andtake partintheactivities thatare mostsatisfying andmeaningfulto them.句子主干Naming eachnature experiencecreates ausable language翻译给每一种自然体验命名可以创造一种可用的语言，帮助人们识别并参与对他们最满意和最有意义的活动
11.（2023新课标II卷）They talkto theflood ofinternational touristsand tovisitingChinese zookeeperswho oftencome tocheck onthe pandas,which areon loanfrom China.主干They talktotheflood ofinternational touristsand tovisiting Chinesezookeepers.翻译他们与蜂拥而至的国际游客和来访的中国动物园管理员交谈，他们经常来检查从中国借来的大熊猫
12.（2023全国甲卷）Terri,who nowrents ahouse withfriends inWandsworth,SouthWest London,says DIYalso savesher fromlosing anydeposit whena tenancy（租期）comes toanend.句子主干Terri saysDIYalsosavesherfromlosinganydeposit翻译特里现在和朋友在伦敦西南部的旺兹沃斯租了一套房子，她说DIY还能让她在租约到期时避免损失任何押金
13.（2023全国甲卷）The westernhalf ofthe U.S.,was fullof grizzlieswhen Europeanscame,witharough numberof50,000or moreliving alongsideNative Americans.主干The westernhalf wasfullofgrizzlies.翻译欧洲人来的时候，美国西半部到处都是灰熊，大约有5万只或更多的灰熊与美洲原住民生活在一起
14.（2023全国甲卷）So manyof ushave thebelief thatbeing comfortableis theonly statewewill tolerate,and whenwe experiencesomething outsideof ourcomfort zone,we getimpatientabout thecircumstances.主干So manyof ushave thebelief翻译我们很多人都相信舒适是我们唯一能容忍的状态，当我们经历舒适区之外的事情时，我们会对环境变得不耐烦
15.（2023全国甲卷）Carson provesthatasimple lyricform thathas beenpassed downthroughthe agescan stillbe employedtoday todraw attentionto importanttruths.。
个人认证
优秀文档
获得点赞 0
