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考向名词和代词的幸福枷锁之“定语从句”14定语从句在高中的从句类型中是最重要的,同时也是从高一年级就开始学习的从句类型,在阅读和完型中出现频率高,同时在短文改错和语法填空中也是必考的知识点,在作文中,定语从句也是加分项这个小节我们对定语从句展开具体讲解,重点掌握定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词的区别和使用、定语从句中只能用that和只能用的情况、限制性或非限制性定语从句的区分which知识点定语从句概念1:、功能相当于形容词,修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语
1、位置定语从句置于被修饰词之后2Those whoare willingto attendthe party,sign hereplease.、先行词被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词3先行词一般是名词和不定代词,如:和与的合成词;或、、1some-,any-,every-no-boy,-thing allnone anysome、等代词数词也可以作先行词,人称代词也同样可作先行词that those先行词与关系词是等量关系注意2【考查点】
①先行词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定如This is the place which isworth visiting.代指前面的先行词是单数,所以后的动词也选用保持统一which place,placewhichbe is,【易错点】
②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分,其意思就是先行词的意义,所以在从句中不能重复其意如Thereare manyplaces thatwe canvisit themin China.是关系代词,指的就是前面的先行词作的宾语that places,visit限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
4.限制性定语从句从句与主句关系密切,去掉从句,主句意义不完整,甚至不合逻辑如去掉定语从句,意思就不完整I wasthe onlyperson inour officewho wasinvited.、非限制性定语从句从句对先行词关系不密切,去掉定从句,意思仍然完整形式上用逗号隔开,不能2that用引导如:Toms father,who isover sixty,still workshard dayand night.引导非限制性定语从句,整个句子可分成两句来翻译whoHe hastwo sonswho workin the same company.
1.A newstudy showsthat studentsworking more than20hours aweek havelower gradesthanthose thatwork lessor notat all.
2.Pm surprisedat howthese tinyneedles cancure somany illnesses,many of that evenbig hospitalswith expensivemedicaldevices strugglewith.
3.My father,that is an excellentviolinist,is leavingfor Canadafor performances.
4.Because weare livingin anage andscience technologyare developingrapidly,it isvital fbrus studentsto learnas muchscienceas possible.
5.In thesquare thatmany seniorcitizens weredancing,found severalelders absorbedin feedingbirds.
1.1think friendsare thosewhom canhelp youwhen youare introuble.
7.However,since weare allEnglish beginners,its reallyhard tounderstand the words whatare difficult.
8.Which isknown to all,the moontravels around the earthonce everymonth..
9.For onereason,over thepast30years,China hasdeveloped intoa powerfulcountry,that quantitiesof jobopportunitiesare offeredto theyoung/hoe(磨利)
10.One afternoonon hisway homeafter school,he walkedalong astream,that he saw anold womangrinding(棒).a verythick ironrod语法填空
1.Smell isjust one of thelittle bitsand piecesthat makelife enjoyable,but weoften ignore.
2.About halfof uscan tastebitter andsweet,so weare notespecially sensitiveto bitterfood.Another25%are callednnon-tasters\to bitterfood mightactually bea bitsweeter.
3.For thosewant tolearn aboutmovie historyor enjoybeautiful views,Monument Valleyis agood choice.
4.Choose plantsin avegetable gardenfbr childrenthey cansee resultsquickly.
5.More than20people havetraveled to the moon,12of havewalked on the moon.
6.A greatway to get involvedin thecelebration isto join a Mandarinclass orattend one of the many Confucius Institutesare setby Chinain countriesaroundtheworld.
7.Chopsticks,are roughlyof uniformsize throughoutChina,can bemade ofa varietyof materialsjncludingbamboo,wood,plastic,silver andgold.
8.For thosewant tolearn aboutmovie historyor enjoybeautiful views,Monument Valleyis agood choice.
9.If youare motivatedby overcomingchallenges,look fbra careeryou cancontinually fighttogettoahigher level.
10.According tothe brochure,an enjoymentof walkingis oftenthe thingthat bringstogether agroup oflike-mindedpeople,we sharethe pleasureof goodcompanionship in attractive surroundings.短文改错答案句意为一项新的研究表明,一周学习多个小时的学生比学习时长较少或者不学习的学生的分数
1.that-who20低分析句子成分可知,此处引导定语从句,先行词是等不定代词时,只能用those;anyone,everyone,someone引导定语从句who句意为这些小针能够治愈如此多的疾病,其中许多疾病是甚至有着昂贵医学设备的大医院也很难
2.that-which治愈的,对此我感到很吃惊此处是介词计关系代词”引导的定语从句,先行词山指物,此处“many+nesses应用作的宾语故将改为which ofthat which句意为我父亲是一位优秀的小提琴家,他要去加拿大演出此处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先
3.that-who行词指人,旦此处在从句中作主语「应用关系代词不能引导非限制性定语从句故将改My father,who;that that为whoo此处引导限制性定语从句,先行词为表示“时代”,关系词在定语从句中作时间状语,应用
4.that-when age,引导该从句故将改为when thatwhen此处引导定语从句,先行词是关系词指代先行词,在定语从句中作地点状语,应用
5.that-where square,where引导该从句一此处引导定语从句,修饰先行词关系词在从句中作主语,只能作宾语,故将改
6.whom whothose,whom whom为who句意为但是,由于我们都是英语初学者,所以真的很难理解那些难的单词分析句子结构
7.what-that/which可知,此处是定语从句,先行词是指物,关系词在从句中作主语,应用引导该从句故将thewords,that/which what改为that/which句意为:众所周知,月球每个月绕地球一周非限制性定语从句位于句首,
8.Which-As关系词表示“正如”,此时从句应用关系代词引导的非限制性从句只能位干主句之后as whichas isknown t意为“众所周知二all句意为由于某个原因,在过去的年里,中国已经发展成为一个强大的国家,为年轻人提供了
9.that-where30大量的工作机会分析句子结构可知,此处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为关系词在从句a powerfulcountry,中作地点状语,应用引导该从句故将改为where that where句意为一天下午在他放学回家的路上,他沿着一条小溪走,在那里他看到一个老妇人在磨一根
10.that-where非常粗的铁棒分析句子结构可知,此处是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是关系词在从句astream,中作地点状语故将改为thatwhere语法填空答案句意为嗅觉只是让生活充满乐趣的小的零零碎碎的东西之一,但我们却经常忽视它分析句子结构
1.which可知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词关系词在从句中作宾语,指物故填句Smell,whicho
2.whom意为我们半数的人能够品尝出苦味和甜味,因此我们对苦味食物不会特别敏感另外的人被称为“味盲”,25%对于他们来说,苦味食物可能竟然会有点甜分析句子结构可知,此处为“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是“non-tasters”,指人,关系词在从句中作介词的宾语,故填whom句意为对于那些想了解电影历史或欣赏美景的人来说,纪念碑谷是个不错的选择设空处引导定语从
3.who句并在从句中作主语,先行词为指人,关系代词通常用those,whoo句意为给孩子们在菜园里选择一些他们能很快看到效果的植物分析句子结构可知,设空处引导限
4.where制性定语从句,先行词为抽象地点,关系词在从句中作地点状语故填plants where句意为多人去过月球,其中人在月球表面行走过分析句子结构可知,设空处引导非限制性定
5.whom2012语从句,先行词为指人,关系词作介词的宾语,故填people,of whom句意为参加庆祝活动的一个好方法是参加普通话课程或在由中国在世界各国设立的众多孔子学
6.that/which院中找一个参加分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词指物,关系词在ConfuciusInstitutes,从句中作主语故填that/which句意为筷子在中国各地的尺寸大致相同,它们可以用各种各样的材料制成,包括竹子、木头、塑料、
7.which银和金此处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词指物,且关系词在定语从句中作主语,故填Chopsticks,whicho句意为对于那些想了解电影历史或欣赏美景的人来说,纪念碑谷是个不错的选择设空处引导定语从
8.who句并在从句中作主语,先行词为指人,关系代词通常用those,who句意为如果你是通过克服挑战来激励自己的,那就找一个你可以不断奋斗以达到更高水平的职业分
9.where析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,先行词为为抽象地点名词,关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,acareer,应用关系副词引导该从句,故填where where句意为根据手册的介绍,散步的乐趣之一往往是把志同道
10.who合的人聚在一起,他们在宜人的环境中享受相互陪伴的快乐分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,先行词指人,关系词在定语从句中作主语用关系代词people whoo他有两个儿子在同一家公司上班Perhaps hehas morethan two sons.He hastwosons,who workin thesame company.他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班He hasonly twosons.指人或物,在非限制性定语从句中可指前面的整个句子,一般作主语、宾语和表语as众所周知,中国是个发展中国家As isknown to us all,China is a developingcountry.知识点关系代词和关系副词的区别及具体用法2关系词引导定语从句的都称关系词关系代词既起到连接主从句的作用,又在从句冲充当主、宾、表、定语成分,包括who,whom,which,that,whoseo关系副词主要起到连接主从句作用,在从句中充当状语,换句话说,也就是定语从句中已经不缺少主、宾或者定语,包括when,where,why主语宾语定语人who/that who/that/whom whose物which/that which/that whose指人,在定语从句中作主语
1.who如The personwho brokethe windowmust payfbr it.代指前面的先行词在从句中充当主语person,The boywho iswearing theblack jacketis veryclever.指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略,若前面有介词,则不可省略,也不能用如
2.whom that Do youknow theyoungman whomwe metat thegate MrLee whom you wantto seehas come.The manto whomour teacheris speakingis fromCanada.指人,也可指物拟人化的物,意思是“谁的”,在定语从句中作定语
3.whose如The girlwhose mother is illis stayingat hometoday.整个句子译作那个她的妈妈生病的女孩今天待在家从句从基本句型角度考虑,是主语,是系动词,川是表语,已经完整,但缺少“谁的motherisill motheris母亲”这样的限定,所以需要whoseI know the boywhose fatheris aprofessor.I livein ahouse whosewindows facethe south.指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语
4.which如A dictionaryisabook whichgives themeaning ofwords.Here isthe bookwhich theteacher mentionedyesterday.多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,做宾语时可以省略
5.that如I veread thenewspaper thatwhichcarries theimportant news.Who isthe boythat/whom I saw this morning=Who isthe boyIsawthismorning充当从句中的宾语that saw指时间,在定语从句中作状语
6.when如r11never forgetthe timewhen weworked onthe farm.He arrivedin Beijingonthe day whenI left.指地点,在定语从句中作状语
7.where如This isthe housewhere welived last year.The factorywhere hisfather worksis in the eastof the city.指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
8.why如Idon tknow thereason whyhe lookssad today.【考查点】确定关系词的步骤确定从句类型是定语从句1先找关系词,看先行词指的是什么2看关系词在从句中所充当的成分3注意关系代词和关系副词的区别关系代词与关系副词的区别主要是在定语从句中的不同作用,关系代词在从句中做主、宾、表和定语,而关系副词在从句中作状语关系副词有时可相当于“介词+关系代词”1Do youstill rememberthe hotelthat/whichwe stayedin lastyear后面缺少宾语,指代先行词指物,所以用或者Stay inhotel,that which2Do youstill rememberthe hotelwhere we stayed lastyear在这个句子中,是不及物动词,所以后面不需要宾语,从句主谓结构,是完整的,所以只需要关系复习stay where就可以3Do youstill rememberthe hotelwhere=in which westayedlastyear可以这样理解后面缺少宾语,指代先行词指物,所以用或者Stay inhotel,that which,但所缺成分前是一个介词,需要把借此提前到整个定语从句前,就出现了where=inwhich“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的准确具体解释“介词+关系代词”中介词后的关系代词只能是或L whichwhomDo youknow the man with whom Mr.Black talkedjust now你认识和布莱克先生刚才谈话的那个人吗?.“介词+关系代词”中介词的确定2与定语从句中的动词构成搭配,但需注意,有些固定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前1我们找不到过去曾经住过的房子We cantfind thehouse in whichweused tolive.这就是你找的那个人不能提前This isthe personwhomyouare lookingfor.for与定语从句所修饰的先行词构成搭配2He builta telescope,through whichhe couldstudy theskies.他架起一架望远镜,通过它可以研究天空当“复合介词短语+引导定语从句时,这种定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开,从句用倒装语序3which”.他住在一所大房子里,房前有棵大树He lives inabig house,in frontof whichstood abig tree表示所属关系4“of+which/whom”.他住在一所窗子朝南的屋子里He livesinaroom of which thewindows facesouth知识点与的区别
32.that which⑴只用不用的情况that which
①先行词是等不定代词时all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,noneAll thatcan bedone hasbeen done.能做的都已经做了
②先行词被等修饰时only,any,few,no,very,littleThis isthe busthat Iam waitingfor.这就是我在等的公交车
③先行词是形容词最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时This isthe lasttrain thatwill goto Hangzhou.这是去杭州的最后一趟火车
④先行词为人、物并用时Do youknowthe things andpersons thatthey aretalking about你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗?
⑤当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句中作表语时上海已不再是过去的那座城市了Shanghai isno longerthecitythat itused to be.只用不用的情况2which that
①引导非限制性定语从句时His jokesdidn*t evenraise asmile,which wasembarrassing.听了他讲的笑话都没人笑一下,真是太尴尬了
②关系代词前有介词时Plants getthe nutritionfrom thesoil in which theygrow.植物从它们赖以生存的土壤中吸收养分与的区别
3.as which⑴as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,有时还可插入主句中which引导的非限制性定语从句通常放在主句之后Success,as isknown,isthepursuit ofmany ambitiouspeople.成功,正如人们所知,是许多有雄心的人的追求汤姆取得了很大进步,这使我们很高兴Tom hasmade greatprogress,which madeus veryhappy.意为“正如”,后面的谓语动词多是等;意为“这点”2as see,know,expect,say,mention,report which正如我们所料,约翰被这所大学录取了John wasadmitted intothe college,as wehad expected.The sungives uslight andheat,which isvery importanttous.太阳给我们提供光和热,这一点对我们非常重要当先行词前有等修饰时,常用3such,thesameasSuch adviceas hewas givenhas provedalmost worthless.他得到的那点建议结果证明几乎毫无价值知识点定语从句的其他要点4关系代词的特殊用法
1.which有时为了使表达的意思更清楚,可用名词”引导定语从句“which+她可能没有赶上火车,那样再过一个She mayhave missedthe train,in whichcase shewon*t arrivefbr anotherhour.小时她也到不了当先行词是等表示抽象意义的名词时,并在定语从句中做状语时
2.case,condition,situation,position,point,stage用关系副词引导定语从句whereThey havereached thepoint wherethey haveto separatefrom eachother.他们已经到了必须分手的地步.“介词引导的定语从句3+where”有时我们可以见到“介词+引导的定语从句,此时要与“介词+引导的定语从句加以比较where”which”He hid他躲在门后面,从那里他看himself behindthe door,from wherehesawthemantake aphoto ofsomething onthe desk.见那个人拍摄了桌子上的什么东西指而不是当先行词意为from wherefrom behindthe doorfrom thedoor
4.way“方式,方法”且在定语从句中作状语时,引导定语从句的关系词有或不用任何关系词这三种形式in which,thatI dontlike theway that/in whichhe speaks.我不喜欢他说话的方式和引导的定语从句
5.whose of which/whom和可以相互代替,但顺序不同,名词=名词+whose ofwhich/whom whose+the+ofwhich/whomThis isthe scientistwhose namethename ofwhom isknown allover theworld.这就是那位世界闻名的科学家分隔式定语从句
6.定语从句有时不直接跟在先行词之后,而是中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开.我不能理解她眼中表达的东西There isan expressionin hereyes thatI cantunderstand定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致,试比较
7.他是通过驾照考试的学生之一He isoneof the studentswho havepassed thedriving test.He isthe onlyoneofthe studentswho haspassed thedriving test.他是唯一一位通过驾照考试的学生课堂例题A.that B.which C.where D.on which【例题】1I wenttotheschool my father once worked.【答案】考查定语从句相关意思引导词此句先行词定语从句二者构成的C theschool,myfatheronce worked,完整句为可以用固定关系引导词中的地点关系引导词表示,My fatheronceworkedin theschool,intheschool where也可以用随意性关系引导词表示因此,答案为in which C[例题2]He hasforgotten theday he arrived.A.when B.where C.that D.which【答案本题考查定语从句的关系词此题中,从句是它已经是一个完整的句子,因此,这里要填I Ahearrived,一个在从句中充当状语的成分,选项和选项都不能做在从句中作状语,因此排除掉,指的是时间,因C Dtheday此,要填上表示时间的关系副词when[例题3]We shoulddo allis useful to people.A./B.that C.it D.which【答案考查限定性定语从句中先行词为不定代词的相同意思引导词此句中先行词为不定代词,从句为1B all从句缺主语,二者构成的完整句为为了便于理解,is useful to people,All isuseful topeople.All=A11thethings/所以从句的完整句还可以写成或因everything.Everything isusefultopeople;All thethings areusefultopeople.止匕,答案为B[例题4]The weatherturned outto bevery good,was morethan we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it【答案】考查定语从句整句先行词在从句中作主语非限定性定语从句在意思理解基础上的完整句为B Thisnaturalphenomenon wasmorethanwecouldexpect.This naturalphenomenon=The weatherturned outtobevery good.因此,答案为B【彳列题】5A goodadvertisement oftenuses wordspeople attachpositive meanings.A.in which B.to whichC.which D.that【答案】B attach.・.to是固定用法,句中介词提前,which作attach to的宾语句意一则好的广告常常使用人们附以积极意义的词语[彳列题6]The Voiceof Chinais sucha popularprogram withviewers hasproduced manya music-lover.A.who B.that C.where D.as【答案】句意中国好声音是一个受观众欢迎的节目,这个节目产生了很多音乐爱好者分析结构可知D has是定语从句,修饰先行词定语从句中缺少主语,应该选关系代词,而当先produced manya music-lover.program,行词前有、等修饰时,定语从句要用引导故选项正确,选such thesame soas DD[彳列题7]As weall know,Lost inThailand isa verysuccessful movie,the costof isonly30million yuan.A.whichB.that C.whose D.whom【答案】句意众所周知,《泰冏》是一部非常成功的电影,这部电影仅仅花费了千万引导定语A3which从句,本句中先行词指物,并且放在介词之后,不能用引导,故选movie,ofthatA[例题8]Experts believethat languagelearning isa processskills aremore importantthan grammarrules.A.whose B.when C.ofwhichD.inwhich【答案】先行词是定语从句中缺少地点状语,用或引导定语从句,句意D aprocess,where inwhich专家相信语言学习是个过程,其中技能要比语法更重要选D溯源高考原题【例题11(2022年高考甲卷)Onthe1,
100.Kilometer journey,themanCao Shengkang,62lost hiseyesight atthe ageofeight ina caraccident,crossed40cities andcounties inthree province.考查定语从句句意在这公里的旅程中,这位在岁时因车祸而失明的男子曹胜康穿越了三个省
62.who11008的个城市和县城分析句子结合句意可知,此处是非限定性定语从句,先行词为指人,在从40CaoShengkang,句中作主语,应用关系代词引导故填who who[例题(年高考乙卷)2]2022They oftenrun athigh speeds,what mayput ourlivesindanger.which考查定语从句关系词句意它们经常高速行驶,这可能会危及我们的生命分析句子结构可知,what—which逗号后是非限制性定语从句,先行词为前面的一句话,在从句中做主语,应用引导故将改为which whatwhicho【例题】(年高考卷)32022I The GPNP isintended toprovide strongerprotection forall thespecies65live withintheGiant PandaRange andsignificantly improvethe healthoftheecosystem inthe area.
65.that观察句子可知,空格前为完整的句子,且空格后动词live的发出者不是空格前句子的主语TheGPNP而是名词故判断为定语从句此处缺少定语从句关系代词,在句中作主语,先行词由修饰时,关系词一species,all般用thato【例题(年高考天津卷月)4]
202138.William Hastieonce suggestedthat historyinforms usof past mistakes wecanlearn withoutrepeating them.A.from whichB.inwhichC.withwhomD.for whom考查定语从句句意为威廉・黑斯蒂曾经说过,历史会告诉我们过去的错误,我们可以从中学习,避免重犯分析句子结构可知,为介词的宾语,后面的部分起修饰作用,为定语从句,用“介词pastmistakesof+which/whom”引导;根据固定搭配leam from(从中学习)可知,介词应用from;先行词指物时,关系代词用which;先行词指人时,关系代词用whom此处先行词为pastmistakes,指物,关系代词应用which故选A0项【例题(年高考天津卷月)5]
2021315.At theChinese artfestival,there aredifferent standsdemonstrate theirskillsand teachthe visitors.B.whichC.thatD.when考查定语从句句意为在中国艺术节上有不同的展台,在那里艺术家们展示他们的技巧并教给参观者分析句子成分可知,后面的句子起修饰作用,为限制性定语从句,先行词为关系词在从句中作地点状stands stands,语,应用关系副词引导该从句故选项where A【例题(年浙江卷)6]2021BMI isan internationallyrecognized measurementtool57gives anindicationof whethersomeoneisahealthy weight.考查定语从句句意为体重指数是一种国际公认的测量工具,它可以显示一个人的体重是否健
57.that/which康分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,先行词是指物,且关系词在从句中作主语,故填tool,that/whicho课后作业短文改错。
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