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年高考英语大二轮复习讲与练通用版202201名词、冠词、数词、代词及介词在语法填空中的体现【高频考点回顾】高频考点一名词【真题再现】语法填空•全国卷
1.2017II In1863the firstunderground passengerrailway in the worldopened inLondon.It ranfor justunderseven kilometersand allowedpeople to avoid terriblecrowd on the roadsabove as they travelledto andfrom work.隧道，
2.2017-^:13^II Later,engineers managedto constructrailways in a systemof deeptunnels whichbecameknown asthe Tube.This developmentwas onlypossible withthe introduceof electric-powered enginesand lifts.•全国卷医学界
3.2017IThis trend,which wasstarted by the medicalcommunity as a methodof fighting heartdisease,has hadsome unintendedside effectsuch asoverweight andheart disease-the verything themedical communitywastrying tofight.•全国卷Vm
4.2018III Myname isMireya Mayor.a sciencewho studiesanimals such as apesand monkeys.答案
1.crowds
2.introduction
3.effects
4.scientist【关键技法点拨】语法填空解题策略L根据语境标志词判断名词⑺看到冠词或形容词或形容词性物主代词时，要想到名词；⑵遇到介词或及物动词时要想到名词；当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到名词3根据规则确定名词单复数
2.如果空格处被〃several,和数词等修饰时，要考虑用名词的复数形式；1zese,⑵如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或“%要考虑用名词的复数形式；⑶在平时学习中要熟记名词单数变复数的规则，方能解决好此类问题任一都都不两者both eitherneither三者或三者以上all anynone、的用法4something anythingnothing句式语意肯定句某事，某物something疑问句请求，征求意见条件句、否定句、疑问句任何东西（事物）anything任何东西（事物）肯定句nothing陈述句没有一点东西［提示］固定搭配（根本不）、（只不过；仅仅）、（差不多）、anything butnothing butall butnone but（仅仅；只有）意为“每件事物；所有事物”，强调整体，与连用时表示部分否定，意为“并everything not不是所有事物都……的用法
5.none no one/nobody nothing指代回答特/泛指人或物特指none howmany/much指人泛指no one/nobody whonothing指物what泛指［提示］（无任何人）、（无任何事）、（无任何上文提到的人或物）noonenothing none
三、冠词的基本用法不定冠词的基本用法L⑴用在第一次提到的可数名词单数前，表泛指•At thattime,I wasworking in a factory.The factoryproduces carparts.那时，我在一家工厂工作那家工厂生产各种汽车部件（）泛指一类人或事物或指同类中的“一个”2•Experts think that therecently discoveredpainting maybe aPicasso.专家们认为最近发现的那幅画可能是毕加索的作品⑶表示“每相当于用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中per,•Prices startat£
13.95a yardfor printedcotton.印花棉布以每码英镑的价格起售
13.95（）表示数量“一”（强调时用）或“任何一个，4one•Suddenly theyheard aloud noise.他们突然听到一声巨响（）表示“某一个，相当于5a certain•There is a Mr.Smith on the phone.有位史密斯先生打电话来表示“同一；相同”,相当于6the same•They happento beof anage andwear clothesof acolour.他们碰巧同龄而且穿着相同颜色的衣服不定冠词与物质名词或抽象名词连用7抽象名词和物质名词在表示概念时，其前常用零冠词；但在表示具体的人或事物时变成了可数名词，需要与不定冠词连用，表示“一个、一种、一场、一阵”等具有此用法的名词有物质名词、、、等；rain^snow fogwind drinkcoffee beerfire paper抽象名词、、、等success failuresurprise pleasurebeauty wondercomfort dangershock•The operationis asuccess and the patientis nowout ofdanger.手术很成功，病人目前脱离了危险•After preparingall theequipment for an outdoorphotography,suddenly aheavy raincame.为户外摄影做好一切准备后，突然下起了大雨定冠词的用法
2.the特指前面已提及的人或物，或双方都知道的人或物1•Take yourtime-its justa shortdistance fromhere to the restaurant.不着急——从这里到那家餐馆只有很短的一段距离用于单数可数名词或形容词及分词前，表“一类人或物”2•The explosionsaw peoplerush tohelp theinjured.爆炸发生后，人们赶到现场帮助受伤的人用于表示朝代、年代的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数表示某个年代前3•Its said that cornwas growna lotin Tibetin the17th century.据说在十七世纪的时候西藏大量种植玉米用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇俩4•The Smithslived in the apartmentabove ours.史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里5用于序数词或形容词最高级前使用定冠词表示“最.…・・的”［提示］当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一；再一知寸，用不定冠词，如意为“再一次；又一a secondtime,次用于“动词+介词+表示身体某一部位的名词”结构中，该结构中的不能用物主代词代替6sb.+the+the如“抓某人的胳膊”take sb.by thearm用于+表示计量单位的单数名词”结构中，表示“按……计算如7“by+the by the等但、这类名词跟连用时，不加冠词，如hour/day/week/month/kilo/ton/dozen sizeweight timeby byheight/weighto零冠词的基本用法写作中一定要注意不能出错•.专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词，如、1China AmericaSmitho表示季节、月份、星期和节日的名词前和学科、语言、三餐、球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠司21•I likephysics thoughits abit difficult.尽管物理有点难，但我很喜欢［提示］表示语言的名词之后有时则要加定冠词，如1language theEnglish languageo如果表示季节的名词指具体某年的某个季节，需加定冠词，如2in thespring of the year2018在中国的传统节日前用定冠词如3the,the SpringFestivalo称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词做宾语补足语及同位语时，不加冠词常用的名词有、4king等presidents chairmanmonitor head系动词后的单数名词做表语时，单数名词前不加冠词5turn•After years of hard work,Tom turnedengineer whileMary goodmanager.多年的努力后汤姆成了工程师，而玛丽成了好经理引导的部分倒装句，结构为“零冠词+单数名词+主语+谓语+主句”，意为“虽然/6as/though as/though+尽管……但是……•Hero as/though heis,he hassome shortcomings.尽管他是个英雄，但他有些缺点
四、冠词的固定搭配不定冠词用于固定搭配中
1.不知所措；困惑at aloss与谈话have a word with突然all of a sudden匆忙地in ahurry通常as arule参观；拜访be on a visit事实上as amatter of fact因此asaresult节食be ona diet在某方面有天赋have agift for感冒have/catch acold谋生make aliving休息have/take arest从某种意义上说inaway让某人搭便车give sb.a lift定冠词用于固定短语中
2.此刻；目前at themoment同时at the same time一点也不not in the least相反on thecontrary最后；最终in theend总的来说on thewhole说实话to tellthe truth在远处in thedistance另一方面onthe other hand中肯；切题to thepoint充分利用；最大限度地从某物获益make the most of顺便说一下bythe way去看电影/戏剧go to the cinema/theater在中间in the middle of
五、常考介词表时间和方位的介词
1.
①at表示时间点；
②in表示时间段，与表示较长段时间的词搭配；
③表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天nat,in,on或某些节日；也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上表示时间的两者后均可接时间段，表示“在……之后”，但时间段”常与“in+介词in,after将来时连用，时间段”常与过去时连用“after+
①“for+时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了多久；
②“since+时间for,since,from点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间；
③时间点”只“from+表示行为或状态的起始点before与by都可表刁:在.......之刖“，但by表示“不迟于某时“，before,by包括某时在内
①on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath；
②above指离开物体表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反义词是below；
③overon,above,over指禺开物体表面而在其正上方，其反义词是（注意under over还可以表示在……期间；一边一边）
①across指从T面上“横穿”或“在……对面”;
②through指从人表示方位的群或物体内部“穿过，贯穿“；
③past表示动态的动作发生在某介词人/某物的旁边；
④over表示从上方越过；
⑤along表小“沿着”；across,through,
⑥by与beside均表示“在.•…・旁边”，by含有“倚，凭靠”的past,over,along,意思，指两者位置关系by,beside beside后接较小的地方或门牌号码；后接较大的地方；一般指与at in onat,in,on面或线接触表示在某一范围之内；表示与某一地区“毗邻，接壤”；表inon toin,on,to,off示在某范围之外；表示“（时空上）离，距，off⑴在以下短语中，用于表示时间段的名词前at在（吃）晚饭时at dinnertime在周末at weekends/the weekend
（2）当时间名词前有this、that、last nextevery eachsome等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词this morning今天上午去年last year（）名词或动名词”结构可以表示“一……就……3“on+我一到家就发现他们已经离开了•On myarrival/arriving home,I discoveredthey hadgone.其他介词
2.介词用法反对，违背,与・・・・・.相反；触；碰撞;紧靠，倚靠；与・・・・・・竞争,对阵；以・・・・against・・为背景
①用在表示某地点、场合、方位等的名词前；
②用在表示时刻、钟点、期间岁、at时节等的名词前；
③以，按（价格、速度、数量等）；
④朝、向、对着某人/某物的方向（指程度）深于;（指范围）超出;（指可能性、理解力、能力等）非・・・・・・可及；beyond（时间）晚于（时间）不迟于，在……之前；常用于结构单数名词”表示“按……计“by+the+by算”；（表示程度、数量）相差；经过，经由；通过（某种方法、手段）
①（表示目的或功能）为了；
②（表示对象或用途）给，对；
③（表示原因）因for为，由于；
④（表示时间、距离、数量）达，计；
⑤支持，赞成；
⑥至于，关于，就……而言；
⑦（表示去向）往，向；
⑧（表示陈述或问题的对象）对于
①（表示地点、场所、位置等）在……里面；在……内；
②（表示时间）在……in期间；在（一段时间）以内；在…・・・之后；
③（表示某人或某物的状态、情况）处于……中；
④关于；在……方面
①（表示接触或由某一表面支撑着）在……上；
②（表示时间）在……时候；
③on关于，有关；
④借助于，通过……，以……方式和……一起，和，同，跟；（伴）随着；具有，带有；由于，因为；（表示方式）with用
六、介词短语名词
1.at+不知所措在吃晚餐at aloss atdinner处于和平状态在黎明at peaceat dawn在战争中在工作at warat work其他高频介词短语
2.争分夺秒against time一看到at thesight of在岁时at theage of（）面对；面临in theface of（）另外；除了in additionto万一in caseof负责；主管in chargeof赞成；支持in favourof需要in needof立亥in notime J匆忙inahurry为做准备in preparationfor作为回报in returnfor有帮助的/有用的ofhelp/use重要的of importance代表on behalfof名词
3.by+偶然地偶然地by accidentby chance用暴力手工地by forceby hand错误地按月算by mistakebythemonth名词
4.beyond+无与伦比beyond comparison失控beyond control难以描述beyond description毋庸置疑beyond doubt难以表达beyond expression够不到beyond onesreach名词
5.in+在床上处于危险中in bedin danger负债处于困难中in debtin difficulty情绪高昂处于困难中in highspirits inneed整齐；井然有序吃惊地in orderin surprise在困难中使用中in troublein use名词
6.on+在旅行出差onatrip onbusiness在展出在值班on display/show onduty在度假在出售on holiday/vacation onsale在罢工在途中on strikeonthe way名词
7.outof+失去平衡失去控制out ofbalance out of control脱离危险过期out ofdanger out of date出故障失业outoforder outof work名词
8.under+在考虑中under consideration在建造中under construction在控制之下under control在讨论中under discussion在压力下under pressure在修理中under repair在治疗中under treatment
七、动词短语.常考动词的固定结构和搭配1⑴★★★用于“动词+5卜/5由・+0£+$也.”结构的常见动词有控告欺骗治愈通知accuse cheatcure inform使想起抢劫警告使摆脱remind robwarn rid怀疑说服使信服suspect persuadeconvince•You needto convincethem of your enthusiasmfor thejob.你要使他们相信你对这份工作的热情⑵★★★用于“动词+$1\/5由.+版+
5111.结构的常见动词有责备批评原谅原谅blame criticizeforgive excuse原谅惩罚责备感谢pardon punishscold thank赞扬尊重钦佩；赞赏praise respectadmire•The schoolis widelyadmired forits excellentteaching.这所学校教学优秀，广受赞誉次★★用于“动词+结构的常见动词有:3sb./sth.+from+doing sth.”阻止阻止叩阻止prevent stopke保护保护；保存保卫protect preservedefend禁止阻止；禁止保护ban prohibitshelter•You needwarm clothesto protectyourself from the cold.你需要穿暖些，以免着凉常考的动词短语
2.提醒某人某事remind sb.of sth.由造成，因而产生result from访问某地call at增加add to要求；需要call for关心care about以结束end upwith注视fix one*s eyeson屈服；上交give in免除；摆脱get ridof轻视；看不起look downon/upon利用make useof用完run outof因而自豪take pridein不辜负live upto提出come upwith呈现take on提出put forward忍受put upwith取笑make funof适应adapt to涉及；查阅；指的是refer to偶然遇见come across捡起；用车接某人；接收；偶然习得pick up【高频考点强化】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容个单词或括号内单词的正确形式11典型的The British have manytraditions but there isnothing morequintessential thantaking afternoon tea.Weknow theBritishhavea loveaffair withdrinking tea,L more than160million cupsdrunk everyday,but it was theinventionof afternoontea thatturned tea-drinking into2_popular pastime.小口吃This sociablefeast involvesdrinking goodquality tea3^comfort whilenibbling onnice sandwiches,scones withjam andcream and a selectionof smallcakes.And,of course,it canonly happenin theafternoon!Afternoon4±tea,design asa lightsnack tobridge thegap betweenlunch anddinner,dates backto the1840s.It wentontobecome5^_a fashionsocial occasionfor theupper classes.复苏Now thereis aresurgence inits£popular inthe UKand it is availableto anyonewho canafford it.
7.it canbeenjoyed at home,the bestway toexperience it is ata smarthotel ofcafe.But ifyoure thinkingof visitingsuchaplace8^enjoy aplate ofsweet andtasty treatswith asteaming hotbrew,remember therules youmust followtoavoid”ask toleave.Writer HenryJames oncenoted that“there arefew hoursin lifemore agreeablethan thehour devotedto theceremonyknown asafternoontea”.Im sureonce youtry it,you
10.agree.2Luoyang isone of the citiesin China
11.artistic,religious andscientific culturesall oncedeveloped likenever before.Daoism beganthere andthe firstBuddhist temple
12.build inthe city.This specialspot isnot onlythe hometownofChinas mostfamous
13.invent includingpapermaking,printing andthe compass,but alsohome tothe nationsmostbrilliant poetsand painters.中游Today,Luoyang stillattracts many tourists everyyear.Located inthe middlereaches of the YellowRiver inCentralChinas HenanProvince and
14.surround bymountains andplains,Luoyang occupies£
5.战略的important strategiclocation.As one of Chinasancient capitals,Luoyang was a seatof powerfor13dynasties andisacity witha splendid贝武予historical and
16.culture background.Its longhistory endowsit withrich culture,which is
17.easy seeningrand palaces,temples andcaves.The city is alsowell known
18.theCity ofPeony”.In spring,manytouriststravel toLuoyang
19.appreciate thebeautiful peony.Luoyang isnow anenergetic andcharming touristplace that
20.welcome guestsfrom allover the world toexplore itsglorious past.3Easy Waysto BuildVocabularyIts notall thathard to build anadvanced andlarge vocabulary.Like manythings inlife,its
21.ongoing process,andthe bestpart of the processis that there*s enoughroom forimprovement,22,means youlljust keepgetting betterandbetter.Of courseyou haveto workat it.You wouldntthinkthata few
23.month ofexercise inyour teenswould beenough
24.the restof yourlife,and thatsalso truefor buildingyour vocabulary—you haveto keepat itdaily,and prettysoonyou willfind that you havean excellentvocabulary.One of the
25.effect waystobuildvocabulary is to readgood books.You needto
26.real readat leastone goodbook aweek,preferably aclassic.This isn*t ashard asit
27.sound,and itis farbetter thanany othermethod becauseyouimprove yourvocabulary while
28.read aninteresting pieceof literature.Another nicething isthatyoulearn bothnewwords and
29.they useunconsciously,meaning thatyou willtend touse thewords
30.learn thisway inconversationsalmost automatically.4Anvitha Vijay,who isonly nineyears old,has builttwo educationalapps.One isSmartkins Animals,which helps
32.many
31.child identifymorethan100animals andother RainbowColors,which teacheskids colors.编程With thehelp ofYouTube videos,the younggirl fromMelbourne,Australia,learned tocode atage7allby
33.she.Soon,she wastrying her hand atmaking apps.When Ifirst gotmy iPad,I
34.attractimmediately byall theappson it,“she toldTFK.It wasn9t long
35.1wanted tocreate myown.^^Anvithas skillswon herscholarship toattend abig techconference hostedby Applein SanFrancisco,California.There,she gottips fromthe professionalsand wentto workshops36,she learnedabout thelatest softwarefor appbuilding,all thattraining ledto anidea fora thirdapp.This one,
37.call GoalsHi,inspires kidsto practicegood habits.Anvithas goalistocontinue cratingtechnology thathelps kidslearn while
38.havefiin.But whafsevenmore
39.importance toher isthat theworld seesthe powerof technologyin kidshands.The moretraining weget intechat anearly ageJ shesays,the
40.goodchance wewill haveof becominginnovation championswho willone daychangethe world.”5It wasa shortflight fromShanghai toXian.Xian isoneof the fourgreat ancientcapitals of China
41.a historyof over3,100years.
42.date fromthe MingDynasty,its ancientwalls arethe bestpreserved intheworld.There arebicycles forpeopleto hire.It is
43.amaze toride alongthe wallsto surveythis fascinatingcity.The TangDynasty Musicand Danceshow isnot tobe missed,but myfavorite isan artgallery,
44.we canenjoy somebeautifulartwork andlearn howto writeChinese characters.兵马俑Most visitorsmake theirway toXian to see thelife-size terracottawarriors andwe werenot
45.differenceat all.The collection,which showsthe armiesofthe first EmperorofChina,
46.remain hiddenuntil1974when theywerediscovered bya farmerdigging awell.Walking amongthe statues
47.forbid unlessyou area VIP—butthereare plenty复制品of souvenirshops inwhich
48.tourist canbuy thereplicas ofthem.All toosoon itwas time
49.leave.I reallyenjoyed mystay inXian.It isindeed aplace ofinterest worth
50.secondvisit.6While drivingalone throughthe countryside,Linda sawan oldwoman bythe sideoftheroad,reaching outherhand.
51.was gettingdark andraining.I cant leaveher outin thisweather/9Linda saidto herself,so shestopped thecar.“Shall Ioffer you
52.lift”Linda asked.The oldwoman noddedand climbedinto thecar.After awhile Lindaasked,Have you waited forlong”The oldwoman shookher head.
53.strangeenough,the oldwoman didntsay asingle wordalltheway.Her only
54.respond wasalways anod ofthe heador somethingelse likethat.Then Lindasaw the ladys hands,
55.were verylarge andcovered withthick hair.She realized
56.theladywasaman!After
57.stop thecar,Linda said,“cant seethat mirror.Would youmind cleaningit
58.me”The ladynodded andopenedthe door.As soonasthe“lady”was outofthecar,Linda droveoff quickly.When Lindaarrived home,she foundthat theold lady
59.leave a handbag onthe backseat.She openedit andlet outadeep breath.Inside it
60.two sharpknives.
3.熟记常见名词后缀:/ge表示”状态;场所;费用”;.o9表示“工作场所;住处”;・o/ogy表示.……学;……论”;-〃忆表示“状态”;・勺表示“性质;状态”;•”表示“境遇;状况;性质;行为”;・由表示“主义”;表示“性质;状态;程度”【重点知识提示】
一、名词的数可数名词单数变复数L
①一般情况下，在词尾直接加-sbook—books,mouth—mouths,house—houses,girl-girls
②以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的名词，在词尾力口-esglass一glasses,box一boxes,match一matches,brush一特殊brushes,stomachso
③以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-escity—cities,country-countries,party-parties,factory^factories
④以结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加但下列名词要加即、-o-s,-es,Negroes heroesechoes potatoestomatoes*下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加・s zeros（zeroes）mosquitos（mosquitoes）volcanos（）volcanoes o
⑤以或结尾的名词变为复数时，一般需要把或去掉，加即-f-fe ffe-ves,selves livesthieves wivesknives leavesshelveswolveshalves o*下列单词可在其后直接加如、等；下列以结尾的名词既可以去掉加也可以直接力口s,beliefs roofs-ff-ves,如（）（）-s,handkerchiefs handkerchievesscarfs scarveso
⑥合成名词变成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数如sons-in-law;passers-by;story-tellers;grown-ups;housewives有些名词复数形式不是以加一或一构成，它们的不规则构成形式如下
2.s es例词变化规则一，一，man menwoman womenfoot—feet,mouse—mice,goose变内部元音一，geese tooth—teeth词尾加一或一一en renox—oxen,child children单复数同形（方式；方法），fish,sheep,deer,means series,Chinese,Swiss.有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等，如（祝贺）、（问候）、（敬3congratulations regardsrespects意）、（谢谢）、（祝愿）、（作品；著作）等thanks wishesworks一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有（与交朋友）、
4.make friendswith shakehands…（与握手）、（采取措施）、（为做准备）、（兴with takemeasures makepreparations forin highspirits高采烈地）、（放声大哭）等burst intotears常考的不可数名词
5.（）表物质的不可数名词（行李）、（现金）、（肉）、（纸张）等1baggage/luggage cashmeat paper（）表抽象概念的不可数名词（工作）、（知识）、（运气）、（风景）、2work knowledgeluck scenerytraffic（交通）等When someone has deeplyhurt you,it canbe verydifficult tolet goofyouranger.But forgivenessis possible—andit canbe surprisingly
61.benefit toyour physicaland mentalhealth.So far,research
62.show thatpeople whoforgivecan havemore energy,better appetiteand bettersleep.nPeople whoforgive show63,little angerand morehopefulness,1says Dr.Fre dericLuskin,who wrotethe bookForgive forGood.So itcan helpreduce thetiredness outoftheimmunesystem andallow people
64.feel moreenergetic.nSo whensomeonehashurt you,cool downfirst.Take acouple ofbreaths andthink ofsomething65,gives youpleasure:a beautifulscene innature,or someoneyou love.Dont waitforan
66.apologize.Many timesthe personwhohurt you may neverthink ofapologizing,1says Dr.Luskin.nThey mayhave wantedto hurtyou orthey justdont see thingsin
67.same way.So ifyouwaitfor peopleto saysorry,you couldbe waitinga verylong time.”Next keepin mindthat forgivenessdoes notnecessarily mean
68.accept theaction ofthe personwho upsetsyou.Instead,learn tolook forthe love,beauty andkindness aroundyou.Finally,try toseethingsfromthe other personsperspective.You mayrealize thathe
69.she wasacting outof ignorance.To gainperspective,youmaywant towrite aletterto
70.you fromthat personspoint ofview.8A womanin bluejeans stoodatthe window of71,expensive shop.Though shehesitated fora moment,she finallywentin andasked tosee adress
72.was inthe window.The assistantwho servedher didnot likethewayshe wasdressed.
73.look at her scornfully,he toldher thatthe dress
74.sell,The womanwalked75,oftheshop angrilyand decidedtopunish the assistant nextday.She returnedtotheshop thefollowing morningdressed ina furcoat,
76.ahandbagin onehandandalong umbrellainthe other.77・seeking outthe rudeassistant sheasked forthe samedress.Not realizingwho shewas,theassistantwas eagerto serveher thistime.With great
78.difficult,he climbedinto theshop windowto getthedress.As soonas shesaw it,the womansaid she
79.notlike it.She enjoyed8L shemaking theassistant bringalmosteverything inthewindowbefore finallybuying thedress she had firstasked for.9During the
81.twenty century,the temperatureofthe earth
82.rise aboutone degreeFahrenheit.It isa rapidincreasewhen compared83^other naturalchanges.There isno doubt84,theearthis becomingwarmer.Scientists believe
85.is humanactivity that has causedthis globalwarming.The increaseintheearths temperatureis duetothe
86.burn offossil fuels.Some byproductsof thisprocess
87.call“greenhouse“gases,themostimportant oneof88,is carbondioxide.Without thegreenhouse effect，the earthwould be thirty-three degreeCelsius
89.cool thanitis.So,we needthose gases.The problembegins whenwe addhugequantities ofextra carbondioxide intothe atmosphere,causing theglobal temperature
90.go up.10Ms.Mary wasover eighty,but shestill droveher oldcar likehalf herage.She loveddriving veryfast,and boastedofthe fact
91.she hadnever,in herthirty-five yearsof driving,been punished
92.a drivingmistake.Then oneday,she nearlylost her record.A policecar followedher,andthepolicemen init sawher passa redlightwithout
93.stop.When Ms.Mary camebefore the judge,he lookedatherseverely andsaidthatshe wastoo oldto drive a car,and thatthereason
94.she hadnot stoppedat redlight wasmost probablythat hereyes hadbecome weak
95.old age,so thatshe hadsimplynot seenit.When thejudge hadfinished96,he wassaying,Ms.Mary openedthe bighandbag she was carryingand tookout hersewing.Without sayingaword,she97,choose aneedle witha verysmall eye,and threadedit atthefirsttime.When shehad
98.success donethis,she took the threadoutofthe needleagain andhanded boththe needle andthread tothejudge,saying,“Now itis yourturn.I supposeyou candriveacar well,and youhave nodoubts
99.youreyesight.”The judgetooktheneedleandtried tothread it.After halfa dozentimes,hehadstill notsucceeded.The caseagainst解雇，Ms.Mary
100.dismiss andherrecordremained unbroken.（）永远不可数的重点名词（建议）、（设备）、（乐趣）、（家具）、3advice equipmentfun furnitureprogress（进步）、（消息）等news/word
二、名词的格与名词做定语名词具有格的概念，用来表示名词之间的所有关系，分为所有格（如浪费时间），所有fawaste oftime格（如）以及双重所有格（如）由于不清楚句意和名词之间的关系，学生经常the boysbook anyfriends ofyours o混淆名词所有格与名词做定语名词做定语可以用来修饰另一个名词，表示材料、类别、用途等，做定语的名词有以下三种形式（）一般用单数形式如（石桥）、（会议室）、（早操）、1a stonebridge ameeting roommorning exercises（伦敦机场）、（故事书）、（鞋店）；London Airporta storybook ashoe shop（）、要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致如（一位女教师）、（两2man womana womanteacher twowomen teachers位女教师）；（）等一般用复数形式如（运动会）、3sports salesclothes goodsarts customsa sportsmeet agoods train（货运列车）、（海关官员）、（销售部经理）a customsofficer asales manager
三、数词与名词数词属于高考试题中不常考查的冷点，主要涉及基数词和序数词的基本用法，序数词前的修饰语以及由基数词构成的短语等序数词一般由基数词加构成以结尾的基数词构成序数词时，先把变为再加如
1.-th yyi,-eth the不规则的序数词有以下几个、、、序数词前通常要twentieth/fiftietho firstsecond thirdfifth eighthninth twelftho加定冠词但当序数词不表示顺序而表示“再一又一”时，要用不定冠词the,
2.年龄、年代的表达
①表达“在某人几十多罗，用“inone，s+逢十的基数词的复数
②表达“在几十年代”用逢十的基数词的复数:“inthe+基数词、等表示确切数目时不能加其前可用数词或、
3.dozen scorehundred thousandmillion-s,several some等修饰，此时其后通常不跟of（后有these、those或代词宾格时可跟of）；表示“数以百万计,,“数以千计,，等笼统数目时，要加一其前不能用数词，其后可跟of基数词可与名词等构成合成形容词，用连字符连接，做前置定语，其中的名词应使用单数形式，如
4.afour-hour journeyo分数表达法分子应用基数词，分母应用序数词分子大于时，分母应用序数词的复数形式，如:
5.1七分之二two-sevenths
四、名词与其他词类的词形转化.动词变名词的后缀1
（1）一al表示人、物、行为（特殊去ed—al）赞成赞成approve—approval幸存一幸存survive survival到达一到达arrive arrival拒绝拒绝refuse-refusal提议一提议；建议propose proposal（）表示性质、状态或行为2—ance/—ence出现一叩出现；外貌appear pearance表演一表演存在一存在perform performanceexist existence较喜欢一偏爱prefer preference参考；查阅一参考；查阅依靠一依赖；依靠指弓弓refer referencedepend dependence*guide I—guidance导；指导I（）表示状态或行为指挥；指导方向；指导期待一3—ion/—tion/—ation direct—direction expectexpectation期待；期望解释一解释邀请一邀请；请柬解决解决explain explanationinvite invitationsolve—solution竞争一比赛；竞争发音一发音描述一描compete competitionpronounce pronunciationdescribe description写叩重复一重复*r eatrepetition表示行为或状态讨论讨论承认承认；准许加入决4—ssion discuss—discussion admit—admission decide定一决定decision具有……特征的听一听力；听觉听听；听力开始一5-inghearhearing listenTistening*begin beginning开始部分表示行为、结果等6—ment达到；完成一成就发展发展achieve achievementdevelop—development*去争论一争论；论据表示行为或状态失败一失败eargue argument7—ure/—ture failfailure压；挤压力混合一混合物暴露一面临；暴露⑻一表示……press—pressure mixmixture exposeexposure y的动作或过程恢复恢复；痊愈recover—recovery发现一发现discover discovery*其他常见变化选择一选择choose choice相异一多样化；品种vary variety倾向一趋向；趋势tend tendency生长一生长grow growth结婚一婚姻maiTy marriage搬一客车厢；运输carry carriage收拾行李一包；盒pack package邮寄一邮资；邮费post postage贮存贮存store-storage形容词变名词的后缀
2.表示性质、状态1—cy流利流利；流畅fluent-fluency准确的一准确性accurate accuracy私有的一隐私private privacy效率高的效率efficient—efficiency表示地位、状况等2—dom自由的一自由free freedom明智的一智慧*wise wisdom表示性质、状态3—ness黑的一黑暗dark darkness虚弱的一虚弱weak weakness友好的一善良kind kindness寒冷的一冷淡；冷漠cold coldness知道的；意识到的一知道；意识aware awareness表示结果、过程、性质、状态4—th温暖的一温暖warm warmth真的一真相true truth深的一深度*deep depth强壮的一力量strong strength长的一长度long length宽的一宽度wide width（）表示性质或状态5—y/-ity困难的一困难difficult difficulty诚实的一诚实honest honesty安全的安全*safe—safety残忍的一残忍cruel cruelty负责的一责任responsible responsibility⑹一变为一变为一变为一ent ence,—ant ance,—nd nse不同的一不同（之处）different difference沉默的；不说话的一寂静silent silence回应响应respond—response有耐心的一耐心patient patience缺席的一缺席absent absence出席的出席present—presence自信的信心confident—confidence方便的一便禾convenient conveniencell重要的一重要（性）important importance防御；保卫一诧防御；保护defend defense/de nee高频考点二冠词、代词与介词【真题再现】语法填空（）
1.2018-II Cornproduction hasjumped nearly125percent overpast25years,while ricehas increasedonly7percent.2・（2019•全国卷II）When wegot acall sayingshewasshort-listed,we thoughtitwasjoke.
3.（2018•全国卷I）If youare timepoor,you needrun foronly halfthe timeto getthesamebenefits asother sports,soperhaps weshould allgive atry.（）（）
4.2018-^ffl^IH Whenthe gorillasand Ifrightened eachother,I wasjust gladto findthey alive.（•全国卷）
5.2018HI Iwas searchingthese threewestern lowlandgorillas Idbeen observing.No onehad seenthem forhours,and mycolleagues andI wereworried.（•全国卷）
6.2019I Modernmethods trackingpolar bearpopulations havebeen employedonly sincethemid-1980s,andare expensiveto performconsistently overa largearea.答案
1.the
2.a
3.it/running
4.them
5.for
6.of/for【关键技法点拨】语法填空解题策略在语法填空中冠词和介词短语必考，不给出提示词代词考查相对较少，而且有时会给出提示词或者可能填其他词.根据泛指或特指选择冠词1如果空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词
2.英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语，记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题.熟记常用的不定代词，如one,all,both,either,neither,each,many,much,little,few,other,another,3something,nothing等.人称、物主、反身代词:“成分”是关键⑺如果句中缺少主语，则用人称代词的主格；4如果句中缺少宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格；2如果句中缺少定语，则用形容词性物主代词；3如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语、则用反身代词
4.“四种方法”确定介词5⑺根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系；⑵根据语境含义结合介词用法；根据特殊的结构关系，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without;3根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配4【重点知识提示】
一、人称代词、物主代词与反身代词人称单数复数_―•,•_――he,she,*人称代词主格I youwe youtheyIthim,人称代词宾格me youus youthemher,it形容词性物主his,her,itsmy yourour yourtheir代词名词性物主代his,hers,itsmine yoursours yourstheirs词himself,herself,反身代词myself yourselfourselves yourselvesthemselvesitself疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what［提示］人称代词的主格在句中做主语，宾格在句中做动词或介词的宾语1形容词性物主代词只能在名词前做定语，名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词在句中做2主语、宾语、表语或与连用做后置定语f反身代词在句中可以做、、等动词和、、等介词的宾语，还可以3enjoy teachhurt buyintroduce byfor to做主语或宾语的同位语含有反身代词的习惯用语4独自；独立地by oneself亲自for oneself自动地of oneself本质上；本身in oneself随便吃/用help oneselfto玩得开心enjoy oneself自学teach oneself别客气make yourselfathome自言自语say tooneself独立思考think foroneself就座seat oneself苏醒；恢复知觉come tooneself身体不舒服be notoneself举止规矩behave oneself
二、的用法it.指时间、距离、天气、日期、温度等1•It searly spring,but itis alreadyhot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了.指代前面提到过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词、2this that•Although hedidn*t likeit,I decidedtoseethe movieanyway.尽管他不喜欢这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看当说话者弄不清对方是谁，不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时，可以用来指代
3.it•What willyou callit ifitisa boy要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？.做形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或名词性从句4•It isdangerous foryou toswim inthe river.你在这条河里游泳是危险的做形式主语，是真正的主语it toswim inthe river•He didntmake itclear whenand wherethe meetingwouldbeheld.他没说清楚何时何地举行会议做形式宾语，从句…是真正的宾语it whenand where用于强调句型被强调部分+
5.“It i§/was+that/who…”约翰Johns successhas nothingto dowith goodluck.It isyearsofhardworkthathasmade himwhat heis today.的成功和好运气没关系是多年的努力工作才使他有了今天重点三不定代词
1..other,the other,another,others,the others这一组词易混淆，考生在解题时注意考虑上下文的语境及这些other theother anotherothers the others词的基本用法不能单独使用，常与复数名词连用，如果前面有、以及形容词性物lother thesome anyeach everyno主代词，也可与可数名词单数连用表示泛指,相当于复数名词”,可构成…”一些另一些2others“other+some...others单数可数名词”特指两者中的另一个，常有…”一个另一个”的搭3“theother+one...theother配，其复数形式为或复数名词”，特指在某些人或物中，除去一部分后，其余的人或物theothers“theother+指三者或三者以上中的另一个，表示泛指，后接单数名词，也可以用于、数词+名词复数”4another nother+表示“另外几个……”的含义
2.ones,that,those在文中为避免重复，、、等都可以用来代替上文出现的名词ones thatthose代替的是前面提到的同类异物中的任何一个，相当于单数名词”；用来代替前面出现的lone“a/an+ones复数名词，也表泛指代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数，也可以是不可数名词，2that其前面通常不能有修饰语，但可以有后置定语代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，只能指代可数名词复数，相当于3those the ones具体公式可牢记4可数名词单数=a/an+one可数名词单数=the+that/theone不可数名词=the+that可数名词复数=the+the ones/those可数名词复数=ones的用法
3.both alleither anyneither none。
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