2026考研英语新题型方法论讲义（2005-2009）

主讲教师马天艺硕士毕业于南开大学◊◊拥有十四年教龄，辅导过数十万学员◊词汇、阅读、完型、新题型、写作顶级教学大咖◊启航教育集团考研英语，四六级全国核心主讲教师◊考研英语大纲独家解析人，CCTV演讲大赛一等奖，考研英语辅导顶级专家◊近满分通过四六级、考研英语、BEC高级、托福、雅思、GRE◊以专业和经验打造课堂，用激情和幽默引领学生，把过级和高分作为目标◊著有考研畅销词汇书《单词之间》◊paragraph should be relatedto a single topic.Transitions shouldconnect oneparagraph to the nextso that thereare noabrupt orconfusing shifts.Awkward orwordy phrasingor unclearsentencesand paragraphsshouldbemercilessly pokedand prodded into shape.[A]To makerevising easier,leave widemargins andextra spacebetween linesso thatyou caneasily addwords,sentences,and corrections.Write ononly oneside of the paper.[B]After you have clearlyand adequatelydeveloped thebody ofyour paper,pay particularattentionto theintroductory andconcluding paragraphs.Ifs probablybest towrite theintroductionlast,after youknow preciselywhat you are introducing.Concluding paragraphsdemandequal attentionbecause theyleave thereader witha finalimpression.[C]Its worthremembering,however,that thougha cleancopy freshoff aprinter maylook terrific,itw川read onlyas well as thethinking andwriting thathave goneinto it.Many writersprudentlystore theirdata ondisks andprint theirpages eachtime theyfinish adraft to avoid losinganymaterial becauseof powerfailures orother problems.[D]It makesno differencehow youwrite,just soyou do.Now thatyouhavedeveloped atopic intoatentative thesis,you canassemble your notes andbegin toflesh outwhatever outlineyouhave made.[E]Although thisis aninteresting issue,it hasnothing to do withthe thesis,which explainshow thesettinginfluences Sammysdecision toquit hisjob.Instead ofincluding thatparagraph,sheadded onethat describedLengePs crabbedresponse to the girlssothatshe couldlead uptothe AP“policy“he enforces.[F]In thefinal paragraphabout thesignificance of the settingin UAP,the studentbringstogether thereasons Sammyquit hisjob byreferring to his refusalto acceptLengePs storepolicies.[G]By usingthe first draft as a meansof thinkingabout what you want to say,you willvery likelydiscovermore thanyournotesoriginally suggested.Plenty ofgood writersdont useoutlines atallbut discoverordering principlesas theywrite.Do notattempt tocompose aperfectly correctdraftthe firsttime around.2009英语一Coinciding withthe groundbreakingtheory ofbiological evolutionproposed byBritish naturalistCharlesDarwin in the1860s,British socialphilosopher HerbertSpencer putforward hisown theoryofbiological andcultural evolution.Spencer arguedthat allworldly phenomena,including humansocieties,changed overtime,advancing towardperfection.

41.American socialscientist LewisHenry Morganintroduced anothertheory ofcultural evolutionin the late1800s.Morgan,along withTylor,was one of thefounders ofmodern anthropology.In hiswork,he attemptedto showhow allaspects of culture changedtogether in the evolutionofsocieties.

42.In the early1900s inNorth America,German-born Americananthropologist FranzBoasdeveloped anew theory of cultureknown ashistorical particularism.Historical particularism,whichemphasized theuniqueness of all cultures,gave newdirection toanthropology.

43.Boas feltthat theculture of any societymust beunderstood asthe resultof a unique historyandnot asoneof many culturesbelonging toa broaderevolutionary stageor typeof culture.

44.Historical particularismbecame adominant approachtothe study of culture inAmericananthropology,largely throughthe influenceofmanystudents ofBoas.But anumber ofanthropologistsintheearly1900s alsorejected theparticularist theoryofculturein favorofdiffusionism.Some attributedvirtually everyimportant culturalachievement tothe inventionsof afew,especially giftedpeoples that,according todiffusionists,then spreadto othercultures.

45.Also intheearly1900s,French sociologistEmile Durkheimdeveloped atheoryofculture thatwouldgreatly influenceanthropology.Durkheim proposedthat religiousbeliefs functionedtoreinforce socialsolidarity.An interestintherelationship betweenthe functionof societyandculture—known asfunctionalism—became a major themein European,and especiallyBritish,anthropology.[A]Other anthropologistsbelieved thatcultural innovations,such asinventions,had asingle originandpassed fromsociety tosociety.This theorywas knownas diffusionism.[B]In order to studyparticular culturesas completelyas possible,he becamesk川edinlinguistics,the studyof languages,and inphysical anthropology,thestudyof humanbiology andanatomy.[C]He arguedthat humanevolution wascharacterized by a strugglehe calledthe survivalof thefittest,in whichweaker racesand societiesmust eventuallybe replacedby stronger,moreadvanced racesand societies.[D]They alsofocused onimportant ritualsthat appearedto preservea peoplessocial structure,such asinitiation ceremoniesthat formallysignify children*s entranceinto adulthood.[E]Thus,in hisview,diverse aspectsofculture,such asthe structureof families,forms ofmarriage,categories ofkinship,ownership ofproperty,forms ofgovernment,technology,andsystems offood production,all changedas societiesevolved.[F]Supporters of the theoryviewed•as acollection ofintegrated partsthat worktogether tokeepa societyfunctioning.[G]For example,British anthropologistsGrafton ElliotSmith andW.J.Perry incorrectlysuggested,on thebasis ofinadequate information,that farming,pottery making,and metallurgyalloriginated in ancient Egyptand diffusedthroughout theworld.In fact,all of these culturaldevelopmentsoccurred separatelyat differenttimes inmany partsoftheworld.段落与标题匹配:解题步骤:第一步一划出关键词（n主，v为辅）第二步段落,关键词（重点在首尾强转折）第三步进行匹配2007（英语一）A.Set aGood Examplefor YourKids G.Build YourKids Senseof ResponsibilityB.Build YourKids5Work SkillsC.Place TimeLimits onLeisure ActivitiesD.Talk aboutthe Futureon aRegular BasisE.Help KidsDevelop CopingStrategiesF.Help YourKids FigureOut WhoThey AreHowCan aParent HelpMothersand fatherscan doa lotto ensurea safelanding inearly adulthoodfor theirkids.Evenif ajobs startingsalary seems too smallto satisfyan emergingadulfs need for rapidcontent,thetransition fromschool towork canbe less of asetback if the start-up adultis readyfor themove.Here area fewmeasures,drawn frommy bookReady orNot,Here LifeComes,that parentscantake toprevent whatI callwork-life unreadiness.”

41.You canstart thisprocess whenthey are11or

12.Periodically reviewtheir emergingstrengthsand weaknesseswith themand worktogether on any shortcomings,like difficultyin communicatingwellor collaborating.Also,identify thekinds ofinterests theykeep comingback to,as theseofferclues tothe careersthat willfit thembest.

42.____________________________Kids needa rangeof authenticrole models-as opposedto membersof theirclique,pop starsandvaunted athletes.Have regulardinner-table discussionsabout peoplethe familyknows andhowthey gotwhere theyare.Discuss thejoys anddownsides ofyour owncareer andencourageyour kids to formsome ideasabout theirown future.When askedwhat theywanttodo,they shouldbediscouraged fromsaying“I haveno idea.n They can changetheir minds200times,but havingonlya foggyview ofthe futureis oflittle good.

43.____________________________Teachers areresponsible forteaching kidshow tolearn;parents shouldbe responsibleforteaching themhow towork.Assign responsibilitiesaround thehouse and make surehomeworkdeadlines aremet.Encourage teenagersto takea part-time job.Kids needplenty ofpracticedelaying gratificationand deployingeffective organizationalskills,such asmanaging timeandsetting priorities.

44.____________________________Playing videogames encouragesimmediate content.And hoursof watchingTV showswithcanned laughteronly teacheskidstoprocess informationinapassive way.At the same time,listening throughearphones tothesamemonotonous beatsfor longstretches encourageskids tostayinside theirbubble insteadof pursuingother endeavors.All theseactivities canprevent thegrowthof importantcommunication andthinking skillsandmakeit difficultfor kidsto developthekind ofsustained concentration they willneedformost jobs.

45.____________________________They shouldknow how to deal with setbacks,stresses andfeelings ofinadequacy.Theyshould alsolearn howto solveproblems andresolve conflicts,ways tobrainstorm andthink critically.Discussions athome canhelp kidspractice doingthese thingsand helpthem applythese skillstoeveryday lifesituations.What aboutthe sonor daughterwho isgrown butseemsto be strugglingand wanderingaimlesslythrough earlyadulthood Parentsstill have amajorrole toplay,but nowit ismore delicate.They have tobecareful notto comeacross asdisappointed in their child.They shouldexhibit stronginterestand respectfor whatevercurrently intereststheir fledgingadult asnaive orill conceivedasit mayseem whilebecoming apartner inexploring optionsfor thefuture.Most of all,these newadultsmust feelthat theyare respectedand supportedbyafamily that appreciates them.七选五逻辑的连贯性、内容的一致性

1.考点

①.逻辑的________:来自_____的逻辑词一来自_____的逻辑词一注意

1.以上线索词既可在_____,也可在______2,包含来自于下文的逻辑词，开头有强转折或进一步、递进关系的选项不能放在

3.首尾句有逻辑词最好，没有就按照____衔接判断（永远不变的规律）

4._____为重要信息，很有可能成为解题关键

②.内容的________:内容一致就是找本段其余各句的_________

2.关注文章的宏观顺序提出问题、分析问题、解决问题

1.______问题b._________,比如介绍人物，故事，物品，名人名言等

③.解决问题a.___________________________________b.___________________________________

3.具体步骤第一步在题目旁边做好标记，把题___第二步细读_____并预测文章主旨整段出题找（无逻辑词用意思复现）；内部出题找本段其余各句的___________，如果主语一致但有多个选项或没有选项符合此主语，看主干_________（谓语+宾语），或者段落尾句的空格注意上下文有无逻辑词，用逻辑连贯性来做；如果主语不一致_____________一定是线索（用意思复现）第三步逐题作答，其中—题最为关键，做题时把每个选项的___标出并仔细寻找选项中出现的第二步细致解读

①.整段出题找上下文逻辑词；下文多，上文少；做题由上至下

②.内部出题i.非首尾句的中间句出题找每段其余各句的主语一致如果主语一致但有多个选项或没有选项符合此主语，看主干其他内容（谓语+宾语），如果主语不一致空格左右句子主干一定是线索ii.首尾句出题先看上下文有没有逻辑词，再看i2005英语一Canada5s premiersthe leadersof provincialgovernments,if theyhave anybreath leftaftercomplaining aboutOttawa attheir lateJuly annualmeeting,might sparea momenttodosomething,together,to reducehealth-care costs.They reall groaningabout soaringhealth budgets,the fastest-growing componentof whicharepharmaceutical costs.

41.________What todo Boththe Romanowcommission andthe Kirbycommittee onhealth care--to saynothingof reportsfrom otherexperts--recommended the creation of a nationaldrug agency.Instead ofeach provincehaving itsown listof approveddrugs,bureaucracy,procedures andlimitedbargaining power,all wouldpool resources,work withOttawa,and createa nationalinstitution.

42.________But unational55doesnt haveto meanthat.“National“could mean interprovincial--provincescombining effortsto createone body.Either way,one benefitofa“national“organization wouldbe tonegotiate better prices,ifpossible,with drugmanufacturers.Instead ofhaving oneprovince--or aseries ofhospitals withinaprovince--negotiate aprice for a givendrug onthe provinciallist,the national agency wouldnegotiateon behalf ofallprovinces.Rather than,say,Quebec,negotiating on behalfofseven million people,the national agencywould negotiateonbehalfof31millionpeople.Basic economicssuggests thegreater thepotentialconsumers,the higherthe likelihoodofabetterprice.

43.________A smallstep hasbeen takeninthedirection ofa nationalagency withthecreationof theCanadianCo-ordinating Officefor HealthTechnology Assessment,funded byOttawa andtheprovinces.Under it,a CommonDrug Reviewrecommends toprovincial listswhich newdrugs shouldbeincluded.Predictably,and regrettably,Quebec refusedto join.A fewpremiers aresuspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making.They particularlyQuebecand Albertajust wantOttawa tofork overadditional billionswith few,if any,strings attached.That5sone reasonwhy theidea ofa national list hasntgone anywhere,while drugcosts keeprising fast.

44.________Premiers loveto quoteMr.Romanows reportselectively,especially theparts aboutmorefederal money.Perhaps they should readwhat hehad tosay aboutdrugs:A nationaldrug agencywouldprovide governmentsmore influenceon pharmaceuticalcompanies inordertoconstrain theever-increasing costof drugs.M

45.________So whenthe premiersgather inNiagara Fallsto assembletheir usualcomplaint list,they shouldalsoget crackingabout somethingintheirjurisdiction that would helptheir budgetsand patients.[A]Quebec5s resistancetoanationalagencyis provincialistideology.One ofthe firstadvocatesfor anationallistwas aresearcher atLaval University.Quebecs DrugInsuranceFund hasseen itscosts skyrocketwith annualincreases from

14.3percent to

26.8percent![B]Or theycould readMr.Kirbys report:the substantialbuying powerof suchan agencywouldstrengthen thepublic prescription-drug insuranceplans tonegotiate thelowestpossible purchaseprices fromdrug companies.,,[C]What does“national meanRoy Romanowand SenatorMichael Kirbyrecommended afederal-provincial bodymuch likethe recentlycreated NationalHealth Council.[D]The problemis simpleand stark:health-care costshave been,are,and willcontinue toincreasefaster thangovernment revenues.[E]According tothe CanadianInstitute forHealth Information,prescription drugcosts haverisensince1997at twicethe rateof overallhealth-care spending.Part ofthe increasecomesfrom drugsbeing usedto replaceother kindsof treatments.Part ofit arisesfromnew drugscosting morethan olderkinds.Part ofit ishigher prices.[F]So,if theprovinces wantto runthe health-care show,theyshouldprove theycan runit,starting withaninterprovincialhealth listthatwouldend duplication,save administrativecosts,prevent oneprovince frombeing playedoff againstanother,and bargainfor betterdrugprices.[G]Of course,the pharmaceuticalcompanies w川scream.They likedivided buyers;they canlobbybetter thatway.They canuse thethreat ofremoving jobsfrom oneprovince toanother.Theycanhope that,if oneprovince includesa drugon itslist,the pressurew川cause othersto includeit ontheirs.They wouldntlike anationalagency,but self-interestwould leadthem todealwithit.2006英语一On thenorth bankoftheOhio Riversits Evansville,Ind.,home ofDavid Williams,52,and ofariverboat casinoa placewhere gamblinggames areplayed.During severalyears ofgambling inthatcasino,Williams,a stateauditor earning$35,000a year,lost approximately$175,

000.He hadnevergambled beforethe casinosent hima couponfor$20worth ofgambling.He visitedthe casino,lost the$20and left.On hissecond visithe lost$

800.The casinoissuedto him,asagood customer,a Fun Card**,which whenused inthe casinoearns pointsfor mealsanddrinks,and enablesthe casinoto trackthe usersgambling activities.For Williams,thoseactivities becomewhat hecalls electronicheroin”.

41.In1997he lost$21,000to oneslot machinein twodays.In March1997helost$72,

186.He sometimesplayed twoslot machinesatatime,all night,until theboat dockedat5a.m thenwent backaboard whenthe casinoopened at9a.m.Now heis suingthe casino,chargingthat itshould haverefused hispatronage becauseit knewhe wasaddicted.It didknow hehad aproblem.In March1998a friendof Williams5s gothim involuntarilyconfined toa treatmentcenter foraddictions,and wroteto informthe casinoof Williamssgambling problem.The casinoincluded aphotoof Williamsamong thoseof bannedgamblers,and wroteto himaucease admissionsletter.Noting themedical/psychological natureof problemgambling behavior,the lettersaid thatbeforebeing readmittedtothe casino he would haveto presentmedical/psychological informationdemonstratingthat patronizingthe casinowould poseno threattohissafety orwell-being.

42.The WallStreet Journalreports thatthecasinohas24signs warning:uEnjoy thefun...andalways betwith yourhead,not overit.Every entranceticket listsa toll-free numberfor counselingfromthe IndianaDepartment ofMental Health.Nevertheless,Williams5s suitcharges thatthecasino,knowing hewas“helplessly addictedto gambling,n intentionallyworked to“lure”him to“engage inconduct againsthis Well.

43.The fourthedition ofthe Diagnosticand StatisticalManual ofMental Disorderssays“pathological gambling”involves persistent,recurring anduncontrollable pursuitlessofmoney thanofthrill oftaking risksin questofawindfall.

44.Pushed byscience,or whatclaims tobe science,society isreclassifyingwhat oncewere consideredcharacter flawsor moralfailings aspersonality disordersakin tophysicaldisabilities.

45.Forty-four stateshave lotteries,29have casinos,and mostofthesestates areto varyingdegreesdependent on--you mightsay addictedto--revenues fromwagering.And sincethe firstInternet gambling sitewas createdin1995,competition forgamblers1dollars hasbecome intense.The Oct.28issue ofNewsweek reportedthat2million gamblerspatronize1,800virtual casinoseveryweek.With$

3.5billion beinglost onInternet wagersthis year,gambling haspassedpornography asthe Websmost profitablebusiness.[A]Although nosuch evidencewas presented,the casinosmarketing departmentcontinued topepperhim withmailings.And heentered thecasino andused hisFunCardwithout beingdetected.[B]It isunclear whatluring wasrequired,given hiscompulsive behavior.And inwhatsense washis willoperative[C]By thetime hehad lost$5,000he saidto himselfthat ifhe couldget backto even,hewouldquit.One nighthe won$5,500,but hedid notquit.[D]Gambling hasbeen acommon featureof Americanlife forever,but fora longtime itwasbroadly consideredasin,orasocial disease.Now itis asocial policy:the mostimportant andaggressivepromoter ofgambling inAmerica isthe government.[E]David Williamsssuit shouldtrouble thisgambling nation.But dontbet onit.[F]It isworrisome thatsociety ismedicalizing moreand morebehavioral problems,often definingasaddictions whatearlier,sterner generationsexplained asweakness ofwill.[G]The anonymous,lonely,undistracted natureof onlinegambling isespecially conducivetocompulsive behavior.But evenifthegovernment knewhowtomove againstInternetgambling,what wouldbe itsgrounds fordoing so2008英语一The timefor sharpeningpencils,arranging yourdesk,and doingalmost anythingelse insteadofwriting hasended.The firstdraft willappear onthe pageonly if you stopavoiding theinevitableand sit,stand up,or liedown towrite.

41.Be flexible.Your outlineshould smoothlyconduct youfrom onepoint tothe next,but donotpermit itto railroadyou.If arelevant andimportant ideaoccurs toyou now,work itinto thedraft.

42.Grammar,punctuation,and spellingcan waituntilyou revise.Concentrate onwhatyouare saying.Good writingmost oftenoccurs when youarein hotpursuitofanidea ratherthan ina nervoussearch forerrors.

43.Your pageswill beeasier tokeep trackof thatway,and,ifyouhavetoclip a paragraph toplaceit elsewhere,you willnot loseany writingontheother side.If youare workingonaword processor,you cantake advantageof itscapacity tomakeadditions anddeletions aswellasmove entireparagraphs bymaking justa fewsimple keyboardcommands.Some softwareprograms canalso checkspelling andcertain grammaticalelements inyourwriting.

44.These printoutsare alsoeasier toread thanthe screenwhenyouwork onrevisions.Once youhaveafirstdrafton paper,you candelete materialthat isunrelated toyour thesisandadd materialnecessary toillustrate yourpoints andmake yourpaper convincing.The studentwhowrote TheAP asa Stateof Mindwisely droppedaparagraphthat questionedwhetherSammy displayschauvinistic attitudestoward women.

45.Remember thatyour initialdraft isonly that.You shouldgo throughthe papermany times-andthen again-working tosubstantiate andclarify yourideas.You mayeven endup withseveral entireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.The sentenceswithin each。