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8.Stages ofDesign设计阶段The design process,as describedin theprevious section,is athought modulethat canbe appliedoverand overagain inengineering practice.In theindustrial environment,design isfrequentlyaccomplished througha progressiveseries offour operationalstages.These stagescarry the designthrough frominception tocompletion.Each of these stagesinvolves acomplete designcycle.The fourstages are presentedin Fig.l.Each of these stagesis connectedin serieswith thenext sothat thecommunicationsoutput of the firststage willprovide astatement of need for the secondstage andso on.The diagramalso providesforthepossibility ofreturning toa previousstage ifthe outcomeof aparticularstage suggeststhat thisis prudent.A closeinspection ofFig.l showsthat thestagesare:feasibility stage,“preliminary stage,“detail stage”and revisionstage.The characteristicsof eachofthese stageswill nowbe discussed.设计过程中,在上一节所描述的,是一种思想,可以应用,并且再次在工程实践中的模块在工业环境中,经常设计完成四个运营阶段通过一个渐进的系列这些阶段进行设计一,通过从开始到完成的每个阶段都涉及到一个完整的设计周期图1中的四个阶段串联连接在每一个阶段的第一阶段的通信输出,以便与下一个语句的需要,在第二阶段将提供一个等该图还提供返回到前一个阶段,如果一个特定阶段的结果表明,这是审慎的可能性图1所示,仔细检查阶段是“可行性研究阶段”,“初级阶段”,“细节阶段”和“修订阶段J每个阶段的特点,现在可以讨论Stage1:Feasibility stage-The firststage determineswhether itis bothpossible andprofitable toundertakera givenengineering project.For thisreason,the needstatement willoften bephrased ntoconsiderthe desirabilityof...“or”to considerthe economicfeasibility of…”.第1阶段可行性研究阶段,第一阶段决定是否有可能和盈利的承办一个给定的工程项目出于这个原因,往往会需要声明的措辞“,考虑是否应…”或要考虑经济上的可行性The ideasgenerated duringthis stageof thedesign processgenerally consistof generalstatementsabout overallconcepts ratherthan specificdescriptions ofhardware.The modelsfor this stage tendto bebasedon economictheories,market surveys,and theopinions ofauthorities.For thisreason,people whoareexperts fromdisciplines otherthan engineeringare oftenpart ofthedesignteam duringthis stage.The output of thisstage willgenerally bea recommendationeither toproceed orto abandonthe project.在这个阶段产生的想法在设计过程一般包括整体的概念,而不是具体描述硬件的一般性发言这个阶段的模型往往是基于经济理论,市场调查,和当局的意见出于这个原因,工程以外的其他学科的专家是谁的人往往是在这个阶段,设计团队的一部分这个阶段的输出通常是一个建议,继续或放弃该项目Stage2:Preliminary stage-The purposeofthe preliminary stage is tomake qualitativejudgmentsabout thetypes ofcomponents andresources touse inmeeting theconceptual needidentified bythefeasibility study.The statement ofneedfor thisstage usuallycalls forthe designerto selectthe kindsofcomponents thatwill beused tomake theprocess orproduct.The selectionprocess involvesstudying thetradeoffsbetween alternativetypes ofcomponent hardwareand rawmaterials.Tt isbeyond thescope ofthisstage toselect quantitativethings suchas dimensionalsize,critical geometry,color,weight,etc.第2阶段初步阶段,初级阶段的目的是使符合概念的可行性研究需要确定类型的组件和资源使用的定性判断这个阶段需要的表通常需要设计人员选择的元件种类,将用于使该过程或产品选择过程中涉及研究其他类型的组件的硬件和原料之间的权衡它是超越这个阶段的范围,选择量化的东西,如尺寸大小,关键的几何形状,颜色,重量等Stage3:Detail stage-The communicationoutputofhepreliminarystage willform thebasis forastatementofneed thatrequires thecomplete,detailed specificationoftheelements recommendedforthe final product or process.This is called thedetail stage.The tasksrequired forthe completionof thisstageof designwill involvemaking quantitativedesign selectionswith respectto size,shape,orientation,color,etc.The modelingand testingparts of thisstageoften involveextensive calculationsandexperiments.Much ofwhat wewill developin thistext willbe appropriateto makingdecisions inthedetail designstage.The outputofthisstage usuallyresults inthe manufactureof meproduct.第3阶段详情阶段的通信输出他初步阶段,将一个语句的需要,需要完整的,详细的说明书中建议的最终产品或过程的元素形成的基础,这就是所谓的细节阶段的任务为完成这一阶段的设计要求,将涉及定量设计选择大小,形状,方向,颜色,等这个阶段的建模和测试部分往往涉及大量的计算和实验正是我们将要开发的大部分这段文字将是适当的决策在详细设计阶段,这个阶段的输出通常会导致我的产品的制造Stage4:Revision stage-Once thedetail stagehas beencompleted andthe productorprocesshasbeen placedin service,it maybe founddesirable touse fieldexperience asa basisfor furtherimprovementoftheproduct.This processiscalledthe revisionstage.Since thefinalproductis available,it oftenbecomes themodel forevaluation duringthe revisionstage.The revisionstageisnot alwaysusedin thedesignprocess.第4阶段修订阶段,一旦细节阶段已经完成,并已被安置在服务产品或过程,它可能会发现需要使用外地经验,以此为基础进一步改进的产品这个过程被称为修订阶段由于最终产品是可用的,它往往成为在修订阶段的综合评价模型修订阶段,在设计过程中并不总是使用Revision1M~~1Fig.l TheFour Stagesof DesignWordsand Expressionsmodulen.模数,模块,登月舱,指令舱inception n.开始,开端,起初,获得学位feasibility n.可行性,可能性preliminary adj.初步的,预备的,序言性的,在前的;n.[常用复]开端,预备步骤,预赛revision n.修订,修改,修正,修订本desirability n.愿望,希求discipline n.纪律,学科;v.训练component n.成分;adj.组成的,构成的.概念上的conceptual adjtradeoffn.(公平)交易,折衷,权衡recommend vt.推荐,介绍,劝告,使受欢迎,托付,使…受欢迎,使…可取。
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