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专题阅读理解之说明文03五年考情探规律工•【五年考情回顾】年份体裁主题内容本文主要探讨了人们在辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因研究年说明文2024表明，生活经验决定了人们的辨识方向能力，文化和经验比天生能力更重要主要介绍了食物浪费的现状以及四个解决食物浪费问题的方年说明文2023法，并得出结论如果我们每个人都做出努力，食物浪费问题一定会有所改善年说明文本文主要讲述了快乐和享受的联系和对比2023年说明文文章通过解释这个词，呼吁大家保护环境2022“Green”年说明文本文讲述了技术进步给健康医疗领域带来的机遇和挑战2020年真题精准练5•（•北京•中考真题）2024Sam Hillis reallybad atfinding hisway fromplace toplace.The worldis fullof peoplelikeHill-and theiropposites,who alwaysseem toknow exactlywhere they are andhow to get wherethey want to go.Ithas provedhard toexplain why.However,with thedevelopment of technology,theres newexcitement happeningin theresearchworld.An experimentwas carried out in2022to findout whatmight influenceway finding ability.Researchers developedan online gamein whichplayers travelby boatto findwhere alot ofcheckpoints lie.The gameasked playersto providebasicbackground information,and nearlyfour millionpeople worldwidedid so.Through thegame,the researcherswere（辨识方向的）able tojudge navigational ability bylooking athow fareach persontraveled toreach all the cheekpoints.Then theycompared playersperformance with their backgroundinformation.The researchersfound thatNorthern Europeansseemed to be betternavigations,perhaps becausethey love（定向越野），orienteering asport which involves cross-country runningand navigation.And those from cities with more（网状系统）disorganized street networks didbetter thanthosefromcitieswithorderly ones.Perhaps peopleof planned（复杂的）cities dontneed to build complexmaps in their minds.医疗发送必要的Research resultslike thesesuggest thatpeoples lifeexperience decideshow wellthey findtheir way.In信号和心脏声音，所以选项是错的故选D C推理判断题根据最后——段
17.“Technology should be atool,but dependingon it totally willmost certainlyhaveunexpectedeffects/5,可知技术应该是一种工具，但完全依赖它肯定会产生意想不到的效果，所以选项A是错误的；选项意为“远程医疗可以取代通常的医疗保健”，文章中没有提及，所以排除；根据第八段中B“So how does（适应）那么医学如何适应新medicine adapt to the new technology age Very talented companies are working on it技术时代呢？有能力的公司正致力于解决这个问题可知选项是错误的；根据最后一段C“Technology shouldbea tool,but dependingon ittotally willmost certainlyhave unexpected effects.Lets notallow ourhumanity to be one of技术应该是一种工具，但完全依赖它肯定会产生意想不到的效果让我们的人性不用成为其中一个可知them.选项符合原文故选D D年模拟对点练11•（2024・北京朝阳・二Getting huggedby someoneyou careabout can be awonderfully encouragingexperience.Research hasshown that（力口强）（情感的）hugs canstrengthen oursocial connections,improve ouremotional stateand reducefeelings oflonelinessand sadness.They can even help to lower stress levels and improve our health.Unluckily,not everyonehas thechance toreceive hugswhenever theyneed them.So,how canthis problembesolved Oneidea thatscientists havesuggested isdeveloping social robots that can hugpeople.These robotscouldprobably offerlonely peoplethe positivebenefits ofgetting huggedwithout theneed toknow aperson whohug them.However,creating ahug robotthat iswell-received bypeople andleads topositive feelingsand reducedstress isnosimple task.For example,if the robot is too largeor has a designlike something intimidating,people may feel uneasy abouthugging it.Therefore,it is important for researchers to carry out further studies to ensure that hug robots aredesigned in away that supports acceptance and comfort.A recentstudy publishedin theInternational Journalof SocialRobotics focusedon thedevelopment ofMoffully-II,a newlydeveloped hugrobot.It lookslike alarge,human-shaped teddybear andstands attwo meterstall.During ahug,itis able to moveits armsand performdifferent gestures（手势）・Copying theactions thathumans usuallydo duringhugs,such astapping someoneon theback,is necessary for makingthe hugfeel real.During the study,volunteers whoreceived hugsfrom Moffully-II showed a preferencefor hugswith gesturesoverthose withoutgestures.They sensedtherobotas friendlierand saferwhen itperformed gestures,and theyfound thehugsto bemore enjoyablein general.While somepeople mayfeel uncomfortablewith theidea ofhugging a robot insteadof a human,hug robotsshowpossibilities forimproving thewell-being ofthose who are shortof hugs.This includespersons in nursing homeswho maybenefitfrom thecomforting effects of hugs,even if theyareprovided by arobot.
18.What is one of the possiblebenefits ofreceiving hugsA.Increased loneliness.B.Lowered emotionalstate.C.Controlled socialconnections.D.Reduced stressand improvedhealth.
19.The word“intimidating“in Paragraph3is closestin meaningto.A.terrible B.cool C.friendly D.convenient
20.What is the mainpurpose of thestudymentioned in the passageA.To provethe influenceof gestures.B.To examinehow effectivehug robotsare.C.To developsocialrobotsfor sickpeople.D.To studythe behaviorof robotsinnursinghomes.
21.What isthe besttitle for the passageA.Are YouReady toHug aRobot B.Is ItStrange forRobots toGive HugsC.Are RobotsGood atGiving ComfortingHugs D.Do RobotHugs FeeltheSame asHuman Hugs【答案】
18.D
19.A
20.B
21.A【导语】本文主要阐述了拥抱的积极作用，并讲述研究人员正在研究的拥抱机器人细节理解题根据第一段
18.“Research hasshown thathugs can...helpto lowerstresslevelsandimproveour health.»可知，研究表明拥抱可以帮助降低压力水平，改善我们的健康故选D词句猜测题根据第三段
19.“For example,iftherobot istoo largeor has a designlike somethingintimidating,people「可知本处是要推断什么样的机器人会使人在拥抱它时感到不安；可怕的；mayfeeluneasyabouthugging itterrible酷的；友好的；方便的结合词义可推断是可怕的机器人设计会让人感到不安故选cool friendlyconvenient A推理判断题根据第三段
20.isimportantforresearcherstocarryoutfurtherstudiestoensurethathug robotsare和第六段designed in a waythatsupportsacceptanceandcomfort.”hugrobotsshow possibilitiesfbr improvingthe「可知，研究人员的进一步研究拥抱机器人提高了那些缺乏拥抱的人的幸well-being ofthose whoare shortof hugs福感，进一步确认了拥抱机器人很有效故选B最佳标题题本文的第一段讲述拥抱的积极作用；第二段至第五段讲述研究人员研发拥抱机器人；第
21.六段讲述目前拥抱机器人的取得成效能读全文，可知拥抱机器人的研发日益完善，本文意在向民众推介拥抱机器人故选A（•北京门头沟•二模）2024Me andMy Brain（青春期），We allknow thatmeaningful changeshappen in our bodiesduring adolescencebut haveyou everstoppedto wonderwhafs actuallygoing oninside ourbrains duringthis timeTopaint aclear picture,we shouldfirst knowabout ourselveswith thedifferent partsof the brain.Did you know,for（神经细胞）（神经元）？example,that ourbrains aremade up of around100billion nervecells calledneurons Andcomingfrom theseneurons areseveral branch-like structuresfor sendingand receivingelectrical signals Every time we do（轴突）or think anything,a signalis sent.The signaltravels downa longstructure calledthe axon and,at theend,it passes（神经元的突触）（树突）across smallgaps calledsynapses to the dendritesof another neuron,which receivethe signal.In thisway,messages aresent acrossour neuralnetwork.Our brainstructure changesgreatly aswe growup.Newborn babieshave almostall theirneurons butfewconnections betweenthem,which iswhy theycant dovery much.After afew monthshowever,the numberof connectionsincreasesquickly,which inturn helpssmall kidsmaster newskills such as walkingand talking.Most braindevelopment iscompleted in the first few years,but wenow know that ourbrains continue to develop throughout our lives andperhaps themostsurprising timeof changeand development is duringadolescence.During thisperiod ofreorganization,thebrainnotices asudden increase in neuronsnot dissimilarto aplant growinguncontrollablyin spring.Just aswe cutback aplant to make itstronger andhealthier,we cutback ourbrains.Theconnections that are usedbecome stronger,whereas thosewhich arentused dryand die.So,the moreoften anaction orthoughtis activated,the strongerthe connectionsbecome betweenthe neurons,whichinturn makesthe part of thebrainbeing usedstronger.This explainswhy themore you do something,the betteryou becomeat it,reinforcing theold sayingpracticemakes perfect\In fact,the teenagebrain providesconditions forperfecting skillssuch asplaying amusicalinstrument,speaking anotherlanguage,or learninga difficult computer game.It could be arguedthat teenagersdecide thedevelopmentof their own greymatter throughthe activitiesthey takepart in and theirexperiences.It mayalso beunsurprising tomany to learn that the lastpart of the adolescentbrain todevelop isthe frontalcortex（额皮质），responsible forself-control,problem solvingand decisionmaking.So,long beforeteens aregood atabstract（抽象思维）thinking andlogical decisionmaking,they dependon theemotional centerof thebrain to make choicesand（荷尔蒙）,think.So perhapsunpredictable,uncertain,risk takingteenage behaviors,often putdown tohormones mayactuallyhave moreto dowith whafsgoing oninside ourbrain.
22.What dowe learnabout thestructure of the brainA.All neurons are activatedwhen we think.B.The structureof abrain cellis comparedto atree.C.Neurons allow a message to travelaround thebrain.D.The structureof abrain changeswhen amessage is sent.
23.What doesParagraph3tell usA.A decisionhelps babieslearn how to speak.B・Most changes in brainhappen afteradulthood.C.The process of braindevelopment iscontinuous.D.Babies arebom with the abilityto doanything.
24.The wordreinforcing“in Paragraph4probably meansA.judging B.challenging C.supporting D.limiting
25..The writeragrees thatteenagers.A.are clevererthan theyused to be when they studytheir brainsB,are misunderstoodand theycan playdifficultcomputergamesC・want tolearn more about the changesin their brainsand bodiesD.can benefitfrom understandingthechangesthat happenin theirbrains【答案】
22.C
23.C
24.C
25.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文文章讲述了青少年大脑在青春期经历的显著变化，特别是神经元连接的增强和修剪过程，以及这一变化如何影响青少年的技能发展、自我控制、决策制定和行为表现细节理解题根据
22.“And comingfrom theseneuronsareseveral branch-like structuresfor sendingand receivingelectricalsignalsEverytimewe do orthinkanything,a signalissent.The signaltravels downa longstructure calledthe（轴突）（神经元的突触）（树突）axon and,at theend,it passesacross smallgaps calledsynapses to the dendritesof可知，此处讲述了信anotherneuron,which receivethe signal.In thisway,messages aresent acrossour neuralnetwork.”息如何通过神经元在神经网络中传递，也就是说神经元允许信息在大脑中传播故选C主旨大意题根据
23.Most braindevelopmentiscompletedin thefirstfewyears,but wenow knowthat ourbrains和整段内容可知，从初生婴儿到他们几岁前，大脑一直在发育，并且大多continuetodevelopthroughoutourlives”数大脑发育在几岁前就完成了，现在还发现我们的大脑在一生中都在继续发育，由此可知本段告诉我们大脑发育的过程是持续的故选C词义猜测题根据
24.This explainswhy themore youdo something,the betteryou becomeat it,reinforcing theold可知，上文的例子解释了为什么你做得越多，你就变得越擅长，强化了“熟能生巧”saying practicemakes perfect,”这句谚语，由此可知与支撑，证实”意思相近故选“reinforcing”supporting”C推理判断题根据
25.“So perhapsunpredictable,uncertain,risk takingteenage behaviors,often putdown tohormones（荷尔蒙）,口丁矢口，也许那些不可预测、不may actuallyhave moreto dowith whafsgoing oninside ourbrain.”确定、充满风险的青少年行为，通常被归咎于荷尔蒙的影响，但实际上可能与我们大脑内部的活动有更大的关系由此可知青少年在了解大脑内部的活动后能更好理解自身的各种行为，也就是说青少年可以从了解他们大脑发生的变化中受益故选D（•北京房山•一模）（微塑料）2024Microplastics arein oursoil,our water,our air,getting into our bodiesandcausing healthproblems.Plastics areeverywhere,and theyrenot goingaway.Now,that may be changing.A newenvironmentally-friendly shopping model wascreated.For example,in this model,you areabletobuy ice（容器）.cream ina reusablecontainer When youre doneeating theice cream,youll throwthe containerin yourpersonalreuse bin.The containersare thenpicked upbyadelivery service,cleaned andrefilled,and shippedout toconsumers again.In otherwords,its the21st centurymilkman tosave the world fromsingle-use plastics.This shoppingmodel iscalled Loop.（零售商）Already,two largeretailers areLoop partnersand moremay join the project.（根本的）While recyclingis veryimportant,it is not going to solvewaste atthe rootcause.Our companycollectsthe oceanplastics andputs theminto productsmaking Jsays TomSzaky,CEO ofTerraCycle,a companythat isknown forrecyclinghard-to-recycle materials.But everyday,more andmore getsput in the ocean,so nomatter how much wecleanthe ocean,were nevergoingto solve the problem.Thafs reallywhere Loopcame out.To us,the rootcause ofwaste is notplastic,its usingthings once,and thafsreally whatLoop triesto changeas muchas possible.”For customers,the processis designed to beas easyas possible.The goalisnt asmuch toget youto change,itsinstead tocreate systemsthat dontmake youchange-but haveyou thensolve theproblem in the process,“Szaky says.Making customerschange isdifficult.So thefirst questionwe askedin developingthe modelwas Whydid throwingrubbishwin Ithink itdid becausethrowing rubbishis convenientand affordable.”If thesolutions are not convenient,people willnot acceptthem.Loop aimsto beas convenientas throwingsomethingin the bin.You donteven needto washthecontainer,so itssimpler thanrecycling.Jennifer Morganfrom theenvironmental non-profit organizationGreenpeace said,Greenpeace welcomesthe aimof the Loopto moveaway fromthrowaway culture.9,But Morganquestioned whethercompanies worldwideare readytochange theirbusiness models.Anyway,this is an effortto changetheproblemof plasticsand hopefullythismodelwillwork.
26.The secondparagraph ismainly about.A.what customersshould doto solvewaste problemB.what benefitsthe retailerscan getfrom LoopC,how the new shoppingmodel LoopworksD.how themilkman picksup the containers
27.What canwe learnfrom the passageA.Loop is designedto be convenientfor customersto accept.B.Companies worldwideare usingthe shoppingmodel Loop.C.Ocean plasticscan becleaned upby theshoppingmodelLoop.D.Customers haveto cleanthecontainersunder thenew modelLoop.
28..What isthe besttitle of the passageA.Making Plasticsinto ProductsB.Recycling:A FallingIndustryC.From ThrowingAway toReusing D.Plastics:Hard-to-recycle Materials【答案】
26.C
27.A
28.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文文章主要介绍了为解决一次性塑料问题，出现的环保购物新模式——主Loopo
26.旨大意题根据第二段整段可知，第二段介绍了一种新的环保购物模式——并举例说明新的购物模式Loop,Loop是如何运作的故选C细节理解题根据可知，对于客户来说，流程
27.“For customers,the processisdesignedtobeas easyas possible”设计得尽可能简单，所以的设计便于客户接受故选Loop A.标题归纳题根据全文可知，文章主要介绍了为解决一次性塑料问题，出现的环保购物新模式——在
28.Loop,这个模式中，用可重复使用的容器来代替一次性包装物，来购买物品，即文章的标题可为“从丢弃到再利用故选C（2024・1匕京•——模）The sunis setting,brightening yourkids facesas theyplay in the waves.You reachfbryour phonefor thisperfect moment.But beforeyoudo,heres abit ofsurprising science:Taking photosis notthe perfectway to keepmemory asyou think.Taking too many picturescould actuallyharm thebrains abilityto keepmemories,says Elizabeth Loftus,apsychology professor atthe University of California,Irvine.So weget thephoto butkind oflose thememory.Photos mayoutsource memories.It worksin twoways:We eithershake offthe responsibilityof rememberingmoments when taking pictures,or we5re sodistracted（分心的）by the process that we miss the moment altogether.The firstexplanation isthe lossof memory.People knowthat theircamera isrecording thatmoment,so theydonttry to remember.Similarly,if youwrite downsomeones phone number,youre lesslikely toremember itoffhand becauseyourbrain tellsyou theresjust noneed.Thats allwell andgood—until thatpiece ofpaper goesmissing.The otheris distraction.Were distracted by theprocessof taking a photo-how wehold ourphone,composing thephoto,suchassmiling faces,the backgroundtoourliking andclear image,all ofwhich usesup our attention that couldotherwise helpus memorize.However,taking photoscan benefitmemory—when donemindfully.While taking a photomay bedistracting,the（视觉的）act ofpreparation byfocusing onvisual detailsaround hassome upsides.（拉近镜头）When peopletake thetime tozoom inon specificthings,memories becomestrengthened.Another benefit is that we recallmoments moreaccurately withthe photos.Memory has been reshapedwiththehelpof newinformation andnew experiences.Thus,photos orvideos helpus recallmoments asif theyreally happened.Memories dieaway without a visual record backingthem up.Therefore,a photois anexcellent toolto helpremember when done purposefully,which isworth exploringfurther.
29.What doesProfessor Elizabeth Loftus thinkoftakingtoomanyphotosA.It can benefit ourmemories.B.It couldbe harmfulto keepmemories.C.It couldbe helpfulto recallthe perfectmoment.D.It willuse upourattention torememberthe beautifulmoments.
30.What canwe learnfrom the passageA.Memories willdisappear when we backup avisualrecord.B.We maynot payfull attention to themoment whentaking pictures.C.Take photosif youwanttoget newinformation ornew experiences.D.It isuseless toremember someonesphonenumberby writingit down.
31.Which ofthe followingcouldbethe besttitle forthe passageA・Photography orMemoriesB.Fewer Photos,More MemoriesC.Photography DoesGood toMemoriesD.Remember theMoment andTake PhotosProperly【答案】
29.B
30.B
31.D【导语】本文主要介绍了拍照并不像人们认为的那样是保存记忆的完美方式，过多的拍照可能会损害大脑记忆的能力，因此，有意识地拍照是一种值得探索的记忆辅助工具细节理解题根据第二段中
29.“Taking toomany picturescould actuallyharm thebrains abilityto keepmemories,says.”可矢口，力口州大学欧文分校的心ElizabethLoftus,a psychologyprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine理学教授认为，拍太多照片实际上可能会损害大脑保持记忆的能力故选ElizabethLoftusB细节理解题根据第三段中
30.“We eithershake offthe responsibilityof rememberingmomentswhentakingpictures,or可知，我们在拍照时可能没有充分注意到瞬间were sodistractedbytheprocessthat wemissthemomentaltogether.故选B最佳标题题根据最后一段中
31.Therefore,aphotois anexcellent toolto helprememberwhendonepurposefully,以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了过度拍照可能会损害大脑记忆的能力，鼓励which isworth exploringfurther.”人们有计划、有目的地拍照，选项“记住这个时刻，适当地拍照”为最佳标题故选D D（2024・1匕京朝阳・——模）In aculture thatfocuses sostrongly onsuccess,its easy to feellike afailure.Butaccording to the organizationalpsychologist AdamGrant,that mightbe because were thinkingabout achievementsallwrong.（天生的）Many peoplethink that achievements aretied closelyto innateability,so theygive upon activitiesthey findchallenging.Thats amistake.Dr.Grant writesin hisnew book,Hidden PotentialityThe Scienceof AchievingGreaterThings.The followingare thethree keypoints fromhis book that couldhelp youunlock your own hidden potential.（逐渐的）Accept discomfort.Dr.Grant arguesthat successis moreabout gradualgrowth thanachieving immediatevictories.And oneofthe most effectivemethods forskill developmentistochallenge oneself.The discomfortwe feeloffersa chancefor newlearning JDr.Grant explainedinaninterview andhe alsostressed theimportance ofwelcoming（区域）such moments.According tohim,stepping outsideour comfortzones mayactually encouragegreater growth.Healso suggests accepting mistakes as a natural part ofthe learning process.Besides,he stressesthat makingmistakes isnecessaryfor progress.Without enoughefforts andmistakes,development becomeschallenging.Keep things interesting.Dr.Grant warnsus aboutburnout,which happenswhenwework toomuch.But healso talksabout“bore out”,which isfeeling tiredfrom nothaving enoughto do.He suggestsadding funactivities andnew thingstolearn toour dailylife.In his book,he saysbasketball playerStephen Currygot rapidimprovement aftercollege because of（重复的）a coachwho focusedon differentactivities andgames in his trainingperiods,rather thanrepetitive practice.Dr.Grant mentionsthat tryingout differentskills helpspeople improvefaster.If yourestuck,he advisestakingabreak anddoingsomething enjoyable.This canimprove yourconfidence andskills,helping youmake progress.Ask fbr advice andgive it,too.Dr.Grant pointsto HarvardBusiness Schoolresearch thatfound itsmore helpfultoask foradvice,which focuseson what you can do betterinthe future.Furthermore,advice haspositive effect,changing yourmindset towhatyou can doright.We oftenperform betterafter wegive otherpeople advice,too,inwhat Dr.Grant refersto asthe“coach effect”.Thafs becausewe aremore likely to focuson advicethatwehavealready givento others,he says.One studyhe mentionsdiscovered thathigh schoolstudents whowere chosenbychance tooffer encouragementto youngerstudents wentontoget bettergrades.
32.Dr.Grant would suggest to unlock your own hidden potential.A.accepting mistakesB.having repetitivepracticeC.shortening learningprocess D.achieving immediatevictories
33.Why doesDr.Grant mention the HarvardBusiness Schoolresearch in Paragraph5A.To pointout theimportance of asking foradvice amongstudents.B,To showthe connectionbetween coacheffect andencouragement.C.To presentexamples ofhigh schoolstudents9educational achievements.D.To stressthe benefitsof givingand receivingadvice onbetter performance.
34.What isthe passagemainly aboutA.The effectsof keepingthings interesting.B.The reasonsof keepingthings interesting.C.The ways tounlock yourownhidden potential.D.The difficultiesin unlockingyourownhiddenpotential.【答案】
32.A
33.A
34.C【导语】本文介绍的是释放你隐臧潜力的方法细节理解题根据第三段及
32.“Accept discomfort.”“He alsosuggestsacceptingmistakesas anaturalpartofthelearning可知,格兰特博士建议接受错误来释放process.Besides,he stressesthat makingmistakes isnecessary fbrprogress.“你隐藏的潜力故选A细节理解题根据最后一段
33.“Ask fbradvice andgive it,too.Dr.Grant pointsto HarvardBusiness Schoolresearch that可知，是为了指出向学found itsmore helpfulto askfbradvice,which focuseson whatyoucando betterinthe future.“生征求意见的重要性故选A主旨大意题根据第二段
34.The followingare thethree keypoints fromhisbook thatcouldhelp youunlockyourown可知，文章说的是释放你自己隐藏潜力的方法故选hiddenpotential.”C（2024U匕京西城・——模）Ona Saturdayafternoon,your bestfriend callsyou andsays heneeds helpmoving.You gladlyshow upto help.Whenyouare done,he handsyou somemoney,saying“Thanks fbryour help.The situation（尴尬的）.suddenly feelsawkwardWhy doesntdirect paymentfit thesituation According to economistDan Ariely,we livein twoworlds-one（规范），governed bysocial norms and theother characterized by market norms.Social normsare partof oursocial nature.（请求）They includethe friendlyrequests thatpeople make of one another and immediate payback isnot required.In thesecondworld,where market norms makethe rules,people workfor moneyand getwhat theypay for.Market relationshipsare not necessarilybad ormean,but theydo suggestcomparable benefitsand immediatepayments.When wekeep social norms and market normson theirseparate paths,things movealong smoothly.Moreover,when socialandmarketnorms runinto eachother,the results are notsatisfying.There wasan experimentinvolving daycarecenter fines.Some parentswould arrivelate topick uptheir children,sofines wereintroduced.However,this mademore parentslate.Before thefine wasintroduced,parents weresorry forkeeping the teachers waiting,and thismade them feel compelled to arrive on time inthefuture.But theintroduction ofthefine replacedthis socialnorm with a marketnorm.Parents feltthey werepaying tobe allowedto choosewhether theywantedtobelate.Even afterthe centerremoved thefine,the parentsdidnt returnto social normsand the numberof latepick-ups didntdrop.The resultshowedafact:when aspecial normruns into a marketnorm,the socialnorm goesaway andseldomreturns.However,does thisnecessarily meanmarketnormsalways havea biggereffect thansocial normsAriely performed（）（）（拖动）an experimentby payingpeople$5Group1or$
0.50Group2for draggingcircles acrossa computerscreenfor fiveminutes.With payment,he expectedthem to use marketnorms inthat situation and actaccordingly.And toGroup3,he introducedthe taskasasocial request,just askingthem forhelp.The resultsshowed thatGroup1dragged onaverage159circles,and Group2dragged about101circles.But theones whowere paidnothing dragged168circles.When people（动力）were paid,motivation andproductivity rose as pay rose,but peopleworked evenharder undersocial normsthanfor money,Why Becausepeople love to feel that they have helped others.Money isthemostexpensive way to motivatepeople.Social normsarenotonly cheaper,but oftenmore effectiveaswell.Money willtake youonly sofar-social normsare theforces thatcan makea difference inthelong run.
35.Which ofthe followingexamples fitswithin social normsA.Paying afriend forhis voluntaryhelp.B.Fining aworker becauseof hismistakes.C.Offering aneighbor afree rideto theairport.D.Returning a product toget yourmoney back.fact,experience mayeven explaina popularbelief thatmen aremore likelyto performbetter than women.It turnsout thatthis difference is morea question of culture and experience than of in born ability.Northern Europeans,for example,show什生另almost nogender Udifferenceinnavigation.However,men domuch betterthan women in placeswhere womenfacecultural limitson exploringtheir environmenton theirown.That findingis alsosupported bystudies on the Tsimane,a communityliving ina forestin SouthAmerica.Researchers putGPS unitson305Tsimane people to checktheir dailymovements overa three-day period,and foundnodifference betweenmen andwomeninnavigationalability.Even childrenperformed very well——a result,researchersthink,of growingup inan environmentthat encourageschildren toexplore theforest.
1.Why wasan experimentcarriedout in2022A.To developanonlineway findinggame.B.To improvethe playersway findingability.C.To pickout peoplewhoare weak inway finding.D.To findout whypeople aredifferent inway findingability.
2.According tothe passage,who isprobably the best atfinding their wayA.A womanwho oftenexplores nature.B.A girlwho studiesSouth Americanculture.C.A manwho runsonasports groundevery morning.D.A boywho livesinacity with an orderlystreetnetwork.
3.What canwe learnfrom the passageA.Good navigatorsare mostlymade,not born.B.Navigation skillsdiffer betweenthe genders.C.Navigation skillsare passeddown,never lost.D.Good navigatorsbring developmentsin technology.【答案】
1.D
2.A
3.A【导语】本文主要探讨了人们在辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因研究表明，生活经验决定了人们的辨识方向能力，文化和经验比天生能力更重要细节理解题根据第二段第——句
1.“An experimentwas carriedoutin2022to findout whatmight influenceway可知，年进行实验的目的是找出人们认路能力不同的原因故选findingability.”2022D推理判断题根据第四段第一句
2.Research resultslike thesesuggest thatpeoples lifeexperience decideshow well.”可知，人们的生活经历决定了他们在认路方面的表现，结合最后一段最后一句they findtheirway“Even
36.The words“feel compelledto-in Paragraph4most probably meanA.remain unwillingto B.think itnecessary toC.be afraidto D.find iteasyto
37.What canwe learnabout DanArielys experimentin Paragraph5A.Ariely expectedpeopletohelp eachother tocomplete thetask.B.The resultsuggested whoshould receivethe highestpayment.C.People inthe experimentacted accordingtothesame norms.D.The experimentshowed theeffectsofthe twonorms.
38.According tothe passage,the writerprobably agreesthat.A.social normscan playa greatrole insocietyB,marketnormsarent effectiveas theyused tobeC.better performancesometimes leadstolowerpayD.people shouldreplace marketnorms withsocialnorms【答案】
35.C
36.B
37.D
38.A【导语】本文主要介绍了我们生活在两个世界，一个是社会规范统治的世界，一个是以市场规范为特征的世界，并通过实验表明从长远来看，社会规范更能够产生影响推理判断题根据（请求）
35.Social normsare partof oursocial nature.They includethe friendlyrequests thatpeople可知,社会规范是我们社会本性的一部分它们包括人makeofoneanotherandimmediatepaybackisnotrequired.”们相互友好的请求，并且不需要立即回报因此选项“让邻居搭便车去机场”符合社会规范故选C C词义猜测题根据
36.“Before thefine wasintroduced,parents weresorry fbrkeepingtheteacherswaiting,and thismade可知，在罚款开始之前，家长们为让老师们久等而感到抱歉，themfeelcompelledto arriveontimeinthefuture.因此这让他们觉得以后有必要准时到达因此划线单词表示“认为有必要“故选B细节理解题根据
37.“The resultsshowed thatGroup1dragged onaverage159circles,and Group2dragged about101（动力）circles.But theones whowere paidnothing dragged168circles.When peoplewere paid,motivation andproductivityroseaspayrose,but peopleworked evenharder undersocialnormsthan formoney,Why Becausepeople可知，当人们得到报酬时，动力和生产力随着报酬的增加而增加，但人们lovetofeelthattheyhavehelpedothers.”在社会规范下比为钱更努力工作，由此可知这项实验表明了这两种规范的影响故选Do推理判断题根据
38.Social normsarenotonly cheaper,but oftenmore effectiveas well.Money willtake youonly so可知，社会规范不仅成本更低，而且往往far-socialnormsare theforces thatcan makea differenceinthelong run.”更有效，因此作者可能同意社会规范可以在社会中发挥很大的作用故选Achildren performedverywell-a result,researchers think,of growingup inan environmentthat encourageschildren to可知，选项“一个经常探索自然的女性”最为符合故选explore theforest.”A A推理判断题根据第四段
3.“In fact,experience mayeven explaina popularbelief thatmen aremore Hkelyto performbetterthanwomen.It turnsout thatthisdifferenceis moreaquestionofcultureandexperiencethanofinbornability.可知，事实上，经验甚至可以解释一种普遍的观点——男性比女性更有可能表现得更好事实证明，这种差异与其说是天生的能力问题，不如说是文化和经验的问题由此推知，好的领航员大多是培养出来的，而不是天生的故选A（•北京•中考真题）2023Do you knowthatover1/3of allfood producedintheworld goesto wasteAccording（）（十亿）totheUnited NationsUN,every yeararound theworld,about onebillion tonsof food is wasted.At thesametime,there arenearly onebillion peoplewho gohungry.Simply1/4ofthe food wastedis enoughto keepthem out of（）hunger.In addition,the wastedfood producesover threebillion tonsof carbondioxide CO2,which speeds up climate（气候）change.What canwe doto solvethis food waste problem（需求）One effectivesolution isbalancing food production withdemand.In hotelsand othersimilar places,special instrumentsshouldbe used so that cookingspecialists justprepare andcook foodas it is ordered.（减少）Another effectivesolution isstarting programsto reducefood waste.Stores andbuyers cantry theirbestto becreative infood wastereduction.For example,stores canprovide customerswith instructionstelling themhow to（质量）.make fulluseoffood.Buyers cantry notfixing theireyes onlyon foodofthebest qualitySometimes,the foodofnon-top qualityis alsogood enoughto eat,or can be boughtand thenused to make delicious dishes.One ofthe hardestsolutions toachieve isfor eachand everyone tobuy andprepare foodwith aplan oftheir ownsothat less food is wasted.Challenging asit is,the useof mealplans inpreparing foodcan playan importantrole inendingfood wasteinthefamily.Food recyclingisoneoftheknown solutions.Efforts arenow alreadyin progress.Food thatisnotsafe forhumansto eatis recycledinto otherproducts suchas animalfeeds andclothing.Yet,there isstill along wayto goand muchforimprovement inthis area.In aword,food wastehas beenoneofthe biggestproblems intheworldthat haveinfluenced usgreatly.Manysolutions havebeen foundand manymore areyet tobe workedout.If eachof uscan putin moreefforts,food wasteis suretobe reducedforthegood ofour future.
4.According tothepassage,what isa possibleresult offood wasteA.The problemof worldwidehunger.B,A bigincreaseinfoodproduction.C.The speed-upofclimate change.D.A suddendrop inpopulation.
5.What canwe learnfrom the passageA.Food recyclinghasbeenhugely successful.B.Buyers shouldgive upnon-top qualityfood.C.Stores shouldtrain peopletomakedeliciousdishes.D.Meal plansinthefamily arehard toput intopractice.
6.What isthepassagemainly aboutA・Benefits ofreducing food waste.B.Solutions tothefoodwaste problem.C.The importanceof fightingfoodwaste.D.The attitudetothefoodwaste problem.【答案】
4.C
5.D
6.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文主要介绍了食物浪费的现状以及四个解决食物浪费问题的方法，并得出结论如果我们每个人都做出努力，食物浪费问题一定会有所改善细节理解题根据（）
4.“In addition,the wastedfood producesover threebillion tonsof carbondioxide CO2,which可知食物浪费可能造成的一个结果是气候变化的加速故选speedsupclimate change.”Co细节理解题根据
5.“One ofthe hardestsolutions toachieve isfbr eachand everyone tobuy andprepare foodwith a可知家庭的膳食计划很难付诸实施故选plan oftheirownsothatlessfoodiswasted.”D主旨大意题根据第一段最后一句以及通读全文可知主要
6.What canwedotosolvethis foodwasteproblem”介绍了四种解决食物浪费问题的方法故选B（匕京•中考真题）2023U Whenconsidering thekind ofexperience thatmakes lifebetter,most peoplefirst thinkthathappiness dependson experiencingpleasure:good food,good jobs,allthecomforts thatmoney canbuy.If wecouldnthave these,we mightas wellsit in front ofthe televisiononaquiet evening.Pleasure isan importantpartofthe quality of life,but byitself itdoesnt bringhappiness.When peoplethink further（倾向于）about whatmakes a worthy life,they tendto movebeyond pleasantmemories andbegin toremember other（有重叠）events,other experiencesthat overlappleasurable onesbut fallintoagroup with a separatename:enjoyment.Enjoyable eventstake placewhen peoplehave notonly satisfieda needor metsome earlierexpectation,but alsoachievedsomething unexpected.Enjoyment ischaracterized bya senseof curiosity,of achievement.Playing a tennis gamethat improvesonesability is enjoyable,as isreading a bookthatshows thingsina new light,as ishaving aconversation thatleads ustoexpress ideas we didnt know we had.None ofthese experiencesmay beespecially pleasurablewhentheyare takingplace,but whenwethinkback onthem afterwards,we wouldsay,That reallywas fun“and wishthey wouldhappen again.After anenjoyable eventwe knowthatwehave changed,and grown.Experiences thatgive pleasurecan alsogive enjoyment,but thetwo feelingsare quitedifferent.For example,everybody takespleasure ineating.However,to enjoysfoodismore difficult—you haveto payenough attentionto ameal,so asto senseand tellits varioustastes.As thisexample suggests,we canexperience pleasure without anypsychicenergy,while enjoyment happens only asa result of full attention.A personcan feelpleasurewithout any effort,as longas（刺激）.certain partsinhisbrain arestimulated Butifs impossibleto enjoyatennis game orabookwithout full attention.Ws forthis reasonthat pleasuredoes notlast long,nor doesit makeus grow.Growth requiresfullattentionto goals thatare new,that arerelatively challenging.（夕Without enjoyment,life willgo on,and itcanevenbe pleasant.But itdepends heavilyon luckandtheexternal卜部的）environment.To achievepersonal controlover thequalityofexperience,however,we needtolearnhowtobuildenjoyment intowhat happensday in,day out.
7.You willmost probablyexperience enjoymentwhen you.A.buy expensiveshoes B.order adelicious mealC.talk withfriends fornew ideasD.sit quietlyinfrontof atelevision
8.What doyouknowabout pleasure and enjoymentfrom thepassageA.Enjoyment growsoutofpleasure.B.Pleasure andenjoyment comehand inhand.C.Pleasurable experiencesare partof enjoyableones.D.Some experiencesprovide bothpleasureandenjoyment.
9.The words“psychic energy“in Paragraph4are closestin meaningto.A.attention B.interest C.ability D.knowledge
10.The writerprobably agreesthat.A.feeling pleasurestops peoplefrom achievinggrowthB.feeling enjoymentcomes with achieving growthC.aworthy life dependson luckand environmentD.pleasure isthe keytoahappy andworthylife【答案】
7.C
8.D
9.A
10.B【导语】本文主要讲述了快乐和享受的联系和对比推理判断题根据
7.“Playing atennisgamethat improvesones abilityisenjoyable,as isreading abookthatshows可知打一场能thingsinanewlight,as ishaving aconversation thatleads usto expressideaswedidntknowwehad.“提高一个人能力的网球是令人愉快的，就像读一本从新的角度看待事物的书一样，就像进行一场能让我们表达自己不知道自己拥有的想法的谈话一样由此推出当你和朋友谈论新想法时，你很可能会体验到乐趣故选C细节理解题根据
8.“Experiences thatgive pleasurecan alsogive enjoyment,but thetwo feelingsare quitedifferent.”可知有些经历既能带来愉悦，又能带来享受故选D词义猜测题根据
9.“As thisexample suggests,we canexperience pleasurewithout anypsychic energy,while可知正如这个例子所表明的，我们可以在没有任何精神能量的enjoymenthappensonlyasaresultoffullattention.”情况下体验快乐，而享受只有在全神贯注的情况下才会发生与意思相近故psychic energyattention选Ao观点态度题根据以及
10.“Enjoyment ischaracterizedbya senseof curiosity,of achievement.Growth requiresfull.”可知作者会赞成“感到快乐与得到成长是相辅相成attentiontogoalsthatare new,thatarerelatively challenging的”这一观点故选B（•北京•中考真题）2022What doesit meantobegreen Greenismorethan justa color.It alsomeans takingspecialsteps toprotect theenvironment.Buying agreen product isasmall stepeveryone cantake.Deciding whetheraproduct isgreen,however,isnt alwayseasy.We needto considerthe wholelife cycleoftheproduct evenafter itsof nouse.Here iswhat wemay keepin mind.（关The materialsofa product areusually ourfirst focus注）.What isit made of Arethere anyharmfulpackagingchemicals init Greenproducts aremade ofmore naturalmaterials whichare freefrom harmfulchemicals,so theycan begoodfor ourphysical health.Packaging isimportant.How isaproductpackaged Isit over packaged Wedbetter chooseglass,metal andpaper（回收利用）.packaging,as thesecanbereused ormore easilyrecycled Wecan alsolook forless packagingor evenchooseunbagged productswhenever possible.（地,点）Location matters.Where wasaproductproduced Wherearewebuying itThink abouthow muchenergywas used toget ittous try to choose local products.When itcomes to food,it isa goodidea toorder directlyfrom localfarmer,shop atmarkets andbuy fruitsin season.Buying fromstores nearour housesis alsoa goodchoice,becausewe cango therewithout drivinga car.Look intowhat thecompany tellsus abouttheir product.Its easyto saythataproductis“green or“all natural”butthe wordsmaybetoo goodtobetrue.So,much ofthe informationabout aproduct shouldbe takenwithagrain ofsalt.After all,companies trytomakeus believethat theirproducts areenvironmentally responsible.The greenestthing iscertainly theone wedont buy.Things likefood andclothing arenecessaryforlife.But manyothers arenot.Better thanbuying ischoosing toleave anunnecessary productinthestore anddoing without.It（减少）sends amessagetothe producer,keeps moneyinourpockets,reduces wasteand keepsthe planethealthy.
11.The writerwouldsuggestchoosing aproduct thatis.A.overpackagedB.delivered fromabroadC.locally producedD.madeofunnatural materials
12.The words“be takenwithagrain ofin salt“Paragraph5probablymeanA.be easilyunderstood B.not becompletely believedC.be widelyspread D.not bequickly forgotten
13.Which ofthe followingwould bethebesttitle forthepassageA.Buying GreenB.Recycling WasteC.Keeping HealthyD.Reducing EnergyUse【答案】IL C
12.B
13.A【导语】本文是一篇说明文文章通过解释这个词，呼吁大家保护环境“Green”推理判断题根据
11.Think abouthowmuchenergy wasusedtogetittoustrytochooselocalproducts.When itcomes司’知，作者建议选择当地生产的产品，故选tofood,itisa goodidea toorder directlyfrom localfarmer,…Co词句猜测题分析
12.“So,much ofthe informationabout aproduct shouldbe takenwithagrain ofsalt.After all,可矢口，公司试图让我们相信companies trytomakeus believethat theirproducts areenvironmentally responsible.”他们的产品对环境负责，但是我们应该秉持一个怀疑的态度，此处的意思是“不被“be takenwithagrain ofsalt”完全相信“，故选B最佳标题题，本文作者通过解释这个词，呼吁大家保护环境选项符合主题，故
13.“Green”A“Buying Green”选Ao（
2020.北京・中考真Today wecandoeverything withapps:pay bills,order foodand shopfor anything.Mobile technologymeanswecanhold theworld inour hands.However,when itcomes totechnology andhealth care,opportunitiesand challengescome together.Lefs startwiththewaystoget health care.Telemedicine canallow a patient touse technologyto seethe doctor（诊断）online andget adiagnosis andinstructions withoutleaving home.In addition,there aremany patientwebsites.These allowfor differentkinds ofinteractions aboutourhealthneedswithout involvingthe medicalteam.Setting adate withdoctors andreading labresultsarereadily achievedbytechnology.（可能的）A wholenew ageof medicalcare seemslikelytocome inthefuture.But everycoin hastwo sides.Whatmight beontheother sideoftechno-health careFirstly,we shouldthink aboutthe health care experience asawhole.A usualvisit toa doctorbegins witha（接待员），receptionist who can see and tell how a patient is doing,This mayinfluence thetreatment effect.Its unlikelythatapatientwebsite willhave suchintuition.Next,sharing thedetails ofones liferequires trust,which takestime tobuild.This iscertainly truein healthcare,where someof life*s bestand worstmoments involvedoctors.The humantouch shouldnot beundervalued andisunlikely tobe thereover thesmartphone.Lastly,test resultscanbedifficult to understand.When someonewithouta medical degreesees aflagged resultwith no explanation onthe website,theres roomfor allkinds ofstories toform intheir minds——and also great worry.（适应）So howdoes medicineadapt tothenewtechnology ageVery talentedcompanies areworking on it.There（设备）is medical equipment thatcanbeused at home to send necessary signs and heart sounds through telemedicine.Itseems likelythat somecompanies willfind awaytoexplain testresults.But whatit willnot achieveisthewarmth ofhuman interactionand touch.Patients oftenneed someoneto listento-and careabout-their journeystory,which willnever berealized throughahuman-less technology.Technology shouldbea tool,but dependingonittotally willmost certainlyhave unexpectedeffects.Lets notallow ourhumanity tobe oneofthem.
14.Accordingtothepassage,howdoestechnology helphealth careA.It encouragesdoctors tovoice theirneeds onthe websitesB.It offersthe patienta convenientwaytoget adiagnosisC.It improvesrelations betweendoctors andpatients.D.It providesan opportunitytobuildamedicalteamA.an abilityto understandB.an interestingexperience
15..The word“intuition“inParagraph5probably means.C.a chance to winD.a fairdecision
16.What doyouknowabout techno-healthcarefrom thepassageA.Patient websitesrequire trustfrom doctors.B.Talented companiescan givemedical advice.C.Flagged resultsmay causeworry forpatients.D.Medical equipmentcollects patients9stories.
17.The writerprobably agreesthat.A.technology candeal withunexpectedeffects.B.telemedicine cantake theplace ofusual healthcare.C.itisdifficult forpatients toadapttothenewtechnologyage.D.techno-healthcareshould takehumanity intoconsideration.【答案】
14.B
15.A
16.C
17.D【分析】本文讲述了技术进步给健康医疗领域带来的机遇和挑战细节理解题木艮据第二段
14.“Telemedicine canallowapatient touse technologyto seethe doctoronline andget a（诊断）远程医疗可以让病人不用离开家就可以使用技术在线看diagnosis andinstructions withoutleaving home.医生并得到诊断和指导“，可知它为病人提供了一种方便的诊断方法，故选B词义猜测题理解的能力；有趣的经历；获胜
15.an abilitytounderstandan interestingexperienceachancetowin的机会；公平的决定根据猜题所在句子中的可知指代的是上文中的a fairdecision suchintuition“A usualvisit to（接待员）,a doctorbegins witha receptionistwhocanseeandtellhowapatientisdoing,This mayinfluence the通常去看医生的时候会有一个前台接待员，他可以看到并告诉病人情况，这可能会影响治疗效treatment effect.果、可知猜题句是指“病人的网站不太可能有这样的理解能力”，所以应指“理解的能力”，故选intuitionA推理判断题根据第六段中可知
16.“Next,sharing thedetails ofone*s liferequires trust,which takestime tobuild.,分享生活细节需要信任，所以选项是错误的；根据第八段中可知有A“Verytalentedcompaniesareworkingonit”,能力的公司正致力于解决这个问题，所以选项是错误的；根据第七段中B“When someonewithoutamedical degree一sees aflagged resultwithnoexplanationonthewebsite,theres roomfor allkinds ofstories toform intheir mindsand当一个没有医学学位的人在网站上看到一个没有任何解释的标记结果时，就会有各种各样的故alsogreatworry.事在他们脑海中形成，同时也会产生巨大的担忧“，可知标记的结果可能会引起患者的担忧，所以选项是C正确的；根据第八段中（设备）“There ismedicalequipmentthatcanbeusedathometosendnecessarysignsandheart可知有医疗设备可以在家里通过远程soundsthroughtelemedicine。
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