《英语语法要点回顾》课件

英语语法要点回顾系统梳理英语语法核心知识点助力考试提分与实际应用课程目标与学习建议语法学习意义高效复习方法提高语言准确性系统性学习各语法点增强写作表达能力多做例题巩固克服沟通障碍建立知识关联英语词类综述名词动词表示人、事、物表示动作、状态冠词12形容词限定名词描述性质、特征83连词副词74连接词、句修饰动词、形容词65介词代词表示关系替代名词名词种类与用法可数名词可加复数-s例book,cat,house不可数名词无复数形式例water,music,love专有名词特定人物、地点例China,London抽象名词表示观念、品质例friendship,truth名词单复数变化规则规则变化一般+-s book-books以结尾s/x/ch+-es box-boxes以辅音结尾，变为+y yi+-es baby-babies不规则变化特殊变化man-men,child-children单复同形sheep,deer,fish外来词formula-formulae/formulas复合名词主体部分变复数passer-by-passers-by两部分都变woman doctor-women doctors代词分类与功能人称代词I,you,he,she,it,we,they物主代词my/mine,your/yours,his,her/hers反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself指示代词this,that,these,those疑问代词who,whom,whose,what,which不定代词some,any,no,none,all,both关系代词who,whom,which,that,whose形容词与副词形容词副词修饰名词修饰动词、形容词、副词通常位于名词前表示方式、程度、时间表示事物的性质、状态例speak loudly,very good例beautiful flowers,happy children形容词副词的比较级与最高级/规则形式不规则变化短词加-er/-est tall-good-better-besttaller-tallestbad-worse-worst多音节词形more/most+many/much-more-most容词beautiful-morebeautiful-most beautiful常见错误双重比较错more better混用副词形式对错run more quickly/morequick动词分类与基本用法基本分类实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词及物动词与不及物动词及物需接宾语；不及物不需宾语系动词连接主语和表语be,look,seem,become助动词帮助构成时态、语态do,have,be情态动词表示能力、可能性can,may,must,should英语动词时态概览英语共有种时态，常用种1612三种时间（现在、过去、将来）四种状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）×一般现在时表示习惯或经常性表示客观真理或现结构动作状主语动词原形（第+I playtennis everyThe earthrevolves三人称单数）+sweekend.around the sun.He worksin abank.一般过去时1规则动词+ed:walk-walked,play-played2不规则动词特殊变化:go-went,see-saw3时间标志yesterday,last week,in20104常见用法表示过去发生的动作或状态一般将来时动词原形will+表示意愿或预测:I willhelp you.动词原形be going to+表示计划或迹象:Its going to rain.动词be+-ing确定的安排:I ammeeting himtomorrow.现在时表将来确定的时间表:The trainleaves at8PM.现在进行时构成表示此刻正在进行的动作动词be am/is/are+-ing She is readinga booknow.表示当前一段时间内的活动时间状语I amlearning Englishthis year.now,at themoment,at present过去进行时构成用法对比一般过去时动词表示过去某时正在进行的动作过去进行强调动作过程was/were+-ing作为背景动作（当另一动作插入）一般过去强调动作完成I wasreading at8PM yesterday.When shecalled,I wascooking.现在完成时构成过去分词have/has+表示过去发生且与现在有联系的动作I havelived herefor tenyears.时间标志（表持续时间）、（表起点时间）for since过去完成时1构成过去分词had+2表示过去某时间之前已经完成的动作When hearrived,she hadalready left.3典型应用场景间接引语、虚拟语气条件句If Ihad known,I wouldhave toldyou.现在完成进行时构成用法动词表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作have/has been+-ing对比完成时重点强调完成进行强调过程，完成时强调结强调动作的持续性果被动语态基础基本结构使用场景时态变化过去分词强调动作承受者随动词变化be+be动作执行者不重要或不明确现在过去The letterwas writtenby John.is built/was built科学客观表述特殊被动语态结构情态动词被动语态不定式被动情态动词过去分词过去分词+be+to be+The workmust befinished byFriday.He wantsto beinvited tothe party.双宾语结构被动转换动词介词结构的被动+可以从两个宾语角度转换介词不分离She gaveme abook.→I was given abook./A bookwasgivento me.They lookedafter thechildren.→The childrenwere lookedafter.不定式的用法作主语To learnEnglish wellis important.作宾语I wantto studyabroad.作宾语补足语He askedme tohelp him.作定语I havea lotof workto do.否定不定式放在前not to:I toldhim notto go.动名词的用法动名词可作主语Swimming isgood exercise.可作宾语I enjoyreading.介词后接动名词Hes interestedin collectingstamps.特定动词后用动名词avoid,consider,finish,suggest分词（现在分词与过去分词）现在分词过去分词形式动词形式动词第三形式+ing意义主动、进行意义被动、完成用法用法作定语作定语•running water•broken glass作状语作状语•Hearing thenews,she cried.•Moved bythe story,he donated.作补语作补语•I sawhim running.•I gotmy bikerepaired.祈使句与感叹句祈使句感叹句结构省略主语，用动词原形开形式形容词What+a/an++头名词主语谓语++表示命令、请求、劝告、警告例What abeautiful dayit is!例形式形容词副词主语Close thedoor./Dont belate.How+/+谓语+例How fasthe runs!简单句基本结构主语谓语+SVBirds fly./The babyis sleeping.主语谓语宾语++SVOI lovemusic./She readsbooks.主语谓语间宾直宾+++SVOOShe gaveme agift.主语谓语宾语宾补+++SVOCWe foundthe taskdifficult.主语系动词表语++SVCThe floweris beautiful.并列句构成方式连词and表示并列、递进关系He studieshard andhe alwaysgets goodgrades.连词but表示转折、对比关系Sheisrich butshe isnot happy.连词or表示选择、替代关系You canstay hereor youcan gowith them.平行结构规则并列成分必须结构相同She likesswimming andplaying tennis.复合句简介名词性从句总述主语从句宾语从句在句中作主语在句中作宾语That hepassed theexam surprisedIknow that he workshard.me.同位语从句表语从句解释说明名词在句中作表语The newsthat hewon theprize Theproblem isthat wehave nospreadquickly.money.宾语从句详解引导词时态一致连接词（可省略）主句是现在时，从句用任何时态that连接代词主句是过去时，从句用相应的过what,which,who,去时态whom,whose连接副词when,where,why,I knewthat he had finishedthehow work.疑问句转宾语从句一般疑问句引导if/whetherHe askedif Iwas free.特殊疑问句疑问词引导She askedwhere Ilived.定语从句结构关系代词引导指人who,whom指物which指人或物that表所属关系whose关系副词引导表时间when表地点where表原因why限定性定语从句不用逗号隔开限定先行词范围The bookthat Ibought yesterdayis interesting.非限定性定语从句用逗号隔开补充说明先行词My brother,who isa doctor,lives in Beijing.状语从句种类时间状语从句when,while,as,before,after,until,since原因状语从句because,since,as,for目的状语从句so that,in orderthat条件状语从句if,unless,as longas,provided that让步状语从句although,though,even if,even though结果状语从句so...that,such...that条件状语从句一二第一类条件句第二类条件句真实条件，可能发生与现在事实相反从句用现在时，主句用将来时从句用过去时，主句用动词原形if if would+If itrains tomorrow,I willstay athome.If Ihad time,I wouldhelp you.三第三类条件句与过去事实相反从句用过去完成时，主句用ifwouldhave+过去分词If Ihad known,I wouldhave toldyou.虚拟语气基础概念现在虚拟过去虚拟将来虚拟条件主语动词过去式条件主语过去完成时条件主语动词if++if++if++should/were to+原形主句主语动词主句主语+would/could/might++would/could/might+have原形过去分词主句主语动词++would/could/might+原形If Iwere you,I wouldaccept theoffer.If hehad triedharder,he wouldhavesucceeded.If itshould raintomorrow,the matchwouldbe canceled.非谓语动词在句中的多种用法句法功能不定式动名词分词作主语To learnEnglish LearningEnglish-is important.is important.作宾语I wantto learnI enjoylearning-English.English.作表语My jobis toMy hobbyis-teach English.collectingstamps.作定语I havesome asleeping babya brokenwindowwork to do.作状语I camehere toAfter finishingSeen fromthesee you.work,he wenthill,the cityhome.looks beautiful.直接引语与间接引语直接引语间接引语变化规则直接引用说话人原话转述说话内容，不使用引号人称根据报告人视角调整用引号标识需进行人称、时态、指示词等变化时态通常后退一个时间段指示词→→He said,I amgoingtoLondon He said that he wasgoingtoLondon thisthat,now then,等→tomorrow.the nextday.today thatday直接间接引语的时态变化一般现在时一般过去时→直接I workhere.间接He saidthat heworked there.现在进行时过去进行时→直接I amstudying.间接She saidshe wasstudying.一般过去时过去完成时→直接I visited Paris.间接He saidhehadvisitedParis.现在完成时过去完成时→直接I havefinished.间接She saidshe hadfinished.特殊情况时态不变—表达客观真理Hesaidthe earthmoves aroundthe sun.句子成分解析主语句子描述的主体，通常是名词、代词、动名词或从句谓语表示主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语构成宾语动作的承受者，可以是名词、代词、动名词或从句表语说明主语的身份、特征，位于系动词之后定语修饰名词或代词，表示其特征状语修饰动词、形容词或全句，说明方式、时间、地点等形容词词序及修饰顺序限定词冠词、指示代词、物主代词a,the,this,my描绘词描述性、评价性beautiful,nice,terrible大小、形状size,shape,lengthbig,small,round,long年龄、温度age,temperatureold,young,hot,cold颜色colorred,blue,green产地、材料origin,materialChinese,wooden,golden用途purposesleeping,cooking数词与量词基数词序数词量词搭配表示数量表示顺序可数名词单位one,two,three...first,second,third...a bottleof water用词汇表示一般加0-12-th apiece ofpaper加特殊13-19-teen:first,second,third aslice ofbread几十用二十一-ty twenty-first apair ofglasses百表示标注方式million,billion1st,2nd,3rd,4th...冠词用法a/an/the不定冠词a/an指类别，不特定的一个用于辅音音素前a用于元音音素前ana book,an apple,an hour定冠词the特指双方都知道的事物再次提到的人或物世界上独一无二的事物thesun,the earth零冠词泛指名称抽象名词专有名词复数名词泛指Students shouldstudy hard.特殊用法表示乐器play thepiano固定表达in themorning最高级前the best介词常见用法归纳时间介词具体时刻at:at8oclock年月季节一段时间in///:in2022,in summer具体日期星期几on/:on Monday,on May1st地点介词小地点确切位置at/:at thebus stop大地点范围内in/:inBeijing,in theroom表面上on:on thewall,on thedesk方向介词朝向to:go toschool朝方向towards...:walk towardsthe river来源from:come fromChina方式介词通过方式by...:by bus,by hand使用工具with:cut witha knife使用语言in:write inEnglish介词短语与介词搭配形容词介词动词介词介词短语++be afraidof look at/for infront ofbegood atthink of/about nexttobe interestedin listento inspite ofbefamous fordepend onaccording to形容词、动词固定搭配形容词介词动词介词动词副词+++angry withsb,agree withsb breakdownangry atsthapply forgive updifferentfromcare aboutwork outsimilartosucceed inturn off/onresponsible for动词不同介词+看lookat寻找look for照顾look after查询look up英语倒装句型1完全倒装谓语全部放主语前以否定副词开头Never haveI seensuch amovie.以地点状语开头Behind thehouse standsa bigtree.2部分倒装助动词放主语前位于句首only Onlythen didI realizemy mistake.否定副词（）hardly,seldom Hardlyhad hearrived whenit beganto rain.3条件倒装省略if把提前had,were,should WereI you,I wouldaccept theoffer.Had heknown thetruth,he wouldhave toldus.4虚拟语气倒装在表示但愿的句子中May yousucceed!Long livethe king!强调句型讲解强调句型结构被强调部分其余部分It is/was++that/who+强调主语一般Tom boughtthis book.强调It wasTom who/that boughtthis book.强调宾语一般I likeEnglish best.强调It isEnglish thatI likebest.强调状语一般He went to Beijinglast year.强调时间It waslast yearthathewentto Beijing.强调地点It wasto Beijingthathewent lastyear.省略句的常见情境并列结构中的省略疑问句中的省略重复主语省略简略回答He camein andhe satdown.Do youlike itYes,I do.日常交际中省略比较结构中的省略电报式省略避免重复Im Sorryto hearthat.He runsfaster thanI run.I willSee youtomorrow.英语常见语法错误分析主谓一致时态错误冠词误用错错错The numberof studentsare large.I haveseen him yesterday.I havethe homework todo.对对对The numberof studentsis large.I sawhimyesterday.I havehomeworktodo.综合语法应用举例原句I goto Beijinglast weekand visitingthe GreatWall.修改I wenttoBeijinglast weekand visitedthe GreatWall.原句The bookwhich Iborrowed itfrom libraryis interesting.修改The bookwhich Iborrowed fromthe libraryis interesting.总结与备考建议1持续积累每日学习分钟10-152重点突破时态、语态、非谓语动词、从句3分类练习针对性强化薄弱环节4情境应用阅读、写作中实际运用提问与互动环节常见问题练习资源推荐时态如何选择？《剑桥英语语法》••从句引导词怎么区分？《英语语法新思维》••非谓语动词形式如何确定？在线平台••British Council。