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《语言学》作业参考答案I.Directions:Explain the following terms,using oneor twoexamples forillustration.
1.It assimilatesone soundto anotherby copyinga featureof asequential phone,thus makingthe two phonessimilar.
2.It is the baseform of a wordthat can not furtherbe analyzedwithout totalloss ofidentity.
3.sense:It isconcerned withthe inherentmeaning of the linguistic form,the collectionof allthe featuresof the linguistic form,it isabstract anddecontextualized.reference:It meanswhat alinguisticformrefers toin thereal,physical world.
4.Make yourconversational contributionsuch asrequired at the stageat whichit occursby theacceptedpurpose ordirection of the talkexchange inwhich you are engaged.
5.Garden pathsentences aresentences thatare initiallyinterpreted with a differentstructure thantheyactually have.It typicallytakes quitea longtime tofigure outwhat theother structureis ifthe firstchoiceturns outto beincorrect.Sometimes peoplenever figureit out.They havebeen ledup thegardenpath,〃fooled intothinking thesentence hasa differentstructure thanit has.
6.Morphemes thatcannotoccur aloneand mustappear withat leastanother morpheme.
7.instrumental motivation:It occurswhen people learn a foreign languagefor externalgoals such as passingexams,or furtheringa careeretc.Integrative motivation:drive thatpeoplelearnaforeignlanguage becauseof thewish toidentify withthetarget culture.
8.It ismeant theproperty ofhaving two levels ofstructures,such thatunits of the primary-level arecomposedof elementsof thesecondary leveland each of thetwolevelshas itsown principlesof organization.
9.A phonemeis the smallest contrastiveunit in the soundsystem of a language.
10.A complexsentence consistsof oneindependent clause,and oneor moredependent clauses.
11.It meanswhat alinguisticformrefers toin thereal,physical world.
12.It refersto theeffect of the utterance.
13.a tabooedword orexpression
14.the syntacticform theytake asactual Englishsentences.
15.Whenever asentence isformed accordingto the rules of the internalgramar of a native speaker of a givenlanguage,it isgrammatical.Grammaticality refersto the linguistic explanationofaphenomenon.It connectsthenativespeaker，s intuitivejudgments aboutwell-formedness toan explicitrepresentation providedby thelinguist.
16.competence:the idealusers knowledgeoftherules ofhis native language,performance:the actualrealizationof thisknowledge inlinguistic communication.
17.When twowords such as patand batare identicalin formexcept fora contrastin onephoneme,occurringin the same position,thetwowords aredescribed asa minimalpair.
18.It studiesthe internalstructure ofwords and therulesby whichwords areformed.
19.a processoccurring fromtime totime inwhich incorrectlinguistic featuresbecome apermanentpart ofthe waya personspeaks orwrites alanguage.
20.a processto extendor elevatethe meaningfrom itsoriginally specificsense toa relativelygeneralone.
21.Language planningis thedeliberate effortsto influencethe behaviorof otherswith respectto theacquisition,structure,or functionalallocation oftheir languagecodes.Language planningis thefactualrealization oflanguage policy.
22.The generalbelief isthat duringchildhood,there isa periodwhen thehuman brainis mostready toreceiveand learna particularlanguage.This periodis referredto asthe criticalperiod.If achild doesnot acquirelanguageduring thisperiod,for anyone ofa numberof reasons,thenhe orshe will have greatdifficulty learninglanguage lateron.
23.A finiteclause isa clausewithafinite verb--a verbthat eitherexpresses tensefor example,pastor presentor thatfollows ahelping verbsuchascan,should,or must...
24.It has been observedthat insome speechcommunities,two languages areused sideby sidewitheach havinga differentrole toplay.II.Directions:Fill in the blankin eachofthefollowing statementswith oneword,the firstletter ofwhichis alreadygiven asa clue.Note thatyouareto fillin ONEword only,and youare notallowed tochange thedescriptive
2.obstruction
3.Morphemeargument,predicate
5.Reference
6.constativesstem
8.speech
9.non-verballanguage
11.synchronic
12.intonationaffixes
14.Polysemy
15.semanticutterance
17.proto-language
18.Registertransfer
20.acquisition
21.dualitySynchronic,diachronic
23.Narrow,broad
24.linearutterance
26.Sino-Tibetan,Indo-European
27.Register,idiolectpidgin,Creole
29.Interlanguage
30.Acqisitioncognates
32.superordinate
1.letter given.
104..
137..
16.
19.
22.
25.
2831..HL Directions:Read eachofthefollowing statementscarefully.Decide whichone ofthe fourchoices orF forfalseinthebrackets infront ofeach statement.If youthink astatement isfalse,you mustexplain whyyoubest completesthe thebrackets.
1.B
2.B
3.B
4.C
5.C
6.B
7.A
8.D
9.D
10.B
11.D12B
13.C
14.B
15.A
16.C17B
18.A
19.D
20.C
21.A
22.C
23.A
24.B.25A
26.A
27.C
28.B
29.C
30.A
31.C
32.C.is trueor false.Put aT fortruethink soand givethe correctversion.
1.F
2.T
3.F
4.F
5.F
6.F
7.F
8.Fstatement andput theletter A,B,C orD in
9.T
10.T
11.T
12.T
13.F
14.F
15.T
16.T17T
18.T
19.F
20.T
21.F
22.T
23.F
24.T.25F
26.F
27.T
28.F
29.F
30.T
31.F
32.T.V.Answer thefollowing questions.
1.This issaid whenit isknown toboth Aand Bthat Bmust havebeen insome particularplace.But BdidIV.Directions:Judge whethereachofthefollowingstatementsnot answerA correctly.Thus Bis withholdingsome ofthe informationrequired atthis stageof conversationandis thusflouting themaxim ofquantity.The implicaturethat resultsis“B donot wantto tellA wherehehasbeen.”
2.special-ize,in-disput-able,individual-ist-ic,down-fall,un-except-ion-able-ness,un-gentle-man-1i-ness
3.The mostimportant restrictionsfor phonesto fal1into thesame phonemeare:t They must bein complementarydistribution.2Theymustbe phoneticallysimilar.
4.The girlatethe orange.
5.Since〃morpheme isdefined asthesmallestunit interms ofrelationship betweenexpression andcontent,it atthesametime coversthe grammaticalandthesemantic aspectof linguisticunit.A morphememay overlapwitha phoneme,suchas〃I butusually not,as in〃pig inwhich themorpheme isthe wholeword,i.e.〃，〃，an independent,free morpheme,but thephonemes are/p/,/i/,and/g/.
6.overgeneralization:The learnersearches fora logicalgrammar ofthe TLthat wouldcover every aspectof thelanguage,or seeksto findeveryaspectof existinggrammars confirmedintheliving language.In doingso,the learnerdraws onaspects ofthe targetlanguage alreadyearned andoveruses them.On thelexical level,for example,overgeneralization mightmean that the learnerchooses anuclear verblike goto functionasa generalword formovement insteadof morespecific verbslike fly,run,travel,etc.On themorphologicallevel anexample ofovergeneralization isoveruse ofregular verbinflection,resulting inthe learnerofEnglish sayinggoed insteadof went’.native languagetransfer:Native languagetransfer isthe useofthenativelanguageor otherlanguageinformation inthe acquisitionofasecond language.simplification:Simplification isespecially commonatthebeginning ofacquisition andcan appearon alllinguisticlevels.Morphological simplificationcould,for example,mean that the learnerdoesn，t producepluralmorphemes innoun phrasesliketwo chicken，or manybird，,because pluralis alreadyexpressed bythenumeral orthe quantifier.Syntactic simplificationcould bethatthelearner concentrateson contentwordswhile excludingarticles,prepositions andsimilar formwords.An exampleof thisistheway weformulatedtelegrams beforethe daysofthefax:Conference endstomorrow homeSunday.Mother”.
7.As therelation betweena signifierand itssignified isarbitrary,the valueofasign cannotbe determinedbyitself.To knowthe identityofasign,thelinguistwillhaveto knowthe signsit isused togetherwithand thoseit issubstitutable for.The formerrelation isknow assyntagmatic andthe latterparadigmatic.
8.a.The boat/which wasfloated downstream/sank.b.While Marywas mending/the sockfell offher lap.c.The daughterofthekingJ sson admireshimself.d.The florist/whom wassent theflowers/was pleased.e.The cotton/which clothingis madefrom/grows inMississippi.f.They toldthe boy/thatthegirl met/the story.。
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