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《语言学》作业L Directions:Explain the following terms,using oneor twoexamples forillustration.
2.
221.assimilation rule.
4.
3.sense andreference
246.
5.garden path sentences.,integrative motivation
8.root
7.instrumental motivation10Cooperative Principle
9.phoneme.bound morphemes
11.reference12duality
13.linguistic taboo.complex sentenceperlocutionary act
15.grammaticality14surface structurecompetence and.
17.minimal pairperformancemorphology
1619.fossilization.semantic broadening
21.language planning18the criticalperiod hypothesis
23.finite clause.bilingualism
2011.Directions:Fill in the blankin each of the following statementswith oneword,the firstletter ofwhichis alreadygiven as a clue.Note thatyou are to fillin ONEword only,and youare notallowed tochange thelettergiven.
1.If alinguistic studydescribes andanalyzes the language peopleactually use,it is said to be d.
2.Stops,fricatives,affricates,liquids,and glidesall havesome degreeof oand are therefore consonants.
3.M is the smallestmeaningful unitof language.
4.An ais a term whichrefers to some entityabout whicha statement is beingmade.And ap is atermwhich ascribessomeproperty,or relation,to theentity,or entities,referredto.
5.R iswhat alinguistic formrefers toin thereal world;it is a matterof the relationshipbetween formand thereality.
6.In Austins earlyspeech acttheory,c werestatements thateither stateor describe,and werethus verifiable.
7.A sis anymorpheme orcombination ofmorphemes to which aninflectional affixcan beadded.
8.A scommunity is one group,all ofwhose membersshare the same languageor at least asingle languagevariety.
9.People maycommunicate theirfeelings orthoughts vian signalssuch asfacial expressions,gestures,postures,or proxemicspace.
10.Although thedevelopment of a communicativesystem is not uniqueto human beings,the naturalacquisition of1asasystem ofhighly abstractrules andregulations forcreativecommunication iswhat distinguisheshumans from all otheranimal species.
11.The descriptionof a language at some point in timeis as study.
12.When pitch,stress andsound lengthare tiedto the sentence ratherthan theword inisolation,they arecollectivelyknown asi.
13.According toits positionin thenew word,a aredivided intotwo kinds:prefixes andsuffixes.
14.P refersto thephenomenon that the sameword mayhave aset ofdifferent meanings.
15.Whether asentence issemantically meaningfulis governedby rulescalled srestrictions.
16.The umeaning of thesentencevaries with the contextin whichit isuttered.
17.Some importantmissions of historical linguists areto identify andclassify familiesof relatedlanguages inagenealogical familytree,and toreconstruct thep,the originalform of a language family thathas ceasedtoexist.
18.R arelanguage varietiesappropriate foruse inparticular speechsituations.
19.Learners willsubconsciously usetheir LIknowledge inlearning a second language.This isknown aslanguaget.
20.A relatedissue withintegrative motivationhas beenthe extentto whichlearners differin theprocess of adaptingto thenew cultureof theL2community.This adaptationprocess is called a
21.D isa designfeature ofhuman languagethat enablesspeakers totalk abouta widerangeof things,free frombarriers causedby separationin timeand space.
22.S studyof languagedescribes languageatsomepointintime;d studydescribeslanguage asit changesthrough time.
23.N transcriptiontranscribes soundswith diacritics,while btranscription doesnot.
24.A sentencehas ahierarchical structureand1structure aswell.
25.Unlike asentence,the meaningof anu isconcrete andcontext-dependent.
26.Chinese belongs to Slanguagefamily,while EnglishbelongstoI languagefamily.
27.R aresituational dialectsappropriate foruse inparticular situations;iis apersonal dialect.
28.When ap comestobeadopted bya populationas itsprimary languageand childrenlearnit astheir first language,it becomesc.
29.I is the approximatelinguistic systemthat asecond languagelearner constructs,whichrepresents thelearner，s transitionalcompetence in the target language.
30.A isthe1earner,s processof adaptingto theculture andvalue system of the targetlanguagecommunity.
31.Words thathave descendedfromacommon sourceare c.
32.Hyponymy isthe relationshipwhich obtainsbetween specificand generallexical items.The wordthat ismoregeneral inmeaning iscalled s.HI.Directions:Read eachof the following statementscarefully.Decide whichone of the fourchoices bestcompletesthe statementand putthe letterA,B,C orD in the brackets.
1.The descriptionof a language asit changesthrough timeisastudy.A.comparative B.diachronic C.up-to-date D.descriptive
2.Of thethree branchesof phonetics,the longestestablished,and untilrecently themost highlydeveloped,isphonetics.A.auditory B.acoustic C.articulatory D.none of the abovethree
3.What the element〃-es〃indicates isthird personsingular,present tense,theelement〃-ed〃past tense,and〃-ing〃progressive aspect.Since they arethe smallest unitof languageand meaningful,theyarealso.A.phonemes B.morphemes C..allophones D.phones
4.Since early1980s NoamChomsky andother generatvielinguists proposedand developeda theoryof universalgrammarknown asthetheory.A.speech actB.TG C.principles-and-parameters D.minimalist programme
5.One wayto analyzelexical meaningis.A.predication analysis B.stylistic analysisC.componential analysisD.proposition analysis
6.Of thethree speech acts,linguistsaremost interestedinthebecause thiskind of speechactis identicalwiththe speakersintention.A.locutionary actB.illocutionary actC.perlocutionary actD.constative act
7.The discoveryof Indo-European languagefamily began withthework of the Britishscholar.A.Sir WilliamJones B.John FirthC.M.A.K.Halliday D.F.D.Saussure
8.A bilingualspeaker oftenuses twolanguages alternativelyduring aconversation withanother bilingualspeaker,a speechsituation known as.A.discourse role-switching B.activity role-switchingC.social role-switching D.code-switching
9.A focalpoint ofSLA researchhas beenthe natureand developmentof L2learners，.A.second languageB.firstlanguageC.foreign languageD.interlanguage
10.isthecategory thata nounor pronoundoes nothave.A.Number B.Aspect C.Gender D.Case
11.Chomsky usesthe termto refer to theactual realizationof alanguage usersknowledge ofthe rulesofhis language in linguisticcommunication.A.langue B.competence C.parole D.performance
12.In terms oftheplace of articulation,the followingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]share thefeature of.A.palatal B.alveolar C.bilabial D.dental
13.Transformational GenerativeGrammar wasintroduced byin
1957.A.L.Bloomfield B.F.Saussure C.N.Chomsky D.M.A.K.Halliday
14.Natural languagesare viewedto varyaccording toset onUG principlesto particularvalues.A.Adjacent ConditionB.parameters C.Case ConditionD.Case requirement
15.Synonyms areclassified intoseveral kinds.The kindtowhich〃girl〃and〃lass〃belong iscalled synonyms.A.stylistic B.dialectal C.emotive D.collocationalA.representatives B.commissives C.expressives D.declaratives
16.The illocutionarypoint ofis toexpress thepsychological statespecified inthe utterance.
17.Modern Englishwords man,woman,child,eat,fight,etc.originate from.A.Middle EnglishB.Old EnglishC.French D.Norman French
18.In adiglossic country,the twodiglossic formsof alanguage aregenerally twovarieties ofthe same language,but thereare situationsin whichthe H-variety mayhave norelationship withA.genetic B.social C.direct D.closethe L-variety.
19.Many aphasicsdo notshow totallanguage loss.Rather,different aspectsof languageare impaired.Aphasicsinarea revealword-finding difficultiesand problemswith syntax.A.Werniker，sB.visual C.motor D.Broca，s
20.motivation occurswhen thelearner desiresto learnasecondlanguageinorder tocommunicateA.Instrumental B.Functional C.Integrative D.Socialwith nativespeakers ofthetargetlanguage.
21.English consonantscan beclassified intostops,fricatives,nasals,etc.,in terms of.A.manner of articulation B.openness ofmouthC.place of articulation D.voicing
22.The studyof howwords arecombined toform sentencesiscalled.A.phonetics B.morphology C.syntax D.semantics
23.According toChomsky,istheideal usersinternalized knowledgeofhislanguage.A.competence B.parole C.performance D.langue
24.“Sweets〃and〃candy〃are usedrespectively inBritain in and America,but referto thesame thing.The words aresynonyms.A.collocational B.dialectal C.complete D.stylistic
25.Different meaningscan beassociated withone linguisticform,but thereisnobasic meaningamongthem.This isknownas.A.homonymy B.hyponymy C.polysemy D.antonymy
26.〃How fastdid hedrive whenhe ranthe redlight”〃He ranthe redlight”.A.entails B.contradicts C.presupposes D.includes
27.The word〃lab〃is formedthrough A.back formationB.blending C.clipping D.derivation
28.inthe brain fulfillsthe functionof speechproduction.A.Angular gyrusB.Broca/s areaC.The right hemisphere D.Wernicke，s area
29.When achild usesmummy toreferto any woman,most probablyhis mummymeans.A.Human B.+Human+AdultC.+Human+Adult-Male D.+Human+Adult-Male+Parent
30.is nota suprasegmentalfeature.A.Aspiration B.Intonation C.Stress D.Tone
31.1n firstlanguage acquisitionchildren usuallygrammatical rulesfrom thelinguistic information they hear.A.use B.accept C.generalize D.reconstruct
32.Basically allthefollowingcategories exceptare alwaysmissing inthe children，stelegraphic speechstage.A.the copularverb〃be〃B.inflectional morphemesC.function wordsD.content wordsIV.Directions:Judge whethereachofthefollowingstatements istrue orfalse.Put aT fortrue orF forfalseinthebrackets infront ofeach statement.If youthink astatementisfalse,you mustexplain whyyouthink soand givethe correctversion.
1.“Beat”and bit”are nota minimalpair.
2.Compounds arewords createdby combiningtwo ormore thantwo words.
3.Linguistic changeoccurs onlyin soundand lexicalsystem,but notin syntax.
4.In apredication,the argumentissaidto governthe predicate.
5.Modern Englishbeganwiththe NormanConquest.
6.Bilingualism isa situationin whichtwo differentvarieties of alanguageco-exist ina speechcommunity.
7.The caseof Geniesuggests that thelanguagefaculty ofan averagehuman degeneratesafterthe criticalperiod.
8.Interference isthe onlysource oferrors inthe secondlanguage acquisition.
9.When aplural form〃-s〃is addedtoanoun thatends witha vowel,it ispronounced as[z],due toassimilation.
10.In thesentence Thefather beatthe child,the childis botha structuraland logicalobject.
11.The writingsystemofalanguage is alwaysa laterinvention usedto recordspeech;thus thereare stillmanylanguages intoday，s worldthat canonly bespoken,but notwritten.
12.In suchsound combinationsas/bi:p/,/geip/and/su:p/,the voicelessstop/p/,occurring inthe finalposition,is unaspirated,i.e.pronounced withthe strongpuff ofair withheldtosomeextent.
13.The part ofspeech ofthecompound isalways determinedby thepart ofspeechofthe secondelement,withoutexception.
14.The relationship between theembedded clauseand itsmatrix clauseisoneofapart to the whole.
15.The contextualistview of meaning holdsthat meaningshould bestudied in terms ofthe situationalcontextand linguisticcontext.
16.Searle sclassification ofillocutionary actsis basedontheclassification ofperformative verbs.
17.One kindof languagechange resultsinanincrease ofthe number of exceptionalor irregularmorphemes.This kindof changehas beencalled internalborrowing thatis,we borrowfrom onepartofthe grammarand一一apply therule generally.
18.There aredifferences inthe waypeople ofvarious agecategories speak.The differencesmost easilynotedby thelayman arelikely tobe grammaticalin nature.
19.The left hemisphere ofthebrainis superiorto therighthemispherebecause thelefthemisphereislanguage-dominant.
20.A childborn toa Chineseor Englishspeaking familytakes aboutthesamenumberofyears toacquire theirnativetongue,regardless oftheir generalintelligence.
21.Modern linguisticsis mainlydiachronic.
22.The assimilationrule assimilatesone soundto anotherby copyinga featureofasequential phoneme,thus makingthe twophones similar.
23.Semantically,the meaningofacompound isoften idiomatic,always beingthe sumtotal ofthe meaningsofits components.
24.Syntactic movementis dictatedby rulestraditionally calledtransformational rules,whose operationmaychange thesyntactic representationofasentence.
25.Componential analysisisaway proposedby thegenerative semanticiststo analyzemeaning.
26.Linguists foundthat itwould bepossible togive anadequate descriptionofmeaningeven ifthe contextoflanguage usewas leftunconsidered.
27.It isgenerally acceptedthatthehistory ofthe Englishlanguageisdivided intothe periodsof OldEnglish,Middle Englishand ModernEnglish.
28.When peopleofacommunity speakthesamelanguage fordifferent purposes,sociolinguistic situationsknownas diglossiaand bilingualismemerge.
29.Linguistic lateralizationintermsof righthemispheric dominancefor languageis foundto existin anoverwhelmingmajority ofhumanbeings.
30.In ordertoidentifythe areasof learningdifficulty,an interlingualcontrastive procedureContrastiveAnalysis wasdeveloped.
31.We canalways tellby thewordsacompound containswhat itmeans becausethe meaningofacompound isalwaysthe sumofthemeanings ofits parts.
32.Phrase structurerules cangenerate aninfinite numberof sentences,and sentenceswith infinitelength,due totheir recursiveproperties.V.Answer thefollowing questions.
1.Comment onthefollowingconversation intermsofGrice，s CooperativePrinciple:A:Whereve youbeenB:Out.
2.Analyse thefollowing wordsand showhow manymorphemes eachof themcontains:specialize,indisputable,individualistic,downfall,unexceptionableness,ungentlemanliness
0.5for eachmorpheme
3.Under whatconditions willtwo soundsbe assignedtothesame phoneme
4.For thefollowing sentence,draw atree diagramto revealits underlyingstructure.The girlate theorange.
5.Morpheme isdefined asthesmallestunit intermsofrelationshipbetweenexpression andcontent.Then ismorphemea grammaticalconcept ora semanticone Whatis itsrelation tophoneme
6.Explain brieflyatleastthree mainindividual learnerfactors thataffect alearners acquisitionofasecondlanguage.
7.Why isit importantto knowtherelationsa signhas withothers,such assyntagmatic andparadigmatic relations
8.Here aresome examplesof gardenpathsentences.Can youfigure outwhat thestructures ofthese sentencesarea.The boatfloated downstreamsank.b.While Marywas mendingthe sockfell offher lap.c.The daughteroftheking，s sonadmires himself.d.The floristsent theflowers waspleased.e.The cottonclothing ismade fromgrows inMississippi.f.They toldthe boythatthegirl metthe story.。
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