2020湖北考研英语一真题及答案

湖北考研英语真题及答案2020【完形】Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best words foreach numberedblank andmarkA,B,C orD on the ANSWER SHEET.10pointsEven iffamilies don，t sitdown toeat togetheras frequentlyas before,millions ofBritons willnonethelesshave gota sharethis weekend of one of thatnations greattraditions:the Sundayroast.1a coldwinters day,few culinarypleasures can2it.Yet aswe reportnow.The foodpoliceare determinedour health.That this3should berendered yetanother quiltypleasure4to damageour health.The FoodStandards AuthorityFSA has5a.public wormingabout therisks of a compoundcalledacrylamide thatforms insome foodscooked6high temperatures.This meansthat peopleshould7crisping theirroast potatoes,reject thin-crust pizzas and only8toast theirbread.But whereisthe evidenceto supportsuch adarmlistadvice9studies haveshown that acrylamide cancauseneurological damagein mice,there is no10evidence that it causescancer inhumans.Scientists saythe compoundis11to causecancer buthave nohard scientificproof12theprecautionary principleit could be arguedthat it is13to followthe FSAadvice.14it wasrumourdedthat smokingcaused cancerfor yearsbefore theevidence wasfound toprove a15Doubtless apiece ofboiled feefcan alwaysbe16up onSunday alongsidesome steamedvegetables,without theYork shirepudding andno wine.But wouldlife beworth living17,the FSAsaysit isnot tellingpeople tocut outroast foods18,but reduce their lifetimeintake.Howeverits19risks cominga crossas beingpushy andoverprotective.Constant healthscares just20with noone listening.

1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]on[DjTill

2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence

3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern

4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed

5.[A]issued[B]received[C]ignored[D]cancelled

6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by[B]the importanceof constitutionalguarantees.[C]the pressureon women in globalcorporations.[D]the needlessness of government interventions.

34.Norway，s adoptionof anationwide corporategender quotahas ledto[A]the underestimationof elitewomens role[B]the objectionto femaleparticipation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D]the growingtension betweenlabor andmanagement.

35.Which of the followingcan beinferred from the text[A]Women，s needin employmentshould beconsidered.[B]Feasibility,should be a primeconcern inpolicy making.[C]Everyone shouldtry hard to promotesocial justice.[D]Major socialissues should be thefocus oflegislation.答案31-

3531.A help little to reduce gender bias.

32.C It may go against the Constitution.

33.D theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

34.C theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesinto theboard.

35.B Feasibilityshould be a primeconcern inpolicymaking.Text4:Last Thursday,the FrenchSenate passed a digital services tax,which wouldimpose anentirelynew taxon largemultinationals thatprovide digital services toconsumers orusers inFrance.Digital servicesinclude everythingfrom providinga platformfor sellinggoods andservices onlinetotargeting advertisingbased onuser data,and the tax applies to grossrevenue fromsuch services.Many Frenchpoliticians andmedia outletshave referredto this as a〃GAFA tax,“meaning thatit is designed to applyprimarily tocompanies such as Google,Apple,Facebook andAmazon-in otherwords,multinational techcompanies basedin theUnited States.The digital services taxnow awaitsthe signatureof PresidentEmmanuel Macron,who hasexpressedsupport for the measure,and itcould gointo effectwithin thenext fewweeks.But it has alreadysparkedsignificant controversy,with theUnite Satestrade representativeopening aninvestigationinto whetherthetaxdiscriminates againstAmerican companies,which inturn couldleadto tradesanctions against France.The Frenchtax isnot justa unilateralmove byone countryin needof revenue.Instead,the digitalservicestax ispart ofa muchlarger trend,with countriesover thepast fewyears proposingorputting inplace analphabet soupof newinternational taxprovisions.These haveincludedBritain，s DPTdiverted profitstax.Australias MAALmultinational antiavoidance,law,and India，s SEPsignificant economicpresencetest,to namebut a few.At thesame time,the EuropeanUnion.Spain,Britain andseveralother countrieshave allseriously contemplateddigitalservicestaxes.These unilateraldevelopments differin theirspecifics,but they are alldesigned totaxmultinationals onincome andrevenue thatcountries believethey shouldhave aright totax,evenif international tax rulesdo notgrant themthat right.In otherwords,they allshare aviewthat the international tax system hasfailed to keep upwith the current economy.In responseto thesemany unilateral measures,the Organizationfor EconomicCooperation andDevelopmentOECD is currently workingwith131countries toreach aconsensusby theendof2020on aninternational solution.Both Franceand theUnited Statesare involvedin theorganizationswork,but Francesdigitalservicestax and the Americanresponse raisequestions aboutwhat thefutureholds for theinternationaltax system.Frances plannedtax isa clearwarning:Unless abroad consensuscan bereached onreformingthe internationaltax system,other nationsare likely to followsuit,and Americancompanieswill facea cascadeof differenttaxes fromdozens ofnations that will proveburdensome andcostly.

36.The FrenchSenate haspassedabill to[A]regulate digitalservices platforms.[B]protect Frenchcompanies interests.[C]impose alevy ontech multinationals.[D]curb theinfluence ofadvertising.

37.It can be learnedfrom Paragraph2that thedigitalservicestax[A]may trigger countermeasures againstFrance.[B]is aptto arousecriticism athome and abroad.[C]aims toease internationaltrade tensions.[D]will promptthe tech giants toquit France.

38.The countriesadopting theunilateralmeasuresshare theopinion that[A]redistribution oftechgiants，revenue must be ensured.[B]thecurrent internationaltaxsystem needs upgrading.[C]tech multinationalsmonopoly shouldbe prevented.[D]all countriesought toenjoy equaltaxing rights.

39.It canbe learnedfrom Para5that theOECO,scurrentwork[A]is beingresisted byUS companies.[B]needs to be readjustedimmediately.[C]is faced with uncertain prospects.[D]needs toin involvemore countries.

40.Which of the followingmight bethebesttitle forthis text[A]France IsConfronted withTrade Sanctions[B]France leads the charge on DigitalTax[C]France Says〃N0〃to TechMultinationals[D]France Demandsa Rolein theDigital Economy答案36-

4036.C impose alevy ontech multinationals.

37.A maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.

38.B thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading

39.C isfacedwithuncertainprospects.

40.B FranceleadsthechargeonDigital TaxPartB Directions:In the following text,some sentenceshave beenremoved.For Questions41-45,choose themostsuitable onefromthefist A-G tofit intoeach of the numberedblanks.There aretwo extrachoices,which do not fitin anyof the gaps.Mark youranswers onANSWER SHEET.10points[A]Eye fixactions arebrief[B]Too mucheye contactis instinctivelyfelt to be rude[C]Eye contact canbea friendly socialsignal[D]Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E]Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated[F]Most peopleare notcomfortableholding eye contact withstrangers[G]Eye contact can also be aggressive.In asocial situation,eye contactwith anotherperson canshow thatyou arepaying attentionin a friendlyway,But itcan alsobe antagonisticsuch aswhen apolitical candidateturns towardtheircompetitor during a debateand makeseye contactthat signalshostility.Here，s whathardscience revealsabout eye contact:We knowthat atypical infantwill instinctivelygaze intoitsmothers eyes,and shewill lookback.This mutualgaze isa majorpart of the attachmentbetweenmother andchild.In adulthood,looking someoneelse ina pleasantway canbe acomplimentarysign ofpaying attention.It cancatch someone，s attentioninacrowded room,“Eyecontact andsmile can signal availabilityand confidence,a common-sense notionsupported instudiesby psychologistMonica Moore.

42.Neuroscientist BonnieAugeung foundthat thehormone oxytocinincreased theamount ofeye contactfrommen towardthe interviewerduringabrief interviewwhen thedirection of their gazewasrecorded.This was also foundin high-functioning menwith someautistic spectrumsymptoms,whomay tendto avoideye contact.Specific brainregions thatrespond duringdirect gazeare beingexploredby otherresearches,using advancedmethods ofbrain scanning.With theuse ofeye-tracking technology,Julia Minsonof theHarvard KennedySchool ofGovernmentconcluded thateyecontactcansignalvery differentkinds ofmessages,depending on the situation.While eyecontact maybeasign ofconnection ortrust infriendly situations,its morelikelyto beassociated withdominance orintimidation inadversarial situations.Whether you re apoliticianor aparent,it might be helpfultokeepin mindthat trying to maintaineye contactmaybackfire ifyouretryingtoconvince someonewho hasa differentset ofbeliefs thanyou,〃said Minson.When welook at a faceor apicture,our eyespause onone spotat a time,often on the eyesormouth.These pausestypically occurat aboutthree persecond,and theeyes thenjump to anotherspot,until severalimportant pointsin theimage,are registeredlike aseries ofsnapshots.How the whole imageis thenassembled andperceived isstill amystery althoughitisthe subjectofcurrent research.In people who scorehigh ina testof neuroticism,a personalitydimension associatedwithself-consciousness and anxiety,eyecontacttriggered moreactivity associatedwith avoidance,according to the Finnishresearcher JariHietanen andcolleagues〃0ur findingsindicate thatpeopledonotonly feeldifferent whenthey arethe centreof attentionbut that their brainreactionsalso differ.〃A moredirect findingis thatpeople whoscored highfor negativeemotionslike anxietylooked atothers forshorter periodsof timeand reportedmore comfortablefeelingswhen othersdid notlook directlyat them.答案41-

4541.C Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal

42.E Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated

43.G Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive

44.A Eyefixactions arebrief

45.D PersonalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontactPart CDirections:Read thefollowing textcarefully and then translatethe underlinedsegmentsinto Chinese.Your translationshouldbewritten neatlyon the ANSWERSHEET.lOpointsFollowing theexplosion ofcreativity inFlorence duringthe14h centuryknown asthe Renaissance,the modernworld sawa departurefrom whatit hadonce known.It turnedfrom Godandthe authorityof theRoman CatholicChurch andinstead favoureda morehumanistic approachto being.Renaissanceideas hadspread throughoutEurope wellinto the17h century,with thearts andsciences flourishingextraordinarilyamong thosewith amore logicaldisposition.46with theChurch，s teachingsandways of thinking eclipsedby the Renaissance,thegapbetween theMedieval andmodern periodshadbeen bridgedleading tonew andunexplored itellectualterritories.During theRenaissance,the great minds ofNicolaus Copernicus,Johannes Keplerand GalileoGalileidemonstrated thepower ofscientific studyand discovery.47Before eachof theirrevelationsmany thinkersatthetime hadsustained moreancient ways ofthinking,including thegeo-centricview that the Earthwasathe centreof ouruniverse.Copernicus theorizedin1543that allofthe planetsthat weknew ofrevolved notaround theEarth,but theSun,a systemthat waslaterupheld byGalileo athis ownexpense.Offering upsuch atheory duringatimeof hightensionbetween scientificand religiousminds wasbranded asheresy andany suchheretics thatcontinuedto spreadthese lieswere to be punishedby imprisonmentor evendeath.48Despite attemptsby theChurch tosuppress,this newgeneration oflogicians andrationalists,more explanationsfor howthe universefunctioned werebeing madeat arate that the peoplecouldno longerignore.It waswith thesegreat revelationsthat anew kindof philosophyfounded inreason wasborn.The Churchs long-standing dogmawas losingthe greatbattle fortruth torationalists andscientists.This veryfact embodiedthe newwaysofthinking thatswept throughEurope duringmostof17h century.49As manytook on the dutyof tryingto integratereasoning andscientificphilosophies intothe world,theRenaissancewas overand itwas timefor anew era-the AgeofReason.The17h andI8h centurieswere timesof radicalchange andcuriosity,Scientific method,reductionism andthe questioningof Churchideals wastobeencouraged,as wereideas ofliberty,tolerance andprogress.50Such actionsto seekknowledge andto understandwhat informationwealready knewwere capturedby theLatin phrase，sapere aude，or dareto know，,after ImmanuelKantused itin hisessay AnAnswer tothe Question:What isEnlightenment”.It wasthe purposeandresponsibility ofgreatmindsto goforth andseek outthe truth,which theybelieved tobefounded inknowledge.答案46-

5046.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域

47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说

48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加

49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代

50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为“sapere aude〃即〃敢于求知”作文Section11WritingPart A

51.Directions:The studentsunion ofyour universityhas assignedyou toinform theinternational studentsaboutan upcomingsinging contest.White anotice inabout100words.Write youranswer onthe ANSWERSHEET.Do notuse yourown namein thenotice.10points小作文通知留学生唱歌比赛【参考范文】NoticeDec.21,2019In orderto enrichthe campuslife andprovide thecolorful lifefor you,the StudentsUnionis preparingthe upcomingsinging contest,which willbe heldin theauditorium inour universityonthe eveningof December31,

2019.Now,the Unionis recruitingcontestants forthis competition.Anyone whoare fondof signingor interestedin thecompetition,please sendhis orher applicationtostudents,union@sohu.com beforenext Wednesday.Besides,there aregenerous awardsin gratitudeforthis activity.Please donot hesitateto contactus ifyou have any queriesconcerning thesingingcontest.Meanwhile,volunteers forthis activityare badlyneeded to assist usinorganizing therelevant affairs.We arelooking forwardto yourparticipation.The StudentsUnionPart B

52.Directions:Write anessay of160-200words basedonthe pictures below,In youressay,you should1Describe thepicture briefly,2Interpret theimplied meaning,and3Give yourcomments.Write youranswer onthe ANSWERSHEET.20points大作文习惯良好的时间管理习惯【参考范文】Portrayed distinctivelyby thetwo cartoonsabove isan impressivescene:a girlin theleft pictureisdoing homeworkand sayingthat earlycompletion isbetter.Nevertheless,the boyin therightpicture issitting infront of the deskand sayingthat hewill notfinish thehomework untilthelast minute.Undoubtedly,the symbolicimplication ofthepicturesis toshow usthat importanceshould beattachedtotheformation ofgood habits,especially the good habit of time management.On theonehand,efficient time management iscritical topersonal development.As theold sayinggoes,“Time ismoney,/z andin thefast-paced modernlife,it seemsthat wealways havea lotof thingstodo andwe arevery busy.In theface of suchasituation,we haveto realizethat efficiencyholdsthekey tosaving timeand timemanagement skillshold thekey topersonal success.On theotherhand,good timemanagement habitsplay avital rolein thedevelopment ofthewholesociety.Thereis nodoubt that,toalarge extent,social progressis closelyrelated tothe effortsof eachindividual.If we can developthegoodhabitoftimemanagement,we aremuch morelikely toimproveefficiency andhaveabetter performancein thelearning andworking process,which isanintegral partof socialadvances andprosperity.From whathas beenmentioned above,wecancome tothe conclusionthat thesense ofefficienttime managementskills isof equalimportance inpersonal andsocial progress.Therefore,we oughttotake advantageofthephenomenon toenlighten thepublic andthe pressis expectedto takealead inadvertising thevalue ofdeveloping goodtimemanagementhabits.Only inthis waycanwe havea brightfuture.

7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid

8.[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially

9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While

10.[A]secondary[B]extermal[C]conclusive[D]negative

11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow

12.[A]On thebasis of[B]At thecost of[C]In additionto[D]In contrastto

13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate

14.[A]As usual[B]In particular[C]By definition[D]After all

15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern

16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used

17.[A]To befair[B]For instance[C]To bebrief[D]In general

18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully

19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition

20.[A]follow up[B]pick up[C]open up[D]end up答案1-

201.on

2.match

3.enjoyment

4.intensified

5.issued

6.at

7.avoid

8.easily

9.while

10.conclusive

11.bound

12.onthebasis of

13.advisable

14.after all

15.connection

16.served

17.tobefair

18.entirely

19.campaign

20.end up【阅读】Section IIIReading ComprehensionPartA Directions:Read thefollowing fourtexts.Answer thequestions beloweach textby choosingA,B,C orD.Mark youranswers ontheANSWERSHEET.40pointsText1A groupof labourMPs,among themYvette Cooper,are bringingin thenew yearwith acall toinstitutea UKtown of culture award.The proposalis thatit shouldsit alongsidethe existingcityof culturetitle,which washeld byHull in2017and has been awardedto Coventryfor Zozl.Cooper andher colleaguesargue that the successofthecrown forHull,where itbrought in220mof investmentandanavalache ofarts,out nottobeconfined tocities.Britain，town,it istrueare notprevented fromapplying,but theygenerally lackthe resourcesto puttogether abitto beattheir biggercompetitions.A townof cultureaward could,itisargued,become anannualevent,attracting fundingand creatingjobs.Some mightsee the proposal asa booby prizefor thefact thatBritain isno longerbe abletoapply forthe muchmore prestigioustitle ofEuropean capital of culture,a sought-after awardbaggedby Glasgowin1990and Liverpoolin

2008.〃A cynicmight speculatethattheUK isonthe vergeof disappearinginto anendless feverof self-celebration inits desperationto reinventitselfforthepost-Brexit world:after townof culture,who knowsthatwillfollow-village ofcultureSuburb of culture Hamletof cultureIt is alsowise torecall thatsuch titles are nota cure-all.A badlyrun yearof culturez，washes in and outofaplace likethe tide,bringing prominencefor aspell butleaving nolastingbenefits tothe community.The reallysuccessful holdersofsuchtitlesarethose thatdo agreatdeal more than fillhotel bedroomsand bringin high-profile artsevents andgood pressfor ayear.They transformthe aspirations ofthepeoplewholive there;they nudgethe self-imageof the city intoa bolderand moreoptimistic light.It ishardtoget right,and requiresa remarkabledegree ofvision,as wellas cooperationbetweencity authorities,the private sector,community groupsand culturalorganisations.But itcanbe done:Glasgow，s yearas Europeancapitalofculture cancertainly beseen asoneofcomplexseries offactors thathave turnedthecityintothepower ofart,music andtheatre thatitremains today.A townofculturecouldbenot justabout thearts butabout honouringa town，speculiarities-helping sustainits highstreet,supporting localfacilities andabove allcelebratingits peopleand turnit intoaction.

21.Cooper andher colleaguesargue thata townofcultureaward could[A]consolidate thetown-city tiesin Britain.[B]promote cooperationamong Britainstowns.[C]increase theeconomic strengthof Britainstowns.[D]focus Britains limited resources on cultural events.

22.According toParagraph2,the proposalmightberegarded bysome as[A]a sensiblecompromise.[B]a self-deceiving attempt.[C]an eye-cotching bonus.[D]an inaccessibletarget.

23.The authorsuggests thata titleholder issuccessful onlyif it[A]endeavours tomaintain itsimage.[B]meets theaspirationsofits people.[C]brings itslocal artsto prominence.[D]commits to its long-term growth.

24.Glasgow ismentioned inParagraph3to present[A]a contrastingcase.[B]a supporting example.[C]a backgroundstory.[D]a relatedtopic.

25.What isthe authorsattitude towardstheproposal[A]Skeptical[B]Objective[C]Favourable[D]Critical答案21-

2521.D focusBritain，slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.

22.B aself-deceiving attempt.

23.D commitstoitslong-term growth.

24.B asupportingexample.

25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishinghas longbeen a licence to print money,Scientists needjournals inwhichto publishtheir research,so theywill supplythe articleswithout monetaryreward.Otherscientists performthe specialisedwork ofpeer reviewalso for free,because itisacentralelement inthe acquisitionof statusandtheproduction ofscientific knowledge.With thecontent ofpapers securedforfree,the publisherneeds onlyfind amarket forits journal.Until thiscentury,university librarieswere notvery pricesensitive.Scientific publishersroutinelyreport profitmargins approaching40%on theiroperations,atatime whenthe restofthe publishing industry isinan existential crisis.The Dutchgiant Elsevier,which claims to publish25%ofthescientific papersproduced intheworld,made profitsof morethan f900m lastyear,while UKuniversities alonespent morethanf210m in2016to enableresearchers toaccess theirown publiclyfunded research;both figuresseemto riseunstoppably despiteincreasingly desperateefforts tochange them.The mostdrastic,and thoroughlyillegal,reaction hasbeen theemergence of Sci-Hub,a kindof globalphotocopierfor scientificpapers,set upin2012,which nowclaimstooffer accessto everypay walledarticlepublished since

2015.The successof Sci-Hub,which relieson researcherspassing oncopies theyhavethemselves legallyaccessed,shows thelegal ecosystemhas lostlegitimacy amongits usersandmustbetransformed sothatitworks for all participants.In Britainthe movetowards openaccess publishinghasbeendriven byfunding bodies.In somewaysithasbeen verysuccessful.More thanhalf ofall Britishscientific researchis nowpublishedunder openaccess terms;either freelyavailable fromthe momentof publication,orpay walledforayear ormore sothatthepublishers canmake aprofit beforebeing placedongeneral release.Yet thenew systemhas notworked outany cheaperfortheuniversities.Publishers haverespondedto thedemand thatthey maketheir productfree toreaders bycharging theirwriters feestocover the costs ofpreparing anarticle.These rangefrom around500to$5,

000.A reportlastyear pointedout thatthecostsboth ofsubscriptions andof thesez，article preparationcostshad been steadily risingatarate aboveinflation.In someways thescientific publishingmodel resemblesthe economyofthesocial internet:labouris providedfree inexchange forthe hopeof status,while hugeprofits aremade byafewbigfirms whorun themarket places.In bothcases,we needa rebalancingof power.

26.Scientific publishingis seenas〃alicencetoprintmoney partlybecause[A]its fundinghas enjoyeda steadyincrease.[B]its marketingstrategy hasbeen successful.[C]its paymentfor peerreview isreduced.[D]its content acquisition costs nothing.!

27.According toParagraphs2and3,scientific publishersElsevier have[A]thrived mainly on university libraries.[B]gone throughanexistentialcrisis.[C]revived thepublishingindustry.[D]financed researchersgenerously.

28.How doestheauthorfeel aboutthe successofSci-Hub[A]Relieved.[B]Puzzled.[C]Concerned.[D]Encouraged.

29.It canbe learnedfrom Paragraphs5and6that openaccess terms[A]allow publishers some room to make money.[B]render publishingmuch easierfor scientists.[C]reducethecost ofpublication substantially.[D]free universitiesfrom financialburdens.

30.Which ofthefollowingcharacterises thescientific publishingmodel[A]Trial subscriptionis offered.[B]Labour triumphsover status.[C]Costs arewell controlled.[D]The few feed onthe many.答案（26-30）

26.D itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.

27.A thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

28.D Encouraged.

29.A allowpublisherssomeroomto makemoney.

30.D Thefewfeedonthemany.Text3Progressives oftensupport diversitymandates asa pathto equalityandaway tolevel theplayingfield.But alltoo oftensuch policiesare aninsincere formof virtue-signaling thatbenefitsonly themost privilegedand doeslittle tohelp averagepeople.A pairof billssponsored byMassachusetts stateSenator JasonLewis andHouse SpeakerPro TemporePatriciaHaddad,to ensuregender parityonboardsand commissions,provide acase inpoint.Haddad andLewis areconcerned thatmorethanhalf the state-government boardare lessthan40percent female.In orderto ensurethat elitewomen havemore suchopportunities,they haveproposedimposing governmentquotas.If the bills becomelaw,state boardsand commissionswillbe requiredto setaside50percent ofboard seatsfor womenby

2022.The billsare similartoameasure recentlyadopted inCalifornia,which lastyear becamethefirst stateto requiregender quotasfor privatecompanies.In signingthe measure,CaliforniaGovernor JerryBrown admittedthatthe law,which expresslyclassifies peopleonthebasis ofsex,is probablyunconstitutional.The USSupreme Courtfrowns onsex basedclassifications unlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan importantpolicy interest,Because theCalifornia lawappliestoall boards,even wherethereisnohistory ofprior discrimination,courts arelikelytorule thatthelawviolatesthe constitutionalguarantee ofequal protection”.But aresuch governmentmandates evennecessary Femaleparticipation on corporate boardsmaynot currentlymirror thepercentage of womeninthe generalpopulation,but sowhatThe number of womenoncorporateboards hasbeensteadilyincreasing withoutgovernmentinterference.According toa study by Catalyst,between2010and2015the shareofwomenon theboardsof globalcorporations increasedby54percent.Requiring companiestomakegender theprimary qualificationfor boardmembership willinevitablylead toless experiencedprivatesectorboards.That isexactly whathappened whenNorway adoptedanationwide corporategender quota.Writing inThe NewRepublic,Alice Leenotes thatincreasing thenumberofopportunities forboardmembership withoutincreasing thepool ofqualified womento serveon suchboards hasledto a“golden skirt,phenomenon,where thesame elitewomen scoopup multipleseats ona varietyofboards.Next timesomebody pushescorporate quotasasaway topromote genderequity,remember thatsuchpolicies arelargely self-serving measuresthat maketheir sponsorsfeelgood butdo littletohelp averagewomen.

31.The authorbelieves thatthebillssponsored byLewis andHaddad will[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias.[B]poseathreat tothestategovernment.[C]raise womensposition inpolitics.[D]greatly broadencareer options.

32.Which ofthefollowingis trueoftheCaliformia measure[A]It hasirritated privatebusiness owners.[B]Itiswelcomed bythe SupremeCourt.[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.[D]It willsettle theprior controversies.

33.The authormentions thestudybyCatalyst toillustrate[A]the harmfrom arbitraryboarddecision.。