专题12 阅读理解说明文、议论文-三年（2020-2022）高考真题英语分项汇编（原卷版）

2019-2021三年高考真题英语分项汇编12专题阅读理解说明文、议论文年高考真题2022新高考卷】

1.120221B芝麻菜Like most of us,I try to bemindful of food thatgoes towaste.The arugulawas to make anice greensalad,rounding outa roastchicken dinner.But Iended upworking late.Then friendscalled with a dinnerinvitation.I stuckthechicken in the freezer.But asdays passed,the arugulawent bad.Even worse,I hadunthinkingly boughtway toomuch;Icould havemade sixsalads withwhat Ithrew out.In aworld wherenearly800million people a yeargo hungry,food wastegoes againstthe moralgrain Jas Elizabeth一Royte writesin thismonths coverstory.It^jaw-dropping how much perfectlygood food is thrown away fromugly”but quiteeatable vegetablesrejected bygrocers tolarge amounts of uneatendishes throwninto restaurantgarbage cans.Producing foodthat noone eatswastes the water,fuel,and otherresources used to growit.That makesfood wasteanenvironmental problem.In fact,Royte writes,if foodwaste werea country,it would be thethird largestproducer ofgreenhouse gases in the world.”If thatshard tounderstand,lets keepit assimple as the arugulaat theback ofmy refrigerator.Mike Curtinsees myarugulastory all the time——but forhim,its morelike12bones ofdonated strawberriesnearing theirlast days.Curtin isCEOof DCCentral Kitchenin Washington,D.C.,which recoversfood andturns it into healthymeals.Last yearit有瑕疵的recovered more than807,500pounds of food by taking donations and collectingblemished producethatotherwise wouldhave rottedin fields.And the strawberries Volunteerswill wash,cut,and freezeor drythem for use inmealsdown the road.Such methodsseem obvious,yet sooften wejust dontthink.Everyone canplay apart inreducing waste,whether bynotpurchasing morefood thannecessary inyour weeklyshopping or by askingrestaurants tonot includethe sidedish youwonteat JCurtin says.

24.What does the authorwant toshow bytelling thearugula storyA.We paylittle attention to foodwaste.B.We wastefood unintentionallyat times.C.We wastemore vegetablesthan meat.D.We havegood reasonsfor wastingfood.

25.What is a consequenceof foodwaste according to the testC.They cutdown on their production.D.They reducedtheir products9sugar content.

34.From which of the following is the sugar tax collectedA.Most alcoholic drinks.B.Milk-based drinks.C.Fruit juices.D.Classic Coke.

35.What can be inferredabout theadoption of the sugartax policyA.It is a short-sighted decision.B.It is a successstory.C.It benefitsmanufacturers.D.It upsetscustomers.年新高考卷篇】

4.120222COver the last sevenyears,most stateshave bannedtexting by drivers,and publicservice campaignshave trieda widerangeof methodsto persuadepeople toput down their phoneswhen they are behindthe wheel.Yet the problem,by justabout anymeasure,appears to be gettingworse.Americans are still textingwhile driving,aswell asusing socialnetworks andtaking photos.Road accidents,which hadfallen foryears,are nowrising sharply.That ispartly becausepeople aredriving more,but MarkRosekind,the chiefof the National HighwayTraffic SafetyAdministration,said distracted（分心）driving wasonly increasing,unfortunately.n“Big changerequires bigideas.n he said in a speechlast month,referring broadlyto theneed toimprove roadsafety.So to tryto change adistinctly modernbehavior,lawmakers andpublic healthexperts arereaching back to anold approach:They want to treatdistracted drivinglike drunkdriving.An ideafrom lawmakersin New York is to givepolice officersa newdevice calledthe Textalyzer.It wouldwork likethis:An officerarriving at the sceneof acrash couldask for the phonesof thedrivers anduse the Textalyzer tocheck in theoperating system for recentactivity.The technologycould determinewhether a driver hadjust texted,emailed ordoneanything elsethat isnot allowedunder New York*s hands-free drivinglaws.We needsomething on the booksthat canchange peoplesbehavior/9said FelixW.Ortiz,who pushedfor the states2001ban onhand-held devicesbydrivers.If theTextalyzer bill becomes law,he said,npeople aregoing to be moreafraidto puttheir handson thecell phone.n

36.Which of the followingbest describesthe banon drivers1texting in the USA.Ineffective.B.Unnecessary.C.Inconsistent.D.Unfair.

37.What cantheTextalyzerhelp apolice officerfind outA.Where adriver camefrom.B.Whether adriver usedtheir phone.C.How fastadriverwas going.D.When adriver arrivedat the scene.

38.What doesthe underlinedword something1in the last paragraphrefer toA.Advice.B.Data.C.Tests.D.Laws.

39.What isa suitable title for the textA.To Driveor Notto DriveThink BeforeYou StartB.Texting andDriving WatchOut for the TextalyzerC.New YorkBanning Hand-Held Devicesby Drivers.D.The NextGeneration CellPhone:The Textalyzer.年新高考卷篇】

5.120222DAs weage,even ifwere healthy,the heartjust isntas efficientin processingoxygen asit used to be.In mostpeoplethe firstsigns showup in their50s orearly60s.And amongpeople who dont exercise,the changescan starteven sooner.“Think of a rubberband.In thebeginning,it isflexible,but putit in a drawerfor20years and it will become dryandeasily brokenJ saysDr.Ben Levine,a heartspecialist at the University of Texas.Thats whathappens to the heart.Fortunately forthose inmidlife,Levine isfinding thateven if you haventbeen anenthusiastic exerciser,getting inshapenow mayhelp improveyour agingheart.Levine andhis research team selectedvolunteers agedbetween45and64who did not exercisemuch butwereotherwise healthy.Participants wererandomly dividedinto twogroups.The firstgroup participated in aprogram of（无氧）nonaerobic exercise-balance trainingand weighttraining-three timesa week.The secondgroup didhigh-intensityaerobic exerciseunder theguidance of a trainerfor fouror moredays aweek.After twoyears,the secondgroup sawremarkableimprovements inheart health.“We tookthese50-year-old heartsand turnedthe clockback to30-or35-year-old heartsJ saysLevine.And the（泵送）reason they got somuch strongerand fitterwas that their heartscould nowfill a lot betterand pumpa lotmoreblood duringexercise.But the hearts ofthose whoparticipatedinless intenseexercise didntchange,he saysi“The sweetspot in life tostart exercising,if you havent already,is inlate middleage when the heartstill hasflexibility,Levine says.We puthealthy70-year-olds through a yearlongexercise trainingprogram,and nothinghappenedto them at all.Dr.Nieca Goldberg,a spokeswomanfor the American HeartAssociation,says Levinesfindings area greatstart.Butthe studywas smalland needsto berepeated withfar largergroups ofpeople todetermine exactlywhich aspects of anexerciseroutine makethe biggestdifference.

40.What doesLevine want to explainby mentioningthe rubberbandA.The rightway of exercising.B.The causesof aheart attack.C.The difficultyof keepingfit.D.The agingprocess of theheart.

41.In whichaspect werethe twogroups differentin termsof researchdesignA.Diet plan.B.Professional background.C.Exercise type.D.Previous physicalcondition.

42.What doesLevines researchfindA.Middle-aged heartsget youngerwith aerobicexercise.B.High-intensity exerciseis moresuitable for the young.C.It isnever too late for people tostart takingexercise.D.The moreexercise wedo,the strongerour heartsget.

43.What doesDr.Nieca GoldbergsuggestA.Making use of thefindings.B.Interviewing the study participants.C.Conducting furtherresearch.D.Clarifying the purpose of the study.年高考真题2021新高考卷篇】

1.[20211CWhen the explorers firstset footupon thecontinent ofNorth America,the skiesand landswere alivewith anastonishingvariety ofwildlife.Native Americanshave takencare of these preciousnatural resourseswisely.Unfortunately,it tooktheexplorersand the settlers whofollowed only a fewdecades todecimate a large part of these（水禽）resources.Millions of waterfowl werekilled at the handsof markethunters and ahandful ofoverly ambitioussportsmen.Millions of acres of wetlands weredried tofeed andhouse theever-increasing（栖息土也）.populations,greatly reducingwaterfowl habitatTn1934,with the passage of the Migratory Bird HuntingStamp ActAct,an increasinglyconcerned nationtook迁徙的firm actionto stopthe destructionof migratorywaterfowl and the wetlandsso vitalto theirsurvival.Underthis Act,all waterfowlhunters16years of age andover mustannually purchaseand carrya Federal Duck Stamp.Thevery firstFederalDuck Stamp wasdesigned byJ.N.Ding Darling,a politicalcartoonist fromDes Moines,Iowa,whoat that time was appointed byPresident FranklinRoosevelt asDirector of the Bureauof BiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillingly paythe stampprice to ensure thesurvival of our naturalresources.About98cents ofevery duckstamp dollargoes directlyinto theMigratoryBirdConservation Fundto purchasewetlandsand wildlifehabitat forinclusion into theNationalWildlife RefugeSystem-a factthat ensuresthis landwillbe protectedand available for allgenerations to come.Since1934,better than half abillion dollarshas goneinto thatFundto purchasemore than5million acresof habitat.Little wonderthe FederalDuck StampProgram hasbeen calledone of the most successfulconservation programsever initiated.

1.What wasa cause of the waterfowl populationdecline inNorth AmericaA.Loss ofwetlands.B.Popularity of water sports.C.Pollution ofrivers.D.Arrival of other wildanimals.

2.What doesthe underlinedword decimatemean in the firstparagraphA.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.

3.What isa directresult of the Actpassed in1934A.The stampprice hasgone down.B.The migratorybirds haveflown away.C.The huntershave stoppedhunting.D.The governmenthas collectedmoney.

4.Which of the followingisasuitable title for the textA.The FederalDuckStampStory

8.The NationalWildlife RefugeSystemC.The Benefitsof SavingWaterfowlD.The Historyof MigratoryBird Hunting全国甲卷篇】

2.12021B（繁育）Port LympneReserve,which runsa breedingprogramme,has welcomedthe arrivalof arare black rhino（犀牛幼崽）.calf When the tinycreature arrived on January

31.she becamethe40th black rhino to be bornat thereserve.And officialsat PortLympne weredelighted with the newarrival,especially asblack rhinosare knownfor（圈养）.being difficultto breedin captivityPaul Beer,head ofrhino section at PortLympne,said:Obviously were all absolutelydelighted towelcomeanother calfto ourblackrhinofamily.Shes healthy,strong and already eagerto playand explore.Her mother,Solio,isa first-time mum and sheis doinga fantasticjob.Ils stilla littletoo coldfor them to goout into the open,but assoon astheweather warms up,I haveno doubtthat thelittle onewill beout and about exploringand playingevery day.”The adorablefemale calfis the second blackrhino bornthis yearat the reserve,but it is tooearly totell if thecalves will make goodcandidates to be returnedto protectedareas of the wild.The firstrhino to be bornat PortLympnearrived onJanuary5to first-time motherKisima andweighed about32kg.His mother,grandmother andgreatgrandmother wereall bornat thereserve andstill livethere.According to the WorldWildlife Fund,the globalblackrhinopopulation hasdropped aslow as5500,giving therhinosa criticallyendangered status.

1.Which of the followingbest describesthe breedingprogrammeA.Costly.B.Controversial.C.Ambitious.D.Successful.

2.What doesPaulBeersay about the new-born rhinoA.She lovesstaying withher mother.B.She dislikesoutdoor activities.C.She isin goodcondition.D.She issensitive toheat.

3.What similarexperience doSolio andKisima haveA.They hadtheir firstborn inJanuary.B.They enjoyedexploring newplaces.C.They livedwith theirgrandmothers.D.They werebrought to thereserveyoung.

4.What can be inferredabout PortLympne ReserveA.The rhinosection will be opento thepublic.B.It aims to controlthe number of theanimals.C.It willcontinue to work with the WorldWildlife Fund.D.Some of its rhinosmay besent to the protectedwild areas.全国甲卷篇】

3.[2021DWho isa geniusThis questionhas greatlyinterested humankindfor centuries.Lets stateclearly:Einstein wasa genius.His faceis almost the internationalsymbol forgenius.But we want to gobeyond oneman and explore thenature ofgenius itself.Why isit thatsome people are somuch moreintelligent orcreativethan the rest ofus Andwho are theyIn thesciences and arts,those praisedas geniuseswere most often whitemen,of Europeanorigin.Perhaps thisisnot asuiprise.Its saidthat historyis writtenby thevictors,and thosevictors setthe standardsfor admissionto the一genius club.When contributionswere made by geniusesoutside theclub women,orpeopleofa different colororbelief-they wereunacknowledged andrejected byothers.A studyrecently publishedby Sciencefound that as young as agesix,girls areless likelythan boysto say thatmembers of their gender性另ij）are really,really smart.n Evenworse,the studyfound thatgirls act on thatbelief:Around agesix theystart to avoid activitiessaid to be forchildren who are really,really smart.n Canour planetaffordto have any great thinkers becomediscouraged andgive upIt doesnttake agenius to know theanswer:absolutelynot.Here*sthegood news.In awired worldwith constantglobal communication,we*reallpositioned to see flashesof（因素）genius whereverthey appear.And the more welook,the morewe willsee thatsocial factorslike gender,race,and classdo notdetermine theappearance ofgenius.As awriter says,future（毅力）,geniuses comefrom thosewith intelligence,creativity,perseverance andsimple goodfortune,whoareableto changethe world/

11.What doesthe authorthink ofvictors standardsfor joiningthe geniusclubA.Theyre unfair.B.They Yeconservative.C.Theyre objective.D.Theyre strict.

2.What canwe inferabout girls from the study inScienceA.They thinkthemselves smart.B.They lookup togreatthinkers.C.They seegender differencesearlier thanboys.D.They are likely to be influencedby socialbeliefs.

3.Why aremore geniusesknown to the publicA.Improved globalcommunication.B.Less discrimination against women.C.Acceptance ofvictors*concepts.D.Changes inpeoples socialpositions.

4.What is the best title for the textA.Geniuses ThinkAlikeB.Genius TakesMany FormsC.Genius andIntelligenceD.Genius andLuck全国乙卷篇】

4.12021BWhen almosteveryone has a mobile phone,why aremore than half ofAustralian homesstill payingfor a landline（座机）These daysyoud behard pressedto find anyone inAustralia over the ageof15who doesntowna mobilephone.In factplenty of younger kidshave onein theirpocket.Practically everyonecan make and receivecalls anywhere,anytime.Still,55percent ofAustralians have a landlinephone athome and only justover aquarter29%rely onlyon their调查.smartphones,according to a surveyOf thoseAustralians whostill have alandline,a thirdconcede that its notreallynecessary and theyre keepingit asa securityblanket-19percent saythey neveruse itwhile afurther13percentkeep itin caseof emergencies.I thinkmy homefalls intothat category.因More thanhalf ofAustralian homesarestillchoosing tostick with their home phone.Age isnaturally afactor素一only58percent ofGeneration Ysstill uselandlines nowand then,compared to84percent ofBaby Boomerswhoveperhaps hadthe samehome numberfor50years.Age isntthe onlyfactor;Fd sayits alsoto dowith themakeupof yourhousehold.Generation Xers with youngfamilies,like mywife andI,can stillfind itconvenient to haveahomephoneratherthan providingamobilephone forevery familymember.That said,to behonest theonly people who everring ourhomephone areour BabyBoomers parents,to thepoint wherewe playa gameand guesswho iscalling beforewe pickupthe phoneusing CallerID wouldtake thefun out of it.How attachedare you to yourlandline Howlong untilthey gothe way of gasstreet lampsand morningmilkdeliveries

1.What doesparagraph2mainly tell us aboutmobile phonesA.Their targetusers.B.Their widepopularity.C.Their majorfunctions.D.Their complexdesign.

2.What doesthe underlinedword concedein paragraph3meanA.Admit.B.Argue.C.Remember.D.Remark.

3.What canwe say about BabyBoomersA.They likesmartphone games.B.They enjoyguessing callers1identity.C.They keepusing landlinephones.D.They areattached to their family.

4.What can be inferredabout the landline from the last paragraphA.It remainsa familynecessity.B.It willfall out of usesome day.C.It mayincrease dailyexpenses.D.It isas importantas thegas light.全国乙卷篇】

5.[2021CYouve heardthat plasticis pollutingthe ocean-between

4.8and

12.7million tonnesenter ocean ecosystemsevery year.But doesone plasticstraw orcup reallymake adifference ArtistBenjamin Von Wong wantsyoutoknowthat itdoes.He buildsmassive sculpturesout of plastic garbage,forcing viewersto re-examine theirrelationship tosingle-use plasticproducts.At thebeginning of the year,the artistbuilt apiece callednStrawpocalypse,napair of1O-foot-tall plasticwaves,frozen mid-crash.Made of168,000plastic strawscollected fromseveral volunteerbeach cleanups,the sculpturemadeits firstappearance at the EstellaPlace shoppingcenter inHo ChiMinh City,Vietnam.（来源）Just9%of globalplastic wasteis recycled.Plastic strawsare byno meansthe biggestsource of plasticpollution,but theyverecently comeunder firebecause mostpeople dontneed them to drinkwith and,because of theirsmall size and weight,they cannotbe recycled.Every strawthats partof Von Wongs artworklikely camefrom adrinkthat someoneused foronly a few minutes.Once thedrink isgone,thestrawwill takecenturies todisappear.（说明）In apiece from2018,Von Wongwanted toillustrate a specific statistic:Every60seconds,a truckloadsworthof plasticenters the ocean.For this work,titled Truckloadof Plastic,*VonWongand a group ofvolunteers（倾倒）collected more than10,000pieces ofplastic,which werethen tiedtogether to look like theyd beendumpedfrom atruck allat once.VonWonghopes thathisworkwill alsohelp pressurebig companies to reducetheir plasticfootprint.l.What areVon Wongsartworks intendedforA.Beautifying the city helives in.B.Introducing eco-friendly products.C.Drawing publicattention to plastic waste.D.Reducing garbage on thebeach.

2.Why doesthe authordiscuss plasticstraws in paragraph3A.To show the difficultyof theirrecycling.B.To explainwhy they are useful.C.To voicehis viewson modernart.D.To finda substitutefor them.

3.What effectwould Truckloadof Plastic11have onviewersA.Calming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.

4.Which of the followingcan be the besttitle for the textA.Artists*Opinions onPlastic SafetyB.Media Interestin ContemporaryArtC.Responsibility Demandedof BigCompaniesD.Ocean PlasticsTransformed intoSculptures

6.[2021全国乙卷D篇】During aninterview forone ofmy books,my interviewersaid somethingI stillthink aboutoften.Annoyed by the（干扰）level ofdistraction inhis open office,he said,Thafs whyI havea membershipat thecoworking spaceacrossthe street—so Ican focus.1His commentstruck meas strange.After all,A.Moral decline.B.Environmental harm.C.Energy shortage.D.Worldwide starvation.

26.What doesCurtins companydoA.It produceskitchen equipment.B.It turnsrotten arugulainto cleanfuel.C.It helpslocal farmersgrow fruits.D.Tt makesmeals outof unwantedfood.

27.What doesCurtin suggest people doA.Buy onlywhat isneeded.B.Reduce foodconsumption.C.Go shoppingonce aweek.D.Eat inrestaurants lessoften.C（居民）The elderlyresidents incare homes in London are beinggiven henstolookafter tostop themfeeling lonely.（慈善组织）The projectwas dreamedup by a localcharity to reduce lonelinessand improveelderly peopleswellbeing,It is also beingused to help patientssuffering dementia,a seriousillness of the mind.Staff incare homeshavereported areduction in the use of medicinewhere hensare inuse.Among thosetaking part in the project is80-year-old RuthXavier.She said:I usedto keephens whenI wasyoungerand had to preparetheir breakfasteach morningbefore Iwent toschool.“I like the projecta lot.I amdown there in mywheelchair in the morningletting thehens outand down there again atnight tosee theyvegone to bed.”“Its goodto haveadifferentfocus.People have been bringingtheir children in tosee thehens andresidents come andsit outsideto watchthem.Tm enjoyingthe creativeactivities,anditfeels greatto havedone something useful.There are now700elderly peoplelooking afterhens in20care homesin theNorth East,and thecharity hasbeengiven financialsupport toroll itout countrywide.Wendy Wilson,extra caremanager at60Penfold Street,one of the firstto embarkon the project,said:Residentsreally welcomethe ideaof theproject and the creativesessions.We arelooking forwardto thebenefits andfiin theprojectcan bring to peoplehere.^^Lynn Lewis,director ofNotting HillPathways,said:We arehappy to be takingpartin theproject.It willreally helpconnectour residentsthroughashared interestand creativeactivities.（布局）.coworking spacesalso typicallyuse an openofficelayout ButI recentlycame acrossa studythat showswhyhis approachworks.The researchersexamined variouslevels of noise onparticipants as they completedtests ofcreative thinking.They wererandomly dividedinto fourgroups andexposed tovarious noiselevels in the background,from total（分贝），silence to50decibels70decibels,and85decibels.The differencesbetween mostof thegroups werestatisticallyinsignificant;however,the participantsin the70decibels group-those exposedto alevel ofnoise一similar tobackground chatterin acoffee shopsignificantly outperformedthe othergroups.Since the effectswere small,this maysuggest thatour creative thinking does not differthat muchin responseto totalsilence and85decibels of background noise.But since the resultsat70decibels weresignificant,the studyalso suggeststhat theright levelof backgroundnoise——not tooloud and not totalsilence——may actuallyimprove onescreativethinkingability.The rightlevelof backgroundnoise mayinterrupt ournormal patternsof thinkingjust enoughto allowour imaginationstowander,without making it impossibleto focus.This kind of ndistractedfocus1appears to be the best stateforworking oncreative tasks.So whydo so many ofus hateour openoffices The problem may be that,in ouroffices,we cantstopourselves fromgetting drawninto others1conversations whilewere trying to focus.Indeed,the researchersfoundthat face-to-face interactionsand conversationsaffect thecreative process,and yeta coworkingspace ora coffeeshopprovides acertain levelofnoisewhile alsoproviding freedomfrom interruptions.l.Why doesthe interviewerprefer acoworking spaceA.It helpshim concentrate.B.It blocksout backgroundnoise.C.It hasa pleasantatmosphere.D.It encouragesface-to-face interactions.2,Which levelofbackgroundnoise maypromote creativethinking abilityA.Total silence.B.50decibels.C.70decibels.D.85decibels.

3.What makesanopenoffice unwelcome to many peopleA.Personal privacyunprotected.B.Limited workingspace.C.Restrictions ongroup discussion.D.Constant interruptions.

4.What canwe inferabout the author from the textA.Hes a news reporter.B.Hes anoffice manager.C.He sa professionaldesigner.D.Hes apublished writer.浙江卷篇]

7.[

2021.6CIf youever get the impressionthat yourdog cantell whetheryou lookcontent or annoyed,you may be ontosomething.Dogs mayindeed be able to distinguish betweenhappy andangry humanfaces,according to a new study.（图像）Researchers traineda group of11dogs todistinguish betweenimages of the sameperson makingeithera happyoran angry face.During the training stage,each dogwas shownonly theupper halfor thelower half of thepersons face.The researchersthen testedthe dogsability todistinguish betweenhuman facial expressions byshowingthem theother half of thepersonsfaceor images totally differentfrom the ones usedin training.The researchersfound that the dogs wereable topick theangry orhappy faceby touchinga pictureof itwith theirnoses more oftenthan onewould expectby randomchance.The studyshowed theanimals hadfigured out how to apply what they learnedabout humanfaces duringtrainingto newfaces in the testingstage.HWe canrule out that thedogs simplydistinguish betweenthe picturesbused on asimple cue,such as the sight of teeth,n saidstudy anthorCorsin Muller.Instead,our resultssuggest that the surcessfuldogsrealized that a smilingmouth meansthe samething assmiling eyes,and the same ruleapplies toanangrymouthhaving thesame meaningas angryeyes.”nWith ourstudy,we thinkwe cannow confidentlyconclude that at leastsome dogs can distinguishhuman facialexpressions/Muller toldLive Science.At this point,it isnot clearwhy dogsseem to be equippedwith theability to recognize differentfacialexpressions in humans.nTo us,the most likely explanationappears tobe that the basislies in their livingwith humans,which givesthem a lot ofexposure tohumanfacialexpressions,“and thisexposure hasprovided themwith manychancesto learntodistinguishbetween them,Muller said.

1.The newstudy focusedon whetherdogscan.A.distinguish shapesB.make sense of humanfacesC.feel happyor angryD.communicate with each other

2.What canwe learnabout the study fromparagraph2A.Researchers testedthedogsin randomorder.B.Di versemethods wereadopted duringtraining.C.Pictures usedin the two stageswere different.D.The dogswere photographedbefore thetest.

3.What is the last paragraph mainly aboutA.A suggestionfor futurestudies.

8.A possiblereason for the studyfindings.C.A majorlimitation of the study.D.An explanation of the research method.

二、年高考真题2020全国卷

1.[2020•I,C]Race walkingshares manyfitness benefitswith running,research shows,while mostlikely contributingto fewerinjuries.It does,however,have itsown problem.Race walkersare conditionedathletes.The longesttrack andfield eventat theSummer Olympicsis the50-kilometerrace walk,which isabout fivemiles longer than the marathon.But the sports rulesrequire that a race walkers kneesstay（接触）straight throughmostof the legswing andone footremain incontact with the groundat alltimes.Ifs thisstrangeform thatmakes race walking suchan attractiveactivity,however,says JaclynNorberg,an assistantprofessor ofexercisescience atSalem StateUniversity inSalem,Mass.Like running,race walkingis physicallydemanding,she says,According to most calculations,racewalkersmoving（卡路里）atapace ofsix milesper hourwould burnabout800calories perhour,which isapproximately twiceas manyas they wouldburn walking,although fewer than running,which wouldprobably burnabout1,000or morecalories perhour.However,race walkingdoesnotpound thebody as much asrunning does,Dr.Norberg says.According toherresearch,runners hitthe groundwith as much asfour times their body weight perstep,while racewalkers,whodonotleave the ground,create onlyabout

1.4times theirbodyweightwitheachstep.As a result,she says,some of the injuriesassociated withrunning,such asrunners knee,are uncommonamong racewalkers.But thesports strangeform doesplace considerablestress on the anklesand hips,so peoplewith ahistory ofsuchinjuries mightwanttobe cautiousin adoptingthesport.In fact,anyone wishingto tryracewalkingshould probablyfirstconsult acoach orexperienced racerto learnproper technique,she says.It takessome practice.

1.Why arerace walkersconditionedathletesA.They mustrun longdistances.B.They arequalified for themarathon.C.They have to followspecial rules.D.They aregood atswinging theirlegs.

2.What advantagedoes racewalking haveover runningA・Its morepopular at the Olympics.B・Its lesschallenging physically.C.Ifs moreeffective inbody building.D.Its lesslikely tocause kneeinjuries.

3.What isDr.Norbergs suggestionfor someonetrying race walkingA.Getting experts9opinions.B.Having amedical checkup.C.Hiring anexperienced coach.D.Doing regularexercises.

4.Which wordbest describesthe authorsattitude toracewalkingA.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Tolerant.D.Conservative.全国卷

2.[2020•I,D]The connectionbetween peopleand plantshas longbeen thesubject ofscientific research.Recent studieshave foundpositiveeffects.A studyconducted inYoungstown,Ohio,for example,discovered thatgreener areasof thecityexperienced lesscrime.In another,employees wereshown tobe15%more productivewhen theirworkplaces weredecoratedwith houseplants.（）The engineersat theMassachusetts Instituteof TechnologyMIT havetaken ita stepfurther changingthe actualcompositionof plantsin orderto getthem toperform diverse,even unusualfunctions.These includeplants thathavesensors printedonto theirleaves toshow when they,re short ofwaterandaplant that can detectharmful chemicals ingroundwater.We9re thinkingabout howwe canengineer plantsto replacefunctions of the things that weuse everyday,n explainedMichael Strano,a professorof chemicalengineering atMIT.（发光）One of his latestprojects hasbeen to make plantsglow inexperiments usingsome commonvegetables.Stranos teamfound that they couldcreate afaint lightfor three-and-a-half hours.The light,about one-thousandth of theamount neededto readby,is justa start.The technology,Strano said,could one day be usedtolight therooms oreven toturntrees intoself-powered streetlamps.In the future,the teamhopes todevelop aversion of the technology thatcan be sprayedonto plantleaves in a one-offtreatment thatwould lastthe planfslifetime.The engineersare alsotryingtodevelop anon andoff”switch”where theglowwould fadewhen exposedto daylight.Lighting accountsfor about7%of thetotal electricityconsumed in the US.Since lightingis oftenfar removedfrom（电源）the powersource-such as the distancefrom apower plantto streetlamps ona remotehighway-alotof energyis（传输）lost duringtransmission.Glowing plantscould reducethis distanceand thereforehelp saveenergy.

1.What isthefirst paragraph mainly aboutA.A newstudy of different plants.B.A bigfall incrime rates.C.Employees fromvarious workplaces.D.Benefits from green plants.

2.What isthe functionof thesensors printedon plantleaves byMIT engineerA.To detectplants,lack ofwaterB.To changecompositions of plantsC.To makethe lifeofplantslonger.D.To testchemicalsinplants.

3.What canwe expect of theglowing plantsin thefutureA.They willspeed upenergy production.B.They maytransmit electricityto thehome.C.They mighthelp reduceenergy consumption.D.They couldtake theplace of power plants.

4.Which of the followingcanbethe besttitle for the textA.Can wegrow moreglowing plantsB.How dowe livewith glowing plantsC.Could glowingplants replacelampsD.How areglowingplantsmade pollution-free【•全国卷

3.2020n,B]Some parentswill buyany high-tech toyif theythink it will help their child,but researcherssaid puzzleshelpchildren withmath-related skills.Psychologist SusanLevine,an experton mathematicsdevelopment inyoung childrenthe University of Chicago,found childrenwho play with puzzles between ages2and4later developbetter spatialskills.Puzzle playwas foundto beasignificant predictorof cognition（认知）after controllingfor differencesin parents9income,education and the amountofparent talk,Levine said.The researchersanalyzed videorecordings of53child-parent pairsduring everydayactivities athome andfoundchildren whoplay with puzzlesbetween26and46months of age havebetter spatialskills when assessed at54months ofage.“The childrenwho played with puzzlesperformed betterthan thosewho did not,on tasksthat assessedtheir ability to（旋转）rotate andtranslate shapes,“Levine saidin astatement.The parentswere askedto interact with their children asthey normally would,andabouthalf of childrenin the studyplayedwith puzzlesat onetime.Higher-income parentstended to have childrenplay withpuzzles morefrequently,and bothboys andgirls whoplayedwithpuzzles hadbetter spatialskills.However,boys tendedto playwithmore complexpuzzles thangirls,and theparents ofboys providedmore spatiallanguage andwere moreactive duringpuzzleplay thanparents of girls.The findingswere publishedin thejournal DevelopmentalScience.

1.In whichaspect dochildren benefitfrom puzzleplayA.Building confidence.B.Developing spatialskills.C.Learning self-control.D.Gaining high-tech knowledge.

2.What didLevine takeinto considerationwhen designingher experimentA.Parents age.B.Childrens imagination.C.Parents education.D.Child-parent relationship.

3.How doboy differfrom girlsin puzzleplayA.They playwithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.They tendto talkless duringthe game.C.They preferto usemore spatiallanguage.D.They arelikely to playwithtougher puzzles.

4.What isthe textmainly aboutA.A mathematicalmethod.B.A scientificstudy.C.A womanpsychologist D.A teachingprogram.【•全国卷

4.2020n,C]When youwere tryingto figureout whatto buyfor the environmentalist onyour holidaylist,fur probablydidnt（□寸装）cross yourmind.But someecologists andfashion enthusiastsare tryingto bringback the market forfur made（海狸鼠）.from nutria（）Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklynhave showcasednutria furmade intoclothes indifferentstyles.It soundscrazy totalk aboutguilt-free fur-unless youunderstand that the nutriaare destroyingvast wetlandseveryyear，says CreeMcCree,project directorof Righteous Fur.Scientists inLouisiana wereso concernedthat theydecided topay hunters$5a tail.Some of the furends up in thefashionshows like theonein Brooklynlast month.Nutria werebrought therefrom Argentinaby furfarmers andlet gointo thewild.The ecosystemdowntherecant（物种）handle thisnon-native species.Its destroyingtheenvironment.Ifs themorus.says MichaelMassimi,an expertin this field.The furtrade keptnutria checkfor decades,but whenthe marketfor nutriacollapsed in the late1980s,the cat-sizedanimals multipliedlike crazy.Biologist EdmondMouton runsthe nutriacontrol programfbr Louisiana.He says its noteasy toconvince peoplethatnutria furis green,but hehas nodoubt aboutit.Hunters bringin more than300,000nutria tailsa year,so partof Moutonsjobthese daysis tiyingto promotefur.Then theresRighteousFurand itsunusual fashion.Model PaigeMorgan says,“To givepeopleaguilt-free optionthatthey canwear withoutsomeone throwingpaint on them-1think thatsgoing tobe a massive thing,at leastherein NewYork.^^Designer JenniferAnderson admitsit tookher awhile to come aroundto theopinion that using nutriafur forhercreations ismorally acceptable.She tryingtocome up with a lable to attachto nutriafashions toshow it is eco-friendly.

28.What isthe purpose of the fashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynA.To promoteguilt-free fur.B.To expand thefashionmarket.C.To introducea newbrand.D.To celebratea winterholiday.

29.Why arescientists concerned about nutriaA.Nutria damagethe ecosystemseriously.B.Nutria arean endangeredspecies.C.Nutria hurtlocal cat-sized animals.D.Nutria areillegally hunted.

30.What doesthe underlinedword collapsed“in paragraph5probably meanA.Boomed.B.Became mature.C.Remained stable.D.Crashed.

31.What canwe inferabouf wearingfur inNew Yorkaccording toMorganA.Its formal.B.Its risky.C.Ifs harmful.D.Its traditional.•全国卷

5.12020ni,D]We arethe productsof evolution,andnot just evolutionthat occurredbillions ofyears ago.As scientistslook deeper（基因），into ourgenes they are findingexamples of human evolutionin justthe pastfew thousandyears.People inEthiopianhighlands haveadapted toliving at high altitudes.Cattle-raising peoplein EastAfrica andnorthern Europehave（突变）gained amutation that helps themdigest milkas adults.On Thursdayin anarticle publishedin Cell,a team of researchersreported a new kind of adaptation-not to air ortofood,but to the ocean.A groupof sea-dwelling peoplein SoutheastAsia haveevolved intobetter divers.TheBajau,as thesepeopleareknown,number in the hundreds of thousandsin Indonesia,Malaysia and the Philippines.（支柱）They havetraditionally livedon houseboats;in recenttimes,theyve alsobuilt houseson stiltsin coastalwaters.They aresimply astranger to thelandJ saidRedney C.Jubilado,a University of Hawaiiresearcher who studies the Bajau.Dr.Jubilado firstmet theBajau whilegrowing upon SamalIsland in the Philippines.They madea livingas divers,spearfishing orharvesting shellfish.We wereso amazedthat they could stayunderwater muchlongerthanus localislanders/56789Dr.Jubilado said.“I couldsee themactually walkingunder thesea.”In2015,Melissa Ilardo,then agraduate studentin geneticsat theUniversityofCopenhagen,heard about theBajau.She wonderedif centuriesof divingcould haveled to the evolutionof physicalcharacteristics thatmade thetaskeasier for them,“it seemedliketheperfect chancefor naturalselection toactona population,said Dr.Ilardo.She alsosaid there were likelya number of othergenes thathelptheBajau dive.A.Environmental adaptationof cattleraisers.B.New knowledgeof humanevolution.

32.What doesthe authorwanttotellusby the examples in paragraph1C.Recent findingsof humanorigin.D.Significance of food selection.山东卷，】5[2020•DAccording toa recentstudy in the Journalof ConsumerResearch,both thesizeandconsumption habits ofour eatingcompanions caninfluence ourfood intake.And contraryto existingresearch thatsays youshould avoideatingwith heavierpeople whoorder largeportions（份），itsthe beanpoleswith bigappetites youreally need to avoid.To testtheeffectof socialinfluence oneating habits,the researchersconducted twoexperiments.In the first,95A.In valleys.B.Near rivers.C.On thebeach.D.Off thecoast.

33.Where do theBajaubuild theirhouses

34.Why was the youngJubilado astonishedat theBajauA.They couldwalk onstilts allday.B.They hada superbwayoffishing.C.They couldstay longunderwater.D.They livedon bothland andwater.

35.What canbe asuitable title for the textA.Bodies Remodeledfor aLife atSea B.Highlanders,Survival SkillsC.Basic Methodsof GeneticResearch D.The WorldsBest Divers（表面上）undergraduate womenwere individuallyinvited intoa labto ostensiblyparticipate in a studyabout movieviewership.Before thefilm began,each womanwas askedtohelpherself toa snack.An actorhired by the researchersgrabbedher foodfirst.In hernatural state,the actorweighed105pounds.But in half the cases shewore aspeciallydesigned fatsuit whichincreased her weight to180pounds.Both thefat andthin versionsof theactor tooka largeamount of food.The participantsfollowed suit,taking morefoodthan theynormallywouldhave.However,they tooksignificantly morewhentheactor wasthin.For the second test,in onecase thethin actortook twopieces ofcandy from the snackbowls.In theother case,shetook30pieces.The resultswere similar tothe first test:the participantsfollowed suitbut tooksignificantly morecandywhen thethin actortook30pieces.The testsshow that the socialenvironment isextremely influentialwhen weremaking decisions.If thisfellowparticipant isgoing toeat more,so willI.Call itthe Illhave whatshe*s having^^effect.However,well adjust theinfluence.If anoverweight personis havingalargeportion,Ill holdback abit becauseI see the resultsof hiseating habits.But ifa thinperson eatsalot,Ill followsuit.If hecan eatmuch andkeep slim,why cantI

12.What isthe recentstudy mainly aboutA.Food safety.B.Movie viewership.C.Consumer demand.D.Eating behavior.

13.What doesthe underlinedword beanpoles“in paragraph1refer toA.Big eaters.B.Overweight persons.C.Picky eaters.D.Tall thinpersons.

14.Why didthe researchershire theactorA.To seehow she would affectthe participants.B.To testiftheparticipants couldrecognize her.C.To find out whatshewoulddo inthe twotests.D.To studywhy shecould keepherweightdown.

15.On whatbasis dowe“adjustthe influence^^according tothe lastparagraphA.How hungrywe are.B.How slimwewanttobe.C.How weperceive others.D.How wefeel about the food.

三、年高考真题2019【•全国卷

1.2019L C]

28.What isthe purpose of theprojectA.To ensureharmony incare homes.B.To providepart-time jobsfor theaged.C.To raisemoney formedical research.D.To promotethe elderlypeoples welfare.

29.How hastheprojectaffected RuthXavierA.She haslearned newlife skills.B.She hasgained asense ofachievement.C.She hasrecovered hermemory.D.She hasdeveloped a strong personality.

30.What dothe underlinedwords embarkon meanin paragraph7A.Improve.B.Oppose.C.Begin.D.Evaluate.

31.What canwe learnabout theproject from the lasttwo paragraphsA.It is well received.B.It needstobemore creative.C.It ishighly profitable.D.It takesagestoseethe results.DHuman speechcontains more than2,000different sounds,from thecommon“manda tothe rareclicks ofsomesouthern Africanlanguages.But whyare certainsounds more common thanothers Aground-breaking,five-year studyshows that diet-related changes inhumanbite ledto newspeech soundsthat arenow found in halfthe worldslanguages.More than30years ago,the scholarCharles Hockettnoted thatspeech soundscalled labiodentals,such as“f andv”,were morecommon inthe languagesof societiesthat atesofter foods.Now ateamof researchers ledby DamianBlasi attheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,has foundhow andwhy thistrend arose.（对齐）,They discoveredthat theupper and lower front teeth ofancient human adults werealigned makingit hardto produce labiodentals,which areformed bytouching thelower liptotheupper teeth.Later,our jawschanged toan（结构），overbite structuremakingiteasier toproduce suchsounds.The teamshowed that this change in bitewas connectedwith thedevelopment ofagriculture inthe Neolithicperiod.Food becameeasier tochew atthispoint.The jawbonedidnt haveto doas muchwork andso didntgrow tobe solarge.Analyses ofa languagedatabase alsoconfirmed that there wasa globalchangeinthe soundof worldlanguages aftertheNeolithic age,with the useof“f andv increasingremarkably duringthe lastfew thousandyears.These soundsarestill notfoundinthe languagesof manyhunter-gatherer people today.（生物测量）As dataand identitytheft becomesmore andmorecommon,themarketis growingfor biometrictechnologies—like fingerprintscans—to keepothers outof privatee-spaces.At present,these technologiesare stillexpensive,though.（装置）Researchers fromGeorgia Techsay that they havecomeupwith alow-cost devicethat getsaround this（节奏）problem:a smart keyboard.This smartkeyboard preciselymeasures thecadence withwhich onetypes and thepressure fingersapply to each key.The keyboardcould offerastronglayer ofsecurity byanalyzing thingsliketheforce ofausers typingand thetime betweenkey presses.These patternsare uniqueto eachperson.Thus,the keyboardcan一determine peoplesidentities,and byextension,whether theyshould begiven accesstothecomputer itsconnected toregardlessof whethersomeone getsthe passwordright.It alsodoesnt requirea newtype oftechnologythatpeople arentalready familiarwith.Everybody usesa keyboardandeverybody typesdifferently.In a study describingthe technology,the researchershad100volunteers typethe word“touch”four timesusing thesmartkeyboard.Data collectedfrom the device could be usedto recognizedifferent participantsbased onhow theytyped,with verylow errorrates.The researcherssaythat the keyboardshould bepretty straightforwardto commercializeand ismostlymade ofinexpensive,plastic-like parts.The teamhopes to make it to marketinthenear future.

28.Why dothe researchersdevelop the smart keyboardA.To reducepressure onkeys.B.To improveaccuracy intypingC.To replace the passwordsystem.D.To cutthe costofe-space protection.

29.What makesthe inventionof thesmartkeyboardpossibleA.Computers aremuch easierto operate.B.Fingerprint scanningtechniques developfast.C.Typing patternsvary fromperson toperson.D.Data securitymeasures areguaranteed.

30.What dothe researchersexpectof thesmartkeyboard alllo soisgitieocooil.A.Itll beenvironment-friendly.B.It*ll reachconsumers soon.C.It*llbemade of plastics.D.Itll helpspeed uptyping.

31.Where is this textmostlikelyfromA.A diary.B.A guidebookC.A novel.D.A magazine.•全国卷

2.[2019I,D]（小学），During therosy years of elementaryschool Ienjoyed sharingmy dollsand jokes,which allowedmeto keepmy highsocial status.I was the queenof theplayground.Then camemy tweensand teens,and meangirls andcool kids.They roseintheranks notby beingfriendly butby smokingcigarettes,breaking rulesand playingjokes onothers,amongwhom Isoon foundmyself.Popularity isa well-explored subjectin socialpsychology.Mitch Prinstein,a professorof clinicalpsychology sortsthe popular intotwo categories:the likableand thestatus seekers.The likables,plays-well-with-others qualitiesstrengthenschoolyard friendships,jump-start interpersonalskills and,when tappedearly,are employedever afterinlifeand work.Then there9sthekindofpopularity thatappears in adolescence:status bomof powerand evendishonorable behavior.Enviable asthe coolkids mayhave seemed,Dr.Prinsteins studiesshow unpleasantconsequences.Those who were（从事）highest in status inhigh school,as wellas thoseleast likedin elementaryschool,are mostlikely toengage indangerousand riskybehavior.”In onestudy,Dr.Prinstein examinedthe twotypes ofpopularity in235adolescents,scoring theleast liked,the most（调查研究）.liked and the highest instatusbased onstudent surveys“We found that theleast well-liked teenshad becomemoreaggressive overtime towardtheir classmates.But sohad thosewhowerehigh instatus.It clearlyshowed thatwhilelikability canlead tohealthy adjustment,high statushas justthe oppositeeffect onus.”Dr.Prinstein has also found thatthequalities thatmade theneighbors wantyou ona playdate-sharing,kindness,openness—carry overto lateryears andmake youbetter able to relateand connectwith others.In analyzinghis and other research,Dr.Prinstein cameto anotherconclusion:Not onlyis likabilityrelated topositivelife outcomes,but itisalsoresponsible forthose outcomes,too.Being likedcreates opportunitiesfor learningand fornewkinds oflife experiencesthathelpsomebody gain an advantage,hesaid.

32.What sortofgirlwas the author inher earlyyears ofelementary schoolA.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.

33.What isthe secondparagraph mainly aboutA.The classificationof thepopular.B.The characteristicsof adolescents.C.The importanceof interpersonalskills.D.The causesof dishonorablebehavior

34.What didDr.Prinsteins studyfind about the mostliked kidsA.They appearedtobe aggressive.B.They tendedtobemore adaptable.C.They enjoyedthe higheststatus.D.They performedwell academically.

35.What isthe besttitle for the textA.Be Nice-You WontFinish LastB.The Higherthe Status,the BeerC.Be theBest-You CanMake ItD.More Self-Control,Less Aggressiveness•全国卷

4.[2019n,D]（微生物）Bacteria arean annoyingproblem for astronauts.The microorganismsfrom ourbodies growuncontrollablyon surfacesof theInternational SpaceStation,so astronautsspend hourscleaning themup eachweek.How isNASAovercoming thisvery tinybig problemIts turningtoabunch ofhigh schoolkids.But notjust anykids.It depending onNASA HUNCHhigh schoolclass,liketheone scienceteachers GeneGordon andDonna Himmelberglead atFairportHigh Schoolin Fairport,New York.HUNCH isdesigned toconnect highschool classroomswith NASAengineers.For the past twoyears,Gordons（解决方案）.students have been studyingways tokill bacteriain zerogravity,and theythink theyreclose toa solution“We dontgive thestudents anybreaks.They haveto do it justlike NASAengineers,says FlorenceGold,a projectmanager.“There areno tests；Gordon says.There isno gradedhomework.There almostarenogrades,other thanAre youworkingtowards yourgoal Basically,its Tvegot toproduce thisproduct and then,attheend ofyear,present itto NASA/Engineers comeand reallydo anin-person review,and-*-ifs nota verynice thingattime.Ifs ahard businessreview ofyourproduct.”（影响）Gordon says the HUNCHprogram hasan impacton collegeadmissions andpractical lifeskills.These kidsareso absorbedintheirstudies thatI justsit back.I dontteach.And thatannoying bacteriaGordon sayshis studentsareemailing dailywith NASAengineers about theproblem,readying aworkable solutionto testin space.

32.What doweknow aboutthe bacteriaintheInternational SpaceStationA.They arehard to get rid of.B.They leadtoairpollution.C.They appeardifferent forms.D.They damagethe instruments.

33.What isthepurposeof theHUNCH programA.To strengthenteacher-student relationships.B.To sharpenstudents9communication skills.C.To allowstudents toexperience zerogravity.D.To linkspace technologywith schooleducation

34.What dothe NASAengineers dofor thestudents inthe programA.Check theirproduct.B.Guide projectdesignsC.Adjust workschedules.D.Grade theirhomework.

35.What isthe besttitle for the textA.NASA:The Homeof Astronauts.B.Space:The FinalHomework Frontier.C.Nature:An OutdoorClassroom.D.HUNCH:A CollegeAdmission Reform.•全国卷

3.[2019III,C]Before the1830s most newspapers weresold throughannual subscriptionsin America,usually$8to$10a year.Today$8or$10seems asmall amountof money,but atthat time these amountswere forbiddingtomostcitizens.Accordingly,newspapers wereread almostonly byrich peoplein politicsorthetrades.In addition,mostnewspapershadlittle inthem thatwould appealtoamass audience.They weredull andvisually forbidding.But therevolution thatwastaking placeinthe1830s wouldchange allthat.The trend,then,was towardthe pennypapern-a termreferring topapers madewidely available tothepublic.It meantanyinexpensive newspaper;perhaps moreimportantly itmeant newspapersthat could be boughtin single copies on thestreet.This developmentdid nottake placeovernight.It hadbeen possiblebutnot easytobuy singlecopies of newspapersbefore1830,but thisusually meantthe readerhadto go downtotheprinters officeto purchasea copy.Street saleswerealmost unknown.However,within a few years,street salesofnewspaperswould becommonplace ineastern cities.At firsttheprice ofsinglecopieswas seldoma penny-usually twoor threecents wascharged-and some of theolder well-knownpapers chargedfive orsix cents.But thephrase pennypapercaught thepublics fancy,and soon there would be papersthatdid indeedsell foronlyapenny.This new trend ofnewspapers for the manon thestreet*1did notbegin well.Some of the earlyventures企业wereimmediate failures.Publishers alreadyin business,people whowere ownersof successfulpapers,had littledesire to changethe tradition.It tookafewyouthful anddaring businessmento getthe ballrolling.A.Academic.B.Unattractive.C.Inexpensive.D.Confidential.

28.Which ofthe followingbest describesnewspapers in America beforethe1830sA.They would be pricedhigher.B.They woulddisappear fromcities.

29.What didstreet salesmean tonewspapersC.They couldhave morereaders.D.They couldregain publictrust.

30.Who werethe newspapersofthe newtrendtargeted atA.Local politicians.B.Common people.C.Young publishers.D.Rich businessmen.

31.What canwe sayaboutthebirth ofthe pennypaperA.It wasa difficultprocess.B.It wasa temporarysuccess.C.It wasa robberyofthepoor.D.It wasa disasterfor printers.•全国卷

5.[2019HI,D]Monkeys seem tohavea waywith numbers.A teamofresearcherstrained threeRhesus monkeysto associate26clearly differentsymbols consisting of numbersandselective letterswith0-25drops ofwater or juice asa reward.The researchersthen testedhowthe monkeys combined一一or addedthe symbolsto getthe reward.Heres howHarvard MedicalSchool scientistMargaret Livingstone,who ledthe team,described theexperiment:Intheir cagesthe monkeyswere providedwith touchscreens.On onepartofthe screen,a symbolwould appear,andontheother sidetwo symbolsinside a circle wereshown.For example,the number7would flashon oneside ofthe screenand theotherend wouldhave9and

8.If the monkeys touchedthe leftside ofthe screenthey wouldbe rewardedwith sevendrops一ofwaterorjuice;if theywent for the circle,they wouldbe rewardedwith thesum ofthe numbers17in thisexample.After runninghundreds oftests,the researchersnoted thatthe monkeyswould gofor thehigher valuesmore thanhalfthe time,indicating thatthey wereperforming acalculation,notjustmemorizing thevalue ofeach combination.When theteam examinedtheresultsoftheexperiment moreclosely,they noticedthatthe monkeys tendedto（低估）一underestimate asum comparedwith asingle symbolwhenthetwo wereclose invalue sometimeschoosing,forexample,a13over thesum of8and

6.The underestimationwas systematic:When addingtwo numbers,themonkeys（小部分）always paidattentiontothe largerofthetwo,andthenadded onlya fractionofthesmaller numbertoit.This indicatesthatthere isacertain wayquantity isrepresented intheir brains,nDr.Livingstone says.But inthisexperiment what theyre doingis payingmore attentiontothebig numberthan thelittle one.”

32.What didthe researchersdo tothemonkeysbefore testingthemA.They fedthem.B.They namedthem.C.They trainedthem.D.They measuredthem.

33.How didthemonkeysget theirreward inthe experimentA.By drawingacircle.B.By touchinga screen.C.By watchingvideos.D.By mixingtwo drinks.

34.What didLivingstones teamfind aboutthe monkeysA.They couldperform basicaddition.B.They couldunderstand simplewords.C.They couldmemorize numberseasily.D.They couldhold theirattention forlong.

35.In whichsection ofa newspapermay thistext appearA.Entertainment.B.Health.C.Education.D.Science.•北京卷，

6.[2019C]The problemof robocallshas gottenso badthat manypeople nowrefuse topick upcalls fromnumbers theydont（欺诈）know.By nextyear,halfofthe callswe receivewill bescams.We arefinally wakingup tothe severityof theproblemby supportingand developing agroupof tools,apps andapproaches intendedto preventscammers fromgetting（解决方案）through.Unfortunately,its toolittle,toolate.By thetimethese“solutions”become widelyavailable,scammers willhave movedonto cleverermeans.In thenear future,its notjust going tobethe numberyou seeon yourscreenthat will be indoubt.Soon youwill alsoquestion whether the voiceyoure hearingis actuallyreal.（处理）Thats because there area number of powerfulvoice manipulation and automationtechnologies that are abouttobecome widelyavailableforanyone to use.At thisyears I/O Conference,a companyshowed anew voicetechnologyable toproduce sucha convincinghuman-sounding voice thatit was able to speaktoareceptionist andbook areservationwithout detection.These developmentsarelikelytomakeour currentproblems withrobocalls muchworse.The reasonthat robocallsare（数据侵入）a headachehas lessto dowith amountthan precisionA decadeof databreaches ofpersonal informationhasled toa situationwhere scammerscan easilylearn yourmothers name,and farmore.Armed withthis knowledge.theyYeable tocarry outindividually targetedcampaigns tocheat people.This means.for example,thatascammer couldcall youfrom whatlooks tobe afamiliar numberand talkto youusing avoicethatsounds exactlylikeyour banktellers,ricking youinto“confirming”your address,mothers name,and cardnumber.Scammers followmoney,so companieswill bethe worsthit.A lotof businessis stilldone overthe phone,and muchof itisbased ontrust andexisting relationships.Voice manipulationtechnologies mayweaken thatgradually.We need to deal withtheinsecure natureofourtelecom networks.Phone carriersand consumersneed toworktogether to find waysof determiningand communicatingwhat isreal.That mightmean eitherdevelopingauniform way tomark videosand images,showing when and whothey weremadeby.or abandoningphone callsaltogether andmovingtowards data-based communications-using appslike FaceTime orWhatsApp,which canbe tiedto youridentity.Credibility ishard toearn buteasy tolose,andtheproblem isonly going to harderfrom hereon out.

38.How doesthe authorfeel aboutthe solutionsto problemof robecallsA.Panicked.B.Confused.C.Embarrassed.D.Disappointed.

39.taking advantageofthenew technologies,scammer can.A.aim atvictims preciselyB.damage databaseseasilyC.start campaignsrapidly D.spread informationwidely

40.What doesthe passageimplyA.Honesty isthe bestpolicy.B.Technologies canbe double-edited.C.There aremore solutionsthan problems.D.Credibility holdsthe key to development.

41.Which ofthe followingwouldbethe besttitleforthe passageA.Where theProblem ofRobocalls IsRootedB.Who Isto BlamefortheProblem ofRoboeallsC.Why RobocallsAre Aboutto GetMore DangerousD.How RobocallsAre Affectingthe Worldof Technology•北京卷,

7.12019D]By theend ofthe century,if notsooner,the worldsoceans will be bluerand greenerthanks toa warmingclimate,according toanewstudy.（海洋彳散生物）At theheart ofthe phenomenonlie tinymarine microorganismscalled phytoplankton.Because oftheway light reflects off the organisms,these phytoplanktoncreate colourfulpatterns atthe ocean surface.Ocean colourvariesfromgreento blue,depending onthe typeand concentrationof phytoplankton.Climate changewill fuelthe growthof phytoplankton in some areas,while reducingitinother spots,leading tochanges inthe ocean*s appearance.（二氧化碳）Phytoplankton liveatthe oceansurface,where theypull carbondioxide intothe oceanwhile givingoffoxygen.When theseorganisms die,they burycarbon inthe deepocean,an importantprocess thathelps toregulate theglobalclimate.But phytoplanktonare vulnerable tothe oceans warmingtrend.Warming changeskey characteristicsofthe oceanand canaffect phytoplanktongrowth,since theyneed notonly sunlightand carbondioxide togrow,but alsonutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz,a scientistin MITsCenter forGlobal ChangeScience,built aclimate model that projectschanges tothe oceans throughoutthe century.In aworld thatwarmsupby3℃,it found that multiplechangestothe colouroftheoceanswould occur.The modelprojects thatcurrently blueareas withlittle phytoplanktoncould becomeeven bluer.But insome waters,such asthose ofthe Arctic,a warmingwillmakeconditions riperfor phytoplankton,and theseareaswill turngreener.Not onlyarethequantities ofphytoplankton intheoceanchanging.9,she said,“but thetype ofphytoplanktonis changing.

42.What arethe firsttwo paragraphsmainly aboutA.The variouspatterns attheoceansurface.B.The causeofthechangesinocean colour.C.The waylightreflectsoff marineorganisms.D.The effortsto fuelthe growthofphytoplankton.

43.What doesthe underlinedwordvulnerable vin Paragraph3probably meanA.Sensitive.B.Beneficial C.Significant D.Unnoticeable

44.What canwe learnfrom the passageA.Phytoplankton playa decliningrole inthe marineecosystem.B.Dutkiewicz*s modelaimstoproject phytoplanktonchangesC.Phytoplankton have been usedto controlglobal climateD.Oceans withmore phytoplanktonmay appeargreener.

45.What isthe mainpurposeofthe passageA.To assessthe consequencesof oceancolour changesB.To analysethe compositionoftheocean foodchainC.To explainthe effectsof climate change onoceans天津卷，D.To introduceanewmethod tostudy phytoplankton

8.[2019•C]（生态系统）How doesan ecosystemworkWhat makesthe populations of differentspecies theway they areWhyare theresomanyflies andso fewwolves To findan answer,scientists havebuilt mathematical models offood webs,noting whoeats whomand howmuch eachone eats.With suchmodels,scientists havefound outsome keyprinciples operatingin food webs.Most food webs,for（掠食动物）instance,consist ofmany weaklinks rather than afew strongones.When a predator alwayseats hugenumbersof asingle prey（猎物），thetwo species arestrongly linked；when apredator liveson variousspecies,they areweaklylinked.Food websmay bedominated bymany weaklinks becausethat arrangementis morestable overthe longterm.If a（灭绝）predator caneat severalspecies,it cansurvive theextinction ofone of them.And ifapredatorcan moveon toanother species thatis easiertofindwhenaprey speciesbecomes rare,the switchallows theoriginal preyto recover.Theweak linksmay thuskeep speciesfrom drivingone another to extinction.Mathematical modelshave alsorevealed that food websmay beunstable,where smallchanges of top predatorscanlead tobig effectsthroughout entireecosystems.In the1960s,scientists proposedthat predatorsatthe top ofa foodwebhad asurprising amountof controloverthesize ofpopulationsof other speciesiincludingspecies theydid notdirectlyattack.And unplannedhuman activitieshave provedthe ideaof top-down controlby top predators tobe true.In theocean,we fishedfor toppredators such as codonanindustrial scale,while onland,we killedoff largepredators suchas wolves.These actionshave greatlyaffected theecological balance.Scientists havebuilt an early-warning systembased onmathematical models.Ideally,the systemwould tellus whentoadapt humanactivities thatare pushingan ecosystemtoward abreakdown orwould evenallow usto pullanecosystem（临界点），back fromthe borderline.Prevention iskey,scientists saysbecause onceecosystems passtheir tippingpointit isremarkably difficultforthemto return.

46.What havescientists discoveredwiththehelp ofmathematicalmodelsoffood websA.The livinghabitsofspecies infoodwebs.B.The rulesgoverning foodwebs ofthe ecosystems.C.The approachesto studyingthe speciesintheecosystems.D.The differencesbetween weakand stronglinks infoodwebs.

47.A stronglink isfound betweentwospecieswhenapredatorA.hasawide foodchoiceB.can easilyfind newpreyC.sticks toone preyspeciesD.can quicklymove toanother place

48.What willhappen ifthe populationsoftoppredators ina foodweb greatlydeclineA.The preyspecies theydirectly attack will dieout.B.The speciesthey indirectlyattackwillturn intotoppredators.C.The livingenvironment ofotherspecies will remainunchanged.D.The populationsofotherspecieswillexperience unexpectedchanges.

49.What conclusioncanbedrawn fromtheexamplesin Paragraph4A.Uncontrolled humanactivities greatlyupset ecosystems.B.Rapid economicdevelopment threatensanimal habitats.C.Species ofcommercial valuedominate otherspecies.D.Industrial activitieshelp keepfoodwebsstable.

50.How doesanearly-warning systemhelp usmaintain theecological balanceA.By gettingillegal practicesunder control.B.By stoppingus fromkilling largepredators.C.By bringingthe broken-down ecosystemsbacktonormal.D.By signalingthe urgentneed fortaking preventiveaction.江苏卷，

9.[2019•B]In the1960s,while studyingthe volcanichistory ofYellowstone NationalPark,Bob Christiansenbecame puzzledaboutsomething that,oddly,had nottroubled anyonebefore:he couldnt find the parks volcano.It hadbeen knownfora一long time that Yellowstonewas volcanicin naturethats whataccounted forall itshot springsand othersteamy features.But Christiansencouldn*tfind the Yellowstonevolcano anywhere.（圆锥体）Most ofus,when wetalk aboutvolcanoes,think ofthe classiccone shapesofaFuji orKilimanjaro,which（岩浆）are createdwhen eruptingmagma pilesup.These canform remarkablyquickly.In1943,a Mexicanfarmer wassurprisedtoseesmoke risingfrom asmall partofhisland.In oneweek he wastheconfused ownerof aThisresearch overturnsthepopularview that all human speech sounds were presentwhen humanbeings evolvedaround300,000years ago.The setof speech soundsweuse hasnot necessarilyremained stablesincetheappearance ofhumanbeings,but ratherthe hugevariety ofspeechsoundsthat wefind todayistheproduct ofa complexinterplay ofthingslike biologicalchange andcultural evolution/said Steven Moran,a memberofthe researchteam.

32.Which aspectofthehumanspeechsound doesDamian Blasisresearch focusonA.Its variety.B.Its distribution.C.Its quantity.D.Its development.

33.Why wasit difficultfor ancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentalsA.They hadfewer upperteeth thanlower teeth.B.They couldnot openand closetheir lipseasily.C.Their jawswere notconveniently structured.D.Their lowerfrontteethwere notlarge enough.

34.What isparagraph5mainlyaboutA.Supporting evidenceforthe research results.B.Potential applicationoftheresearch findings.C.A furtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.A reasonabledoubt abouttheresearchprocess.

35.What doesStevenMoransayaboutthesetof humanspeech soundsA.It iskey toeffective communication.B.It contributesmuch tocultural diversity.C.It isa complexand dynamicsystem.D.It drivesthe evolutionofhumanbeings.【年全国甲卷】

2.2022BGoffins cockatoos,a kindof smallparrot nativeto Australasia,havebeenshown tohave similarshape-recognitionabilities toa humantwo-year-old*Though notknown touse toolsinthewild,the birdshave provedskilful attool usewhilekept inthe cage.In arecent experiment,cockatoos werepresented with a boxwithanut insideit.The clearfront ofthe box hada keyhole“inageometric shape,andthebirds weregiven fivedifferently shaped“keys”to choosefrom.Inserting thecorrect keywould letoutthenut.cone fivehundred feethigh.Within twoyears ithad toppedout atalmost fourteenhundred feetand wasmore thanhalf amileacross.Altogether thereare someten thousandof thesevolcanoes onEarth,all but afewhundred ofthem extinct.There is,however,a secondles knowntype ofvolcano that doesnt involvemountain building.These arevolcanoes soexplosivethattheyburst openinasingle bigcrack,leaving behind a vasthole,the caldera.Yellowstone obviouslywas ofthissecond type,but Christiansencouldnt findthe calderaanywhere.Just atthis timeNASA decidedto testsome newhigh-altitude camerasbytakingphotographs ofYellowstone.Athoughtful officialpassed onsomeofthe copiestothepark authoritiesontheassumption thatthey mightmakeaniceblow-up foroneofthe visitorscenters.As soonas Christiansensaw thephotos,he realizedwhy hehad failedto spotthe一caldera;almostthe whole park-

2.2million acreswas caldera.The explosionhad lefta holemore thanforty milesacross一much toohuge tobe seenfrom anywhereat groundlevel.At sometime inthepastYellowstone musthave blownupwith aviolence farbeyond thescale ofanything knownto humans.

58.What puzzledChristiansen whenhewasstudying YellowstoneA.Its complicatedgeographical features.B.Its ever-lasting influenceon tourism.C.The mysterioushistory ofthepark.D.The exactlocation ofthe volcano.

59.What doesthesecond-paragraph mainly talk aboutA.The shapesof volcanoes.B.The impactsof volcanoes.C.The activitiesof volcanoes.D.The heightsof volcanoes.

60.What doesthe underlinedword“blow-up inthelastparagraph most probably meanA.Hot-air balloon.B.Digital camera.C.Big photograph.D.Birds view.【•浙江卷，

10.2019C]California haslost halfits big trees sincethe1930s,according toa studytobepublished Tuesdayand climatechange（因素）.seems tobe a major factorThenumberoftrees largerthan twofeet acrosshas declinedby50percent onmore than46,000square milesofCalifornia forests,thenewstudy finds.No areawas sparedor unaffected,fromthefoggy northerncoast tothe SierraNevadaMountains tothe SanGabriels aboveLos Angeles.In theSierra highcountry,the numberof bigtrees hasfallen bymorethan55percent;in partsof southernCalifornia the decline wasnearly75percent.Many factorscontributed tothedecline,said Patrick McIntyre,an ecologistwho wasthe leadauthor ofthestudy.Woodcutters targetedbigtrees.Housing developmentpushed intothe woods.Aggressive wildfirecontrol hasleft（资源）.California forestscrowded withsmall trees that competewith bigtrees forresourcesBut incomparing astudy ofCalifornia forestsdone inthe1920sand1930swithanother onebetween2001and2010,McIntyre andhis colleaguesdocumented awidespread deathof bigtreesthatwas evidenteven inwildlands protectedfromwoodcutting ordevelopment.The lossof bigtrees wasgreatest inareas wheretrees hadsuffered thegreatest watershortage.The researchersfiguredout waterstress witha computermodelthatcalculated howmuch watertrees weregetting incomparison withhowmuch theyneeded,taking intoaccount suchthings asrainfall,air temperature,dampness ofsoil,andthetiming of（融雪）.snowmeltSince the1930s,McIntyre said,the biggestfactors drivingup waterstress inthestatehavebeenrising temperatures,which causetrees tolose morewater tothe air,and earliersnowmelt,which reducesthe watersupply availableto treesduringthe dry season.

27.What isthesecondparagraphmainlyaboutA.The seriousnessof big-tree lossin California.B.The increasingvariety ofCalifornia bigtrees.C.The distributionof bigtrees in California forests.D.The influenceof farmingon bigtrees inCalifornia.

28.Which ofthe followingiswell-intentioned butmaybebad forbig treesA.Ecological studiesof forests.B.Banning woodcutting.C.Limiting housingdevelopment.D.Fire controlmeasures.

29.What isa majorcauseofthewatershortage according to McIntyreA.Inadequate snowmelt.B.A longerdryseason.C.A warmerclimate.D.Dampness ofthe air.

30.What canbe asuitable titleforthe textA.California^Forests:Where HaveAll the Big TreesGoneB.Cutting ofBig Treesto BeProhibited inCalifornia SoonC.Why AretheBig Trees Importantto CaliforniaForestsD.PatrickMcIntyre:Grow MoreBigTreesinCalifornia

四、年高考真题2018•全国卷

1.[2018I,D]We maythink werea culturethat getsridofour worntechnology atthe firstsightofsomething shinyand new,but a（装置）newstudyshowsthatwe keepusing our old deviceswell after they gooutofstyle.Thafs badnews fbrtheenvironment-and ourwallets-as theseoutdated devicesconsume muchmore energythan thenewer onesthatdothe samethings.To figureouthowmuch powerthese devicesare using,Callie Babbittand hercolleagues atthe RochesterInstitute ofTechnologyinNewYork trackedthe environmentalcosts foreach productthroughout its life-from whenits mineralsaremined towhen westop usingthedevice.This methodprovided areadout forhow homeenergy usehas evolvedsince theearly1990s.Devices weregrouped bygeneration.Desktop computers,basic mobile phones,and box-set TVsdefined

1992.Digital camerasarrivedonthescenein

1997.And MP3players,smart phones,and LCDTVs enteredhomesin2002,before tabletsande-readers showedup in

2007.As weaccumulated moredevices,however,we didntthrow outouroldones.The living-room televisionis replacedandgets plantedinthekids room,and suddenlyone day,youhavea TVin everyroom ofthe houseJ saidone researcher.The averagenumberofelectronic devicesrose fromfour perhousehold in1992to13in

2007.Were notjust keepingtheseold devices-we continuetousethem.According tothe analysis of Babbitfs team,old desktopmonitors andbox TVswith（排cathode raytubes arethe worstdevices withtheir energy consumption andcontribution togreenhousegasemissions放）morethandoubling duringthe1992to2007window.（解决方案）？So whatsthe solutionThe teamsdata onlywent up to2007,but the researchers alsoexplored whatwouldhappen ifconsumers replacedold productswith newelectronics thatserve morethan onefunction,suchasa tabletforword processingand TVviewing.They found that moreon-demand entertainmentviewing ontablets insteadof TVsanddesktop computerscould cutenergy consumptionby44%.

32.What doestheauthorthink ofnew devicesA.They areenvironment-friendly.B.They areno betterthan theold.C.They costmore touse athome.D.They gooutofstyle quickly.

33.Why didBabbitfsteamconduct theresearchA.To reducethe costof minerals.B.To testthe lifecycle ofa product.C.To updateconsumers onnew technology.D.Tofind out electricityconsumption ofthe devices.

34.Which ofthe followinguses theleast energyA.The box-set TV.B.The tablet.C.The LCDTV.D.The desktopcomputer.

35.What doesthe textsuggestpeopledo aboutold electronicdevicesA.Stop usingthem.B.Take themapart.C.Upgrade them.D.Recycle them.•全国卷

2.[2018n,B]Many ofus loveJuly becauseits themonth whennatures berriesand stonefruits arein abundance.These colourfulandsweet jewelsform BritishColumbias fieldsare littlepowerhouses ofnutritional protection.Of thecommon berries,strawberries are highestinvitamin C,although,because of their seeds,raspberries containa（蛋白质），（）little moreprotein ironand zincnot thatfruits havemuch protein.Blueberries areparticularly high in（抗氧化物质）.antioxidants Theyellow andorange stonefruits suchas peachesarehighinthe carotenoids weturn into（樱兆），vitamin Aand which are antioxidants.As forcherries Ithey areso deliciouswho caresHowever,they arerichin vitaminC.When combinedwith berriesof slicesofotherfruits,frozen bananasmake anexcellent basefor thick,cooling fruitshakesandlowfat ice cream”.For thispurpose,select ripebananas forfreezing astheyaremuch sweeter.Remove theskinand placethem inplastic bagsor containersand freeze.If youlike,a squeezeof fresh lemon juiceonthebananas willpreventthem turningbrown.Frozen bananaswill lastseveral weeks,depending ontheir ripenessandthetemperature ofthefreezer.If youhavea juicer,you cansimply feedin frozenbananas and some berriesor slicedfruit.Out comesa“soft-serve“creamy dessert,tobeeaten rightaway.This makesa funactivity fora childrensparty;they lovefeeding thefruitand frozenbananas intothetop ofthemachine andwatching theicecreamcome outbelow.

24.What doestheauthorseemtolike aboutcherriesA.They containprotein.B.They arehighinvitamin A.C.They havea pleasanttaste.D.They arerich inantioxidants.

25.Why isfreshlemonjuice usedin freezingbananasA.To makethem smellbetter.B.To keeptheir colour.C.To speedup theirripening.D.To improve their nutrition.

26.What isajuicerinthelastparagraphA.A dessert.B.A drink.C.A container.D.A machine.

27.From whichisthetext probablytakenA.A biologytextbook.B.A healthmagazine.C.A researchpaper.D.A travelbrochure.•全国卷

3.[2018HI,B]Cities usuallyhaveagood reason for beingwhere theyare,like anearby portor river.People settlein theseplacesbecause theyare easytogetto andnaturally suitedto communicationsand trade.NewYorkCity,for example,is nearalarge harbouratthemouth ofthe HudsonRiver.Over300years itspopulation grewgradually from800peopleto8million.But notall citiesdevelop slowlyover along periodof time.Boom townsgrow fromnothing almostovernight.In1896,（荒野）.Dawson,Canada,was unmappedwilderness Butgold wasdiscovered therein1897,and twoyears later,it was oneof thelargest cities inthe West,withapopulation of30,

000.Dawson didnot haveany ofthe naturalconveniences ofcities likeLondon orParis.People wentthere forgold.Theytravelled oversnow-covered mountainsand sailedhundredsofmiles upicy rivers.The pathto Dawson was coveredwith（雪崩）thirty feetofwetsnow thatcould fallwithout warming.An avalancheonce closedthe path,killing63people.Formany whomade itto Dawson,however,the rewardswere worththe difficulttrip.Of the first20,000peoplewhodug forgold,4,000got rich.About100of thesestayed richmen fortherestof theirlives.But nomatter howrich theywere,Dawsonwasnever comfortable.Necessities likefood andwood wereveryexpensive.But soon,the goldthat Dawsondepended onhad allbeen found.The citywas crowdedwith disappointedpeoplewith nointerest insettling down,and whenthey heardtherewerenew golddiscoveries inAlaska,they leftDawson一City asquickly asthey hadcome.Today,people stillcomeandgo tosee wherethe Canadiangold rushhappened.Tourism isnow thechief industryof DawsonCity—its presentpopulation is

762.

24.What attractedthe earlysettlers toNewYorkCityA.Its businessculture.B.Its smallpopulation.C.Its geographicalposition.D.Its favourableclimate.

25.What dowe knowabout thosewho firstdug forgold inDawsonA.Two-thirds ofthem stayedthere.B.One outof fivepeople gotrich.C.Almost everyonegave up.D.Half ofthem died.

26.What wasthe mainreasonformanypeopleto leaveDawsonA.They foundthecitytoo crowded.B.They wanted totrytheir luckelsewhere.C.They wereunable tostand the winter.D.They wereshortoffood.

27.What isthetextmainlyaboutA.The riseand fall ofacity.B.The goldrush inCanada.C.Journeys intothe wilderness.D.Tourism inDawson.

4.【2018・北京卷,C]Plastic-Eating WormsHumansproduce morethan300million tonsofplasticevery year.Almost（垃圾填埋场），halfof that windsup inlandfills andupto12million tonspollutetheoceans.So farthereisno effectivewaytoget ridof it,but anewstudy suggestsananswermay lieinthestomachs ofsome hungryworms.Researchers in Spain andEngland recentlyfoundthatthe wormsofthegreater mothHUTgreaterwax mothcan break down polyethylene,which accountsfor40%ofplastics.The teamleft100wax wormson acommercialpolyethylene shoppingbag for12hours,andthe worms consumedand brokedown about92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.To confirmthattheworms chewingalone wasnot responsibleforthepolyethylene breakdown,the（糊夫才勿）researchers madesome worms into paste4and appliedittoplastic films.14hours laterthe filmshad lost13%（酉每）of theirmass—apparently brokendown byenzymes fromthewormsstomachs.Their findingswere publishedinCurrent Biologyin

2017.一Federica Bertocchini,co-author ofthestudy,saystheworms ability to break downtheir everyday foodbeeswax-also allowsthemto breakdownplastic.Wax isa complexmixture,but thebasic bondin polyethylene,thecarbon-carbon bond,is thereas well,she explains,”The waxworm evolveda methodor systemto breakthis bond.HJennifer DeBruyn,a microbiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,who wasnot involvedinthestudy,saysitis notsurprisingthat suchworms canbreakdownpolyethylene.But comparedwith previousstudies,she findsthe speedofbreaking downinthisone exciting.The nextstep,DeBruyn says,willbeto identifythe causeofthebreakdown.Is itan（肠道微生力勿）？enzyme producedbytheworm itselforbyits gutmicrobesBertocchini agreesand hopesher teamsfindings mightonedayhelp employthe enzymeto breakdown plasticsinlandfills.But sheexpects usingthe chemicalinsomekindofindustrial process—not simply“millions ofworms thrownontopofthe plastic.”

43.What canwe learnaboutthewormsinthe studyA.They takeplastics astheireverydayfood.B.They arenewly evolvedcreatures.C.They canconsume plastics.D.They windup inlandfills.

44.According toJennifer DeBruyn,the nextstep ofthestudyis to.A.identify othermeans ofthe breakdownB.findoutthe sourceoftheenzymeC.confirm theresearch findingsD.increase thebreakdown speed

45.It canbe inferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemical might.A.help toraise wormsB.help makeplastic bagsC.be usedto cleanthe oceansD.be producedin factoriesin future

46.What isthe mainpurposeofthepassageA.To explainastudymethod onworms.B.To introducethe dietofaspecial worm.C.To presenta waytobreakdown plastics.D.To proposenew meansto keepeco-balance.天津卷，

5.[2018•C]Theres anew frontierin3D printingthats beginningtocomeinto focus:food.Recent developmenthas madepossiblemachines thatprint,cook,and servefoods onamassscale.And the industry isntstopping there.Food productionWitha3D printer,a cookcan printcomplicated chocolatesculptures andbeautiful piecesfor decorationonaweddingcake.Not everybodycan dothat—it takesyearsofexperience,buta printer makesit easy.A restaurantinSpainuses aFoodinitore-create formsand pieces“offoodthatareexactly thesame Jfreeing cooks to completeother tasks.In（可持another restaurant,all ofthe dishesand dessertsit servesare3D-printed,rather thanfarm totable.Sustainability续性）The globalpopulation is expected togrow to

9.6billion by2050,andsomeanalysts estimatethatfoodproduction willneedtoberaised by50percent tomaintain currentlevels.Sustainability isbecoming anecessity.3D foodprinting could（水解胶体）probably contributetothesolution.Some expertsbelieve printers could usehydrocolloids fromplentiful（藻类）（烹饪原料）.renewables like algae andgrass toreplacethefamiliar ingredients3D printingcan reducefuel useandemissions.Grocery storesofthefuture mightstock foodthat lastsyears onend,freeing upshelf spaceand reducingtransportationand storagerequirements.NutritionFuture3D foodprinterscouldmake processedfood healthier.Hod Lipson,a professorat ColumbiaUniversity,said,“Food printingcould allowconsumers toprint food with customizednutritional content,like vitamins.So insteadof eatingapiece ofyesterdays breadfromthesupermarket,youd eatsomething bakedjust foryou ondemand.”ChallengesDespite recentadvancements in3D foodprinting,theindustryhas manychallenges toovercome.Currently,most（糊状物）ingredients mustbe changedtoapaste beforeaprintercan usethem,andtheprinting process is quitetime-consuming,because ingredientsinteractwitheach otherin verycomplex ways.On topofthat,mostofthe3D foodprintersnow arerestricted todry ingredients,because meatand milkproducts mayeasily gobad.Some expertsareskeptical about3D foodprinters,believing theyare bettersuited forfast foodrestaurants thanhomes andhigh-endrestaurants.

46.What benefitdoes3D printingbringtofood productionA.It helpscookstocreate newdishes.B.Tt savestime andeffort incooking.C.It improvesthe cookingconditions.D.It contributesto restaurantdecorations.

47.What canwe learnabout3D foodprinting fromParagraphs3A.It solvesfood shortageseasily.B.It quickensthe transportationoffood.C.It needsno spaceforthestorage offood.D.It usesrenewable materialsas sourcesoffood.

48.According toParagraph4,3D-printed food.A.is moreavailabletoconsumersB.can meetindividual nutritionalneedsC.is moretasty thanfood insupermarketsD.can keepallthenutrition inraw materials

49.What isthe mainfactor thatprevents3D foodprinting fromspreading widelyA.The printingprocessiscomplicated.B.3D foodprinters aretoo expensive.C.Food materialshavetobe dry.D.Some expertsdoubt3D foodprinting.

50.What couldbethebesttitleofthepassageA.3D FoodPrinting:Delicious NewTechnologyB.A NewWay toImprove3D FoodPrintingC.The Challengesfor3D FoodProduction•浙江卷，D.3D FoodPrinting:From Farmto Table

6.[2018B]Steven Steinlikes tofollow garbagetrucks.His strangehabit makessense whenyou considerthat hesanenvironmental scientistwhostudieshow to reduce litter,including thingsthat falloff garbagetrucks asthey drivedownthe road.What iseven moreinteresting isthat oneof Steinsjobs isdefending anindustry behindthe plasticshopping bags.Americans usemorethan100billion thinfilm plastic bags everyyear.So manyend upin treebranches oralong（收银台）.highways thata growingnumberofcities donot allowthem atcheckouts Thebags areprohibited insome90citiesinCalifornia,including LosAngeles.Eyeing theseheadwinds,plastic-bag makersare hiringscientists likeStein tomakethecasethat theirproducts arenot asbad forthe planetas mostpeople assume.Among thebag makers1argument:many citieswith bansstill allowshoppers topurchase paper bags,whichareeasilyrecycled butrequire more energy toproduce andtransport.And whileplastic bagsmaybeugly tolook at,they representasmall percentageof allgarbageonthegroundtoday.The industryhasalsotaken aimattheproduct thathas appearedas itsreplacement:reusable shoppingbags.Thestronger areusable bagis,the longeritslifeandthemore plastic-bag useit cancelsout.However,longer-lasting reusablebagsoften requiremoreenergytomake.One studyfoundthata cottonbag mustbeusedat least131times tobe betterforthe planetthan plastic.（质疑）Environmentalists dontdispute thesepoints.They hopepaperbagswillbebanned somedaytoo andwantshoppers tousethesame reusablebags foryears.

24.What hasSteven Steinbeen hiredto doA.Help increasegrocery sales.B.Recycle thewaste material.C.Stop thingsfalling offtrucks.D.Argue forthe useofplasticbags.

25.What doesthe word“headwinds“in paragraph2refer toA.Bans onplasticbags.B.Effects ofcity development.C.Headaches causedby garbage.D.Plastic bagshung intrees.

26.What isa disadvantageof reusablebags according toplastic-bag makersA.They arequite expensive.B.Replacing themcanbedifficult.C.They areless strongthan plasticbags.D.Producing themrequires moreenergy.

27.What isthebesttitleforthe textA.Plastic,Paper orNeither B.Industry,Pollution andEnvironmentC.Recycle orThrow AwayD.Garbage Collectionand WasteControlIn humans,babies canput a round shapeinaround holefrom aroundone yearofage,but itwillbe another yearbefore（对称的）theyareableto dothesame withless symmetricalshapes.This abilitytorecognizethatashape willneedtobeturned inaspecificdirection beforeitwillfit iscalled anallocentric frameof reference,\In theexperiment,Goffinscockatoos wereabletoselect theright toolforthejob,in mostcases,by visualrecognition alone.Where trial-and-error wasused,the cockatoosdid betterthan monkeysin similartests.This indicatesthat Goffinscockatoos doindeed possessanallocentric frameof referencewhen movingobjects inspace,similartotwo-year-old babies.The nextstep,according totheresearchers,istotry andwork outwhetherthe cockatoos relyentirely onvisual clues（线索），or alsouse asense oftouch inmaking theirshape selections.

24.How didthecockatoosgetthenut fromthe boxintheexperimentA.By followinginstructions.B.By usinga tool.C.By turningtheboxaround.D.By removingthe lid.A.Using akeytounlock adoor.B.Telling parrotsfrom otherbirds.

25.Which taskcan humanone-year-olds mostlikely completeaccordingtothe textC.Putting aball intoaroundhole.D.Grouping toysofdifferentshapes.A.How fartheyareabletosee.B.How theytrack movingobjects.C.Whether theyare smarterthan monkeys.D.Whether theyuse asense oftouch inthetest.

27.Which canbeasuitable titleforthetextA.Cockatoos:Quick ErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:Independent LearnersC.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-Readers D.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters

26.What doesthefollow-up testaim tofindoutaboutthecockatoosC（企鹅）As GinniBazlinton reachedAntarctica,she foundherself greetedbyagroupoflittle Gentoopenguinslonging to say hello.These gentle,lovely gatekeeperswelcomed herand kick-started whatwas tobeatrip Ginniwouldnever forget.（职业）Ever sinceher childhood,Ginni,now71,has hada deeplove fortravel.Throughout hercareer asaprofessional dancer,she touredintheUK,but alwayslonged toexplore further.When sheretired fromdancing andhersons eventuallyflew thenest,she decideditwastime totake theplunge.浙江卷，

7.[2018•C]As culturalsymbols go,the Americancar isquite young.The ModelT Fordwas builtatthePiquette Plantin（装配线）Michigan acentury ago,withthefirst rollingofftheassembly lineon September27,

1908.Only elevencars wereproducedthe nextmonth.But eventuallyHenry Fordwould buildfifteen millionofthem.Modern Americawas bornontheroad,behindawheel.The carshaped someofthemost lastingaspectsofAmericanculture:the roadsidediner,the billboard,the motel,even thehamburger.For mostofthelast century,thecarrepresented一what itmeant tobe Americangoing forwardat highspeed tofind newworlds.The roadnovel,theroadmovie,these arethemost typicalAmerican ideas,born ofabundant petrol,cheap carsandanever-ending interstatehighway system,thelargest publicworks projectin history.In1928Herbert Hooverimagined anAmerica with“a chickenin everypot anda carin everygarage.Since then,thissociety hasmoved onward,never lookingback,asthecar transformedAmerica from a farm-based societyinto anindustrialpower.The carsthat drovetheAmericanDream havehelped tocreate aglobal ecologicaldisaster.In Americathe demandforoil hasgrown by22percent since

1990.（过度的）The problemsof excessiveenergyconsumption,climatechangeand populationgrowth havebeen describedina bookbytheAmerican writerThomas L.Friedman.He fearsthe worst,but hopesforthebest.（经济）Friedman pointsoutthatthe greeneconomy isa chancetokeepAmerican strength.The abilityto design,buildand exportgreen technologiesfor producingclean water,clean airand healthyand abundantfoodisgoingtobe thecurrencyofpowerinthenew century.”

28.Why ishamburger mentionedinparagraph2A.To explainAmericans9love fortravelling bycar.B.To show theinfluenceof carson Americanculture.C.To stressthe popularityof fastfood withAmericans.D.To praisethe effectivenessof Americasroad system.

29.What hastheuseof carsinAmericaled toA.Decline ofeconomy.B.Environmental problems.C.A shortageof oilsupply.D.A farm-based society.

30.What isFriedmans attitudetowards AmericasfutureA.Ambiguous.B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful.D.Tolerant.【•江苏卷，

8.2018B]（享有）In the1760s,Mathurin Rozeopened aseries ofshops thatboasted aspecial meatsoup calledconsomme.Although themain attractionwasthesoup,Roze*s chain shops alsoset anew standardfor diningout,which helpedtoestablish Rozeastheinventor ofthe modernrestaurant.Today,scholars havegenerated largeamountsofinstructive researchabout restaurants.Take visualhints that（意大利面食）influence whatwe eat:diners servedthemselves about20percent morepasta whentheir platesmatched theirfood.When adark-colored cakewas servedonablack platerather thana whiteone,customers recognizedit assweeter andmoretasty.Lighting matters,too.When Berlinrestaurant customersate indarkness,they couldn*t tellhowmuchtheyd had:those givenextra-large sharesate morethan everyoneelse,none the wiser-they didntfeel fuller,and theywere justasready fordessert.Time ismoney,but thatprinciple meansdifferent thingsfor differenttypes ofrestaurants.Unlike fast-food places,fine dining shops prefercustomers tostay longer and spend.One wayto encouragecustomers tostay andorder thatextra（莫扎特）round:put onsome Mozart.When classical,ratherthanpop,music wasplaying,diners spent more.Fast musichurrieddiners out.（薰衣草）Particular scentsalso havean effect:diners whogot thescent oflavender stayedlongerandspentmorethanthose whosmelled lemon,or noscent.一一Meanwhile,thingsthatyou mightexpect todiscourage spendingbad tables,crowding,high pricesdontnecessarily.Diners atbad tables—next tothe kitchendoor,say—spent nearlyasmuchas othersbut soonfled.It canbeconcluded thatrestaurant keepersneed notbe overlyconcernedaboutbad tables,given thatthey*re profitable.As forcrowds,a HongKong studyfoundthatthey increaseda restaurantsreputation,suggesting greatfood atfair prices.Anddoubling abuffets priceled customerstosaythat itspizza was11percent tastier.

58.The underlinedphrase nonethewiser1inparagraph3mostprobablyimplies thatthe customerswere.A.not awareof eatingmorethanusualB.not willingto sharefoodwithothersC.not consciousofthefood qualityD.not fondofthefood provided

59.How coulda finediningshopmake moreprofitA.Playing classicalmusic.B.Introducing lemonscent.C.Making thelight brighter,D.Using platesof largersize.

60.What doesthelastparagraph talkaboutA.Tips to attract morecustomers.B.Problems restaurantsare facedwith.C.Ways toimprove restaurantsreputation.D.Common misunderstandingsabout restaurants.【•江苏卷，

9.2018D]Children asyoung asten arebecoming dependenton social media fortheir senseof self-worth,amajorstudy warned.（少年）It foundmany youngstersnow measuretheir statusby howmuch public approval theyget online,oftenthrough likes.Some changetheir behaviourin reallife toimprovetheirimage onthe web.（专员）The reportinto youngstersaged from8to12was carriedout byChildrens CommissionerAnne Longfield.She said social mediafirms wereexposing children to majoremotional risks,with someyoungsters startingsecondaryschool ill-equipped to cope withthe tremendous pressure they faced online.Some socialapps were popular amongthe childreneven thoughthey supposedlyrequire userstobeat least

13.The一youngsters admittedplanning tripsaround potentialphoto-opportunities andthen messagingfriends andfriends offriends—to demandlikes“fbr theironline posts.The reportfoundthatyoungsters felttheir friendshipscouldbeat riskif theydidnotrespond tosocial mediapostsquickly,and aroundthe clock.Children aged8to10were“starting tofeel happywhen othersliked their posts.However,those inthe10to12agegroup wereconcerned withhow manypeople liketheir posts，suggesting aneed”for socialrecognition thatgetsstronger theolder theybecome.Miss Longfieldwarned thata generationofchildrenrisked growingup worriedabout theirappearance andimage asaresult ofthe unrealisticlifestyles theyfollow onplatforms,and increasingly anxious aboutswitching offdue totheconstant demands of social media.She said:Children are using social media withfamily andfriends andtoplaygames whentheyarein primaryschool.But whatstarts asfun usageof appsturns intotremendouspressurein realsocial mediainteraction atsecondary school.As theirworld expanded,she said,children compared themselves toothers onlineinaway thatwas hugelydamagingin termsof theirself-identity,in termsof theirconfidence,but alsoin termsof theirabilitytodevelopthemselves”.Miss Longfieldadded:Then thereisthispush toconnect-ifyougo offline,will youmiss something,will youmissout,will youshow thatyou don*t careabout thosepeople youare following,allofthose cometogether ina hugeway atonce.For childrenitisvery,very difficultto copewith emotionally.1The ChildrensCommissioner forEnglandsstudy-life inLikes-foundthatchildren asyoungas8were usingsocial mediaplatforms largelyfor play.However,theresearch-involving eightgroups of32children aged8to12-suggested thatastheyheaded towardtheirteens,they becameincreasinglyanxiousonline.一By thetime theystarted secondaryschool-at age11children werealready farmore awareof theirimage onlineandfelt underhuge pressuretoensuretheirpostswerepopular,the reportfound.However,they stilldidnotknow howtocopewith mean-spirited jokes,orthesenseofincompetence theymight feel（名）if theycomparedthemselves to celebritiesA ormore brilliantfriends online.The reportsaid theyalso facedpressureto respondto messagesatallhours ofthe day-especially atsecondaryschoolwhen moreyoungsters havemobilephones.The ChildrensCommissioner saidschools andparents mustnow domore toprepare childrenfortheemotionalminefield（雷IX）theyfacedonline.And shesaidsocialmedia companiesmust alsotake moreresponsibilityn.Theyshould eithermonitor their websites betterso thatchildren donot signup tooearly,or theyshould adjusttheirwebsitestothe needsofyoungerusers.Javed Khan,of childrenscharity Bamardos,said:Its vitalthat newcompulsory age-appropriate relationship andsex educationlessons inEngland shouldhelp equipchildrentodealwiththe growingdemandsof socialmedia.“Its alsohugely importantfor parentstoknowwhich appstheirchildrenareusing.”

65.Why didsome secondaryschool studentsfeel toomuch pressureA.They werenot providedwith adequateequipment.B.They werenot wellprepared foremotional risks.C.They wererequired togive quickresponses.D.They wereprevented fromusing mobilephones.

66.Some socialapp companieswere toblame because.A.they didntadequately checktheir users1registrationB.they organizedphoto tripstoattractmore youngstersC.they encouragedyoungsters topost morephotosD.they didntstop youngstersfrom stayingup late

67.Childrens comparingthemselvestoothers onlinemay leadto.A.less friendlinesstoeachotherB.lower self-identity andconfidenceC.an increasein onlinecheatingD.a strongerdesiretostay online

68.According toLife inLikes,as childrengrew,they becamemore anxiousto.A.circulate theirposts quicklyB.know thequalities oftheir postsC.use mobilephones forplay D.get morepublicapproval

69.What shouldparents doto solvethe problemA.Communicate morewith secondaryschools.B.Urge mediacompaniestocreate saferapps.C.Keep trackof childrensuseof socialmedia.D.Forbid theirchildren fromvisiting theweb.

70.What doesthepassagemainlytalkaboutA.The influenceofsocialmedia onchildren.B.The importanceofsocialmedia tochildren.C.Theproblemin buildinga healthyrelationship.D.The measuretoreducerisks fromsocialmedia.After takinga degreeat ChichesterUniversity inRelated Arts,Ginni beganto travelthe world,eventually gettingworkteaching Englishin Japanand Chile.And itwas inChile shediscovered shecould getlast-minute cheapdeals onshipsgoingtoAntarctica fromthe islandsoff Tierradel Fuego,the southernmosttip ofthe SouthAmerican mainland.Ijust decidedI wanted togoJ shesays.I hadno ideaabout whatId findthere andI wasntnervous,I justwantedtodo it.And Iwantedtodoitalone asI alwaysprefer itthat way.”In March2008,Ginni boardeda shipwith48passengers shednever metbefore,to beginthe journeytowardsAntarctica.From seeingthe wildlifeto witnessingsunrises,thewholeexperience wasamazing.Antarctica leftanimpression onmethatno otherplace hasJ Ginnisays.I rememberthefirsttime Isaw ahumpback whale;it justrose outofthewaterlike someprehistoric creatureand Tthought itwas smilingatus.You couldstill hearthe operaticsounds itwasmaking underwater.”The realizationthatthisisaprecious land,toberespected byhumans,wasoneofthebiggest thingsthat hithome toGinni.

28.Which ofthe followingbest explainstake theplunge“underlined inparagraph2A.Try challengingthings.B.Take adegree.C.Bring backlost memories.D.Stick toa promise.

29.What madeGinni decideonthetrip toAntarcticaA.Lovely penguins.B.Beautiful scenery.C.A discountfare.D.A friendsinvitation.A.It couldbeahome forher.B.It shouldbe easilyaccessible.C.It shouldbe wellpreserved.D.It needstobefully introduced.

31.What isthetextmainlyaboutA.A childhooddream.B.An unforgettableexperience.C.Sailing aroundthe world.D.Meeting animalsin Antarctica.

30.What doesGinni thinkabout Antarcticaafterthejourney全国乙卷】

3.12022In1916,two girlsof wealthyfamilies,best friendsfrom Auburn,N.Y.——Dorothy Woodruffand RosamondUnderwood——traveled toa settlementinthe Rocky Mountainsto teachinaone-room schoolhouse.The girlshad gonetoSmith College.They woreexpensive clothes.So forthemtomove to Elkhead,Colo,to instructthe childrenwhose shoeswereheld togetherwith stringwasasurprise.Their stayin Elkheadisthesubject ofNothing Daunted:The UnexpectedEducationof TwoSociety Girlsinthe West byDorothy Wickenden,who isa magazineeditor andDorothy Woodruffsgranddaughter.Why didtheygothen Well,they wantedtodosomethinguseful.Soon,however,they realizedwhattheyhadundertaken.They movedin witha localfamily,the Harrisons,and,like them,had littleprivacy,rare baths,andablanket ofsnowon theirquilt whenthey wokeupinthe morning.Some mornings,Rosamond andDorothy wouldarrive atthe schoolhousetofindthechildren weepingfromthecold.In spring,the snowwas replacedby mudover ice.In Wickendensbook,she expandedonthehistory oftheWestand alsoon feminism,whichofcourse influencedthe（牵涉）girls decisiontogo toElkhead.A hair-raising sectionconcerns thebuilding ofthe railroads,which entaileddrillingthrough the Rockies,often inblinding snowstorms.The bookends withRosamond andDorothy9s returntoAuburn.（坚忍）Wickenden isa verygood storyteller.The sweepoftheland andthe stoicismofthepeople movehertosomebeautiful writing.Here isa pictureof DorothyWoodruff,on herhorse,looking downfromahill top:Whenthesunslipped behindthe mountains,it sheda rosyglow allaround them.Then afull moonrose.The snowwas markedonly bysmallanimals:foxes,coyotes,mice,and varyinghares,which turnedwhite inthewinter.^^

24.Why didDorothy andRosamondgo totheRockyMountainsA.To teachinaschool.B.To studyAmerican history.C.To writea book.D.To dosightseeing.

25.What canwe learnaboutthegirlsfromparagraph3A.They enjoyedmuch respect.B.They hada roomwithabathtub.C.They livedwiththelocal kids.D.They sufferedsevere hardships.

26.Which partof Wickenden5s writingis hair-raisingA.The extremeclimate ofAuburn.B.The livingconditions inElkhead.C.The railroadbuilding intheRockies.D.The naturalbeauty oftheWest.

27.What isthetextA.A newsreport.B.A bookreview.C.A childrensstory.D.A diaryentry.C（无人机）Can asmall groupof dronesguarantee thesafety andreliability of railways and,atthesame time,helprailway operatorssave billionsof euroseach yearThat isthe verylikely futureof applyingtoday9s“eyes inthe sky”（基础设施）technology tomaking surethatthemillions ofkilometres ofrail tracksand infrastructureworldwide aresafefor trainsona24/7basis.Drones arealready beingusedtoexamine high-tension electricallines.They coulddo preciselythesamething toinspectrailway linesandothervital aspectsofrailinfrastructure suchasthecorrect positionof railwaytracks andswitchingpoints.The moreregularly they canbeinspected,themorerailway safety,reliability andon-time performance（高效）willbeimproved.Costs wouldbe cutand operationswouldbemore efficientacross theboard.That includeshuge savingsin maintenancecosts andbetter protectionof railwaypersonnel safety.It iscalculated thatEuropeanrailways alonespend approximately20billion eurosa yearon maintenance,including sendingmaintenance staff,often atnight,to inspectand repairthe railinfrastructure.That canbe dangerouswork thatcouldbeavoided withdronesassisting thecrews efforts.By usingthe latesttechnologies,drones couldalso startproviding higher-value servicesfor railways,detecting faultsinthe railor switches,before theycan causeany safetyproblems.To performthese tasks,drones forrail dontneedtobeflying overhead.Engineers arenow workingonanew concept:the raildrones ofthefuture.They willbe movingon thetrackahead ofthetrain,and programmedto runautonomously.Very smalldrones withadvanced sensorsand AIandtravelling aheadofthetrain couldguide itlikeaco-pilot.With theirabilitytosee ahead,theycouldsignal anyproblem,sothat fast-moving trainswouldbeabletoreact intime.

28.What makesthe applicationof dronesto raillines possibleA.The useof dronesin checkingon powerlines.B.Drones abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.The reductionof costin designingdrones.D.Drones9reliable performancein remoteareas.

29.What does“maintenance“underlined inparagraph3refer toA.Personnel safety.B.Assistance fromdrones.C.Inspection andrepair.D.Construction ofinfrastructure.

30.What functionisexpectedoftherail dronesA.To provideearly warning.B.To maketrains runautomatically.C Toearn profitsforthecrews.D.To acceleratetransportation.

31.Which isthemostsuitabletitleforthetextA.What FaultsCan BeDetected withDronesB.How Productionof DronesCan BeExpandedC.What DifficultyDrone DevelopmentWill FaceD.How DronesWill Changethe Futureof RailwaysDTheGovernments sugartax onsoft drinkshas broughtinhalfasmuchmoney asMinisters firstpredicted it wouldgenerate,thefirstofficial dataonthepolicy hasshown.First announcedin April,2016,the taxwhich appliesto softdrinks containingmorethan5gof sugar per100ml,was（月巴胖）,introduced tohelp reducechildhood obesityIt isbelieved thattodays childrenand teenagersare consumingthreetimestherecommended levelofsugar,putting thematahigher riskofthedisease.Initially the sugartaxwas expected tomake£520mayear forthe Treasury.However,data ofthefirstsix monthsshoweditwouldmake lessthanhalfthis amount.At presentitisexpectedtogenerate£240mforthe yearending inApril2019,which willgotoschool sports.（制造商）It comesafter morethanhalfof softdrinks soldinshopshave hadtheir sugarlevels cutby manufacturerssotheycanavoid payingthe tax.Drinks nowcontain45million fewerkilos ofsugar asaresultof manufacturers,efforts toavoidthe charge,accordingtoTreasury figures.Since Aprildrinks companieshavebeenforced topay between18pand24p forevery litreof sugarydrink theyproduce orimport,dependingonthe sugarcontent.However somehigh sugarbrands,like ClassicCoca Cola,have acceptedthe sugartax andare refusingtochangeforfear ofupsetting consumers.Fruit juices,milk-based drinksand mostalcoholicdrinksare freeofthetax,as aresmallcompanies manufacturingfewerthanIm litresper year.Todays figures,accordingtoone governmentofficial,showthepositive influencethe sugartax ishaving byraising（设施）millions ofpounds forsports facilitiesand healthiereating inschools.Helping thenext generationtohavea healthyandactive childhoodisofgreat importance,andtheindustry isplaying itspart.

32.Why wasthesugartax introducedATo collectmoney forschools.B.To improvethe qualityof drinks.C.To protectchildrens health.D.To encourageresearch ineducation.

33.How didsome drinkscompanies respondtothesugar taxA.They turnedto overseasmarkets.B.They raisedthe pricesoftheirproducts.。