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新目标中考英语十大词类复习复习难点十大词类的句法功能复习重点十大词类的常考点复习方式熟记各词类的总结、教师提出重难点、强化细节知识的考查、近年在词类方面的命题去向、强化训练词法I.英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词、代词、形容词noun pronoun副词、动词、数词、冠词、介词、连词和adjective adverbverb numeralarticle prepositionconjunctions感叹词interjection
一、名词表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词n.一名词的分类名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数可数名词包括个体名词表示一类人或物的个体如和集体名词由若干个体组boy,desk,cat,window成的集合体如family,class,policeo不可数名词包括物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物如叩和抽象名词表示性water,p er,silk,money质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念如work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等如Tom,the GreatWall,the SpringFestival,France,the UnitedStates二名词的数考点可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种
1.一般情况下,在词尾加1seg.book--------books,dog--------dogs,pen-------pens,boy-------boys以轻辅音结尾的名词后的的读音为[以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的读音为S S,S Z以结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加2s,x,ch,sh es一读音为eg.beach-------beaches,brush--------brushes,bus--------buses,box boxesesi z以“辅音字母结尾的名词,先变为再加3+y”y i,es,eg・city------cities,family-------families documentary------documentaries,country--------countries,读音为[]strawberry-----strawberriesies iz注以“元音字母结尾的词,直接在词尾加+y”-s eg.boys,holidays,days以元音字母结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下4
①力口es・tomato——tomatoes,potato——potatoes hero——heroes
②结尾是两个元音字母的加一s,eg.Zoo zoos,radio------------radios
③某些外来词变复数时词尾加一s,eg.piano pianos
④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,eg・photophotograph-------photos,kilokilogramkilos
⑤zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加es.zeros/zeroes以或结尾的名词变复数时,先把或变为再加5f fef fev,es一读音为[]eg.wife-------wives,leaf leaves,half-----------halves,knife knives,thief-thievesres vz注意roof的复数为roofs;scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加或而是变换其中的字母,6s es,eg・man------men,woman---------women,policeman--------policemen,Englishman--------Englishmen,,,一Frenchman------Frenchmen,foot-----------feet,tooth----------teeth child-------children mousemice还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同7eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数8the UnitedNations,the GreatWall,the SummerPalace,the PalaceMuseum,in theend,in theday,in themiddleOf,all thetime,in theeast,by theway,On theway tO,themore...“越…越…”themore…不用冠词的情况
3.⑴名词前有指示代词时不用冠词this,that,these,thoseeg.That girlis myfriend.名词前有物主代词等时不用冠词2my,your,his her,theireg.Lucy isher sister.名词前有等代词时不用冠词3whose,which,SO[lie,any,each,everyeg.Which manis MrGreenEach studenthas abeautiful picture.复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词4eg.Those youngmen areteachers,not students.物质名词表示种类时不用冠词5eg.Snow iswhite.抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词6eg.Does shelike music在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词7eg.play basketball/soccer/chess在三餐前不用冠词8eg.have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用9Eg.Tina,China,Tian anmen Square,Beijing University,New YearsDay,Tuesday,January在学科和节目名称前不用冠词10eg.My favoriteis English.在某些固定搭配中不用冠词11eg.at noon,at work,at home,by bus,by air,On foot,from morningtill night,at night,go to school,go tobed,atlast.在有些词组中,用冠词和不用冠词意思有较大区别4在住院;在医院in hospitalin thehospital在坐牢;在监狱里in prisonin theprison吃饭,用餐;在桌旁at table at the table在某个范围之外的前面;在某个范围之外的前面in frontof in the frontof上大学;去那所大学go tocollege go to thecollege发生;代替take placetake theplace
六、数词一基数词在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词基数词的构成
1.11-20one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符221-9923-twenty-three,34~^thirty-four,45forty—five,56-fifty-six,67-sixty-seven,78-seventy-eight,89f eighty-nine,91^ninety-one先说“几百”,再加再加末两位数或末位数;3101—999and,586f fivehundred and eighty-six,803-weight hundred and three以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个第一个“以前为第二个“以前为第三个41,000thousand.million,“,”前为美式或英式,然后一节一节地表示billion thousand,million1,001one thousand and one9,785f ninethousand,seven hundred andeighty-five18,423-*eighteen thousand,four hundredand twenty-three6,260,309f sixmillion two hundredandsixty thousandthree hundredand nine美式英式750,000,000,000-seven hundredand fifty,billion sevenhundredandfifty thousandmillion基数词的用法
2.作主语1eg-Four Of them come from Paris.作宾语2一eg.How manybooks wouldyou like一I wouldlike two.作表语3eg.Seven minustwo isfive.作定语4eg.There arethree peoplein myfamily•作同位语5eg.You twowill goswimming withus.表具体数字时,用单数6hundred,thousand,millioneg.There aresix hundredstudents inour grade.⑺表不确定的数字时,数词用复数若带名词,再加数百,成百上千的,数of hundredsof thousandsof干,成千上万的,数百万millions of他们三三两两地来了eg,They arrivedin twosand threes.表示“…十”的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代8他有三十来岁岁eg.He isin hisearly thirties.31—34这事发生在二十世纪三十年代;This tookplace in the1930s.表示时刻9eg.I watchCCTV Newsat sevenoclock everyevening.二序数词在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词序数词的构成b一般在基数词后加1theg-fourf fourth,thirteen-*^thirteenth不规则变化2one-first,two—second,threethird,five—fifth,eightfeighth,nine—ninth,twelve--twelfth以结尾的十位整数,变为再加3y yie thtwentyf twentieth,forty ffortieth,ninety fninetieth从后的“几十几”直至“几百几十儿”或“儿千几百几十儿”只将个位的基数词变为序数词421twenty-first,twohundredand forty-fifth序数词的用法
2.序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用1eg.Tom is their secondson.He is the firstone to come here.序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上“又一”,“再一”2他又试了一次.eg:He trieda secondtime.还要我再问他一次吗我已问了他两次Shall1ask hima thirdtime序数词的缩写形式为阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母31st2nd,3rd,4th,20th,21st,22nd,23rd(4表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词2005年8月150(英)15,8,2005=15th,August,2005;(美)8,15,2005=August15th,2005
(三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号(号〉(路公共汽车),(号旁间)No.11No.3bus3Room103,103(第二课)The firstlesson=Lesson Two
(四)分数词的表达分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于时,分母加1seg.1/3-one third;2/5-two fifths
(五)数学运算的表达eg.3+5=8Three plus/and five is eight.9-2=7Nine minustwo isseven.6x5=30Five timessix isthirty/six unutilizedfiveisthirty.8+2=4Eight dividedby twois four.
七、介词
(一)表示时间的介词()l at
①接具体时间eg.at six,at halfpast two,at tento twelve
②表示,在…时刻”;eg:at noon,at midnight⑵in
①表示“在(某段时间段)之间”;eg.in January,in amonth,in spring,in2005
②在将来时中,表示“在某段时间之后”eg.In tenyears,I think1,11be areporter.()3on表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等eg.On Monday,On Tuesdayafternoon,On May4th,On the morning ofJuly6th
(三)固定搭配的介词⑴动词+介词:look after,look at,look for,laugh at,listen to,hear from,turn On,turn off,wait for,worry about,think of,spend...On()介词十名词2by train,on foot,at theend of,at last,in theend,in trouble,at table,at breakfast,in hospital,intime,On time,On onesway to,with pleasure()形容词+介词3be+be afraidof,be goodat,be good/bad for,be latefor,be interestedin,be angry,with,befull of,be sorryfor
八、连词(.用来连接词与词或句与句conj⑴并列连词(用来连接平行的词、词组或分句)
①表并列关系not only...but also,neither...nor,and
②表选择关系or,either...or
③表转折关系:but,while
④表因果关系for,so()从属连词(用来引导从句)2
①引导时间状语从句after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,as soon as
②引导原因状语从句because,as,since
③引导目的状语从句so that,in orderthat
④引导结果状语从句so that,so…that,such...that
⑤引导比较状语从句than,as…as
⑥引导宾语从句that,if,whether
九、动词()动词表示主语的动作或状态verb.一动词的种类⑴及物动词其后接宾语vt,eg.She wearsa uniform.⑵不及物动词不接宾语vi,eg:She candance.连系动词接表语3like-v.eg.They arenurses.That soundsinteresting.His motherlooks young.If youkeep milkfor toolong,it goesbad.助动词接动词原形或分词它无实在意思,只起语法作用4aux-V.eg,DO you like pandasHe has gone to Australia.She islooking atthe cat.情态动词接动词原形它不能单独作谓语,有自己的意思,无人称和数的变化5mod-v.Eg.He mustgo now.You shouldclean theclassroom after class.有些动词既可作及物动词,也可作助动词或不及物动词,也可作助动词6beeg.I domy homeworkafterclass.Vt.Do asyoulike.Vi.She is a littlebit quiet,mod-v.She isswimming now.aux-v.二情态动词的用法一的用法can,could,may
1.can/could⑴表示具有某种能力,意为“能,能够,会表过去couldeg.I cansing Englishsongs.Lisa cantspeak Japanese.She couldswim whenshe wasfour yearsold.表示许可、允许,意为“可以”2eg.Can wewatch TVnowYou cantplay computergames in themorning.⑶表示请求某人做某事,意为“能,能够”用使晤气更委婉couldeg.Can/Could youhelp me,please⑷表示推测“可能”,多用于否定句和疑问句中表肯定推测可用等must,might,could egoit cantbe true.这不可能是真的他可能会去哪儿呢?Where canhe have gone
2.may/might⑴表示许可、允许,意为“可以,比更正式can我可以用你的钢笔吗?eg.May1use yourpen我可以问你一个问题吗?May1ask youa question⑵表示推测“可能”,用于肯定句和否定句,不能用于疑问句他可能现在在家eg.He maybe at home now.今天她可能不在那儿She maynot bethere today.二与的区别can be able to两者都可以用来表示能力
1.eg.I can/am able to mendthe bike.可用于多种时态able toeg.I willbe abletocomeback in another fewmonths.He hasntbeen ableto getthere beforedark.可以表示推测,但不能
3.can be able toeg.That Cantbe Ginasdictionary.
4.can与be ableto;不能重复使用.他能做好这件事eg()He canbeableto dois well.X()He cando itwell.J()He isabletodo itwell.V
(三)与的区别must have to.主客观方面不同1表“义务”或“强制”,表示主观的必要;在肯定句中还可表推测,语气要比肯定多must mustmay have表“必须”或“不得不”,表示客观的必要toeg.We mustclean theroom.(表示我们认为房间太脏了)We have to clean theroom.(表示没有人替我们打扫房间等客观原因)(他晚饭前一定在家)He mustbeat homebefore suppero.人称和时态不同2无人称和时态的变化,一律用十动词原形后接动词原形,有人称、数和时态的变化,must musthave to一般现在时的第三人称单数要用,过去时中要用将来时中要用另外,hast hadto,will have to haveto还可与情态动词和助动词连用eg:Tom mustpractice hisguitar everyday.The trainhas left.Well haveto waitfor thenext train.否定式及意义不同
3.决不可/千万不可/务必不要;“不必”must not=mustnt dont/doesnt/didift/wont+havetoeg.We我们千万不可与他开玩笑mustnt tell jokes on him.我们不必和他开玩笑We donthaveto telljokesonhim.在对作否定回答时用May!,••No,you mustnt/canteg.May1go to the moviesNO,You mustnt疑问式及回答不同
5.主语+动词原形+…?主语+主语Must+Yes,must./NO,+neednt.助动词+主语动词原形+…?+haveto+主语+助动词.主语+助动词Yes,/No,+not.eg.Must1go nowYes,you must./NO,you needntDoesshe haveto goto thedoctor Yes,she does./NO,she doesnt.eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors另外,
①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数eg.an apple tree,five appletrees,a girlfriend,two girlfriends,a twinsister但是,当和作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式man womaneg.two menteachers,three womendoctors
②可用“量词名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量+of+不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下(考点)
2.()表不定数量时,一般用()等词修饰1much,a little,a lotof/lots of,some,anyeg,much money,a littlebread()表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词不可数名词如…+量词复数十不可数名词2+of+two/three/of+eg.a bagOf rice,two glassesOf milk,four bottlesOf water有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同
3.eg:fruit水果-------fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物-------foods各种食品;fish鱼-------fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒-----adrink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒;cloth布---------,a cloth桌布、抹布;sand沙------sands沙滩;tea茶---------atea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉-------a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁--------an orange橘子;glass玻璃-------a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜;paper纸---------apaper试卷、论文;wood木头-----a wood小森林;room空间、余地---------aroom房间
(三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)(难点)⑴有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格
①不是以结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加s〜eg.Mikes watch;Womens Day
②以结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加seg.teachers,office,students9rooms
③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加s汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)eg.Tom andMikes room
④两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在儿个名词后都加飞飞玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)eg.Mary andJennys bikes()无生命的事物的名词所有格常用结构2ofeg.a mapOf China,the beginningOf thisgame,the doorOf the room⑶特殊形式
①可用飞和短语表示的名词所有格ofeg・the boy1name=the nameOf theboy(男孩的名字)(狗的腿)the dogslegs=the legsof thedog(中国的人口)Chinas population=the populationOf China(中国的首都)Chinas capital=the capitalof China
②双重所有格我妈妈的一个朋友eg.a fiendof mymothers汤姆的一张图片a pictureof Toms
二、代词()代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用pron.相互代词each other,one another指示代词this,that,these,those不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)()()each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,a few,a little,some,any,many,much,other,another复合不定代词everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything,nothing疑问代词what,who,whom,which,whose直接代词疑问代词都可作连接代词,引导宾语从句.表语从句等关系代词用引导定语从句who,whom,whose,that,which
(二)代词的用法.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法1
(1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用来作主语,宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等eg.She gavemearedapple.她给了我一个红苹果(She作主语,me作动词宾语)凯西靠近他(介词的宾语)Kathy isnear him.near物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分2,
①形容词性物主代词位于名词前their school,his backpack
②名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等,后面不能再接名词eg It isnt my pen.-Mine(=mypen)ismissing.(作主语)()(作宾语)I leftmypenat home.You canuse hers=her pen,
③”of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式()反身代词3
①反身代词在句中可作同位语,起强调作用,也可作动词或介词的宾语飞(作同位语)eg.A fewdays later,I myselfhad to gotoParis.(作动词宾语)She boughtherself anew bag.(作介词宾语)Hes notworried abouthimself.
②带有反身代词的常用短语自学teach oneself随便吃些…吧help oneselfto自言自语.say tooneselflearn...by oneself自学・・,过得愉快enjoy oneself把某人单独留下leave oneby oneself伤了自己hurt oneself自己穿衣服dress oneself苏酉星过来come tooneself()相互代词4
①表示相互关系,可用作动词或介词的宾语,用法区别不大()多年来姐妹俩互相照顾eg.For years,the twosisters lookedafter oneanother each other.我们应当互相学习We shouldlearn fromeachother.
②可以用格表示所有关系互相的,彼此的each others,one anothers他们相互看对方的照片eg.They arelooking ateach otherspictures.()指示代词5
①指示代词有单复数之分,既可指物,也可用于介绍人这是一棵苹果树,那是一棵桔子树Eg This is anappletree,and thatis anorange tree.这些是我朋友,那个是我姐姐These aremy friends,and thatis mysister.
②指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情didnt cometo schoolyesterday•不定代词的用法(考点,难点)
2.()的用法l each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none
①each”每个/各个(强调个体),用于两者或两者以上来了俩姑娘,我给她们每人一个苹果eg.Two girlscame and1gave anapple toeach.她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指Each of them hasa nicering.
②every”每个/各个”(强调全体),用于两者以上every常作形容词用每天对我们都很重要eg.Everyday isimportant tous.()他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书He hasread everybook allthe booksOn thesubject.
③both表示两者“都”(强调全体)eg・Her parentsare bothdoctors.她父母都是医生他俩都是医生Both ofthem aredoctors.他俩喜欢吃土豆They bothlike potatoes.
④all“全体/大家/一切”用于三者以上,也可接不可数名词今天到此为止eg.Thats allfor today.我们都来自中国All ofus arefrom China.所有的食物都很好吃All thefood isdelicious.
⑤either“两者之一”,用于两者(强调个体)那两件外套不贵,你可以随便挑一件eg.The twocoats arecheap,so youcan chooseeither ofthem.
⑥neither两个都不用于否定两者那两本书没一本好看的eg.Neither Ofthe booksis/are sointeresting.
⑦no(=notany/nota)“没有”可接可数名词单复数,也可接不可数名词我没有兄弟姐妹.no brothersOr sisters.钟表没有嘴,但能说话A clockhas nomouth,but itcan talk.有“(就有烟There isno firewithout somesmoke.
⑧none“没有一个人/物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名{司.他们都没去过日本to Japan这些书我全都不喜欢I likenone ofthe books.和表示完全否定;和(含的复合词)等与连用时表示部分否©neither noneall,both,each everyevery not定飞我不完全认识你们eg.I donknow allof you.不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿Not everyoneOf usknow howto gothere.()和的用法2one,ones no one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人,以免重复;复数用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些one ones人;表示否定noone给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗?e g----------Would youplease passme thescience book一哪一本?Which one一我书架上的那本The oneon myshelf.没有人旅行远过月球No onehas traveledfarther thanto themoon.
(3)(a)few,(a)little;many,much;some,any的用法(考点,难点)
①many(+复数名词),much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多二那些学生许多是从英国来的eg.Many Ofthe studentscomefromEngland.Thanks,it5s toomuch forme.谢谢,我承受不起
②few(+复数名词),little(+不可数名词)表示“没多/很少”(表否定)昨晚街上没什么人eg,There werefew peoplein thestreet lastnight.我担心,我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了I amvery worriedthat1have littletime to finish thejob.
③a few(+复数名词),a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个(表肯定)“相当多”那儿有相当多的学生eg.There arequite a few studentsover there.
④some(+复数名词/不可数名词),any(+复数名词/不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个(表肯定)树上有些鸟eg.There aresome birdsin thetree.瓶里有些水There issome waterin thebottle.我没有I donthave anybrothers Ofsisters.杯子里有茶吗?Is thereany teainthecup
⑤.some一般用于肯定句,但在表示请求、建议反问等的疑问句中,多用some你要不要来点啤酒吗?eg:Would youlike somebeer()你怎么没买点糖果?Why didntyou buysome sweetsYou shouldhave bought...一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句@.any没有剩下一点水eg.There isntany waterleft.如果有问题,请举手If youhave anyquestions,put upyour handsplease.o
⑦单数名词表示“某一个,单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个二some+any+有一天我会赶上你的eg-Ill catchup withyou someday你哪天来都行Come anyday youlike.汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高Tom istaller thanany otherstudent inhis class.
④one,other,others,the others,another等的用法
4.000表示许多人或物,不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部二eg.Some studentsare reading,the othersare drawingpictures.
⑤others=other+名词;theothers=the Othe什名词()eg.Some students like traveling,others otherstudentslikewatching TVat home.
⑥another表示“再/又”时既可接单数名词,也可接数词+复数名词再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作eg.He willbeableto finishhis workin anothertwo hours.()复合不定代词的用法4
①复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式有人在敲eg.Someone isknocking atthe door.I1
②修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后,即定语后置今天的报纸有些重要新闻eg.There issomething importantOn todaysnewspaper.
③复合不定代词变否定句时,要否定主语(变为否定句)eg.Something iswrong.(错误)Something isntwrong.(正确)Nothing iswrong.一般用于肯定句;一般用于否定句、疑问句及©Somebody,someone,something anybody,anyone,anything条件句公园里有些新的景点eg.There issomething newinthepark.你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?Do youhave anythinginteresting totell us
⑤当等用于疑问句时,表示肯定、请求、建议或反问;等用在肯定somebody,someone anybody,anyone句中表示“任何人”今天下午有客人来吗?eg.Is someonecoming thisafternoon任何人都可能犯错误Anyone canmake mistakes.疑问代词的用法
3.()谁(指人).l who/whom
①作主语eg.Who wantsto gowith him
②作宾语(作介词的宾语)eg.Who/Whom are you waitingfor for
③作表语eg.Who/Whom arethey谁的2whose
①作定语eg.Whose penis this
②作表语eg.Whose isthis pen哪一个,哪一些3which
①作定语eg.Which girlis Kathy
②作表语eg.Which isthe boysball什么4what
①作主主语eg.Whats on thetable
②作宾语eg.What areyou doing
③作表语eg.What ishe
④作定语eg.What classareyouin关系代词的用法
4.关系代词用来引起定语从句,它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词,另一一方面又在从句中充当一个成分这就是给我书的那个人eg•This isthe manwho gaveme thebook.桌上的钱是我的The moneythat/which ison thetable ismine.我妈妈给我的钱在桌上The moneythat/which mymother gaveme isonthetable.
三、形容词表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用adj.
四、副词表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子adv.一形容词的用法及位置.形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前1作定语Eg.She hasshort hair.作表语Paul istall.作宾补We mustkeep ourroom clean.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后
2.eg.She hassomething importanttotellus./Theres nothingwrong inthe sentence.二副词的种类、用法及位置副词的种类
1.时间副词1
①表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today,tonight,before,justnow,recently,sO faf
②表示频率always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,never
③其它作用already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally地点副词2
①表地点here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere
②表位置关系后接宾语时,用作介词:above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”,此类副词大部分由形容词加构成3lybadly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词4much,alittle,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly⑸疑问副词构成特殊疑问句how,when,where,why连接副词连接主语、宾语或表语从句6how,when,where,why关系副词引导定语从句7when,where,why其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开坦率地说,说真的,8frankly一般说来,幸运地是,首先等generally luckilyfirst of all副词的用法及位置
2.⑴修饰动词作状语
①多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后eg.The farmersare workinghard inthe field.She speaksEnglish well.The nurselooks afterthe babiescarefully.
②频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后eg.He alwaysgoes to school Onfoot.She wasoften latefor school.I havenever beento Beijing•⑵修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前eg.Hehasa verynice watch.The boxis tooheavy.⑶修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前eg・She paintsquite well.You speaktoo fast.I cantunderstand you.作表语,放在系动词后4eg.Is anybodyin作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后5eg・I sawhim outjust now.作定语,放在名词之后6eg.There isa manhere Onvacation.疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及等副词,一般放在句首7perhaps,first,sometimes,finally eg.Finally,I finishedthe work.Perhaps heswatching TVathome.表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而则放在它所修饰的词后8enougheg.He isold enoughtogotoschool.三形容词和副词的比较等级比较级、最高级的构成
1.⑴单音节和少数双音节词
①一般在词尾加或er estgreat—greater-----greatest,young--------younger------youngest,slow-*slower-slowest
②以结尾的只加或erst一nice-----nicer——nicest,large------larger largest.
③以辅音字母加结尾的,先变为再加或y yi,er estheavy------heavier------heaviest,easy-----------easier-------easiest,busy-----------busier------busiest,funny------funnier------+funniest,early--------earlier-pearliest
④以重读闭音节结尾的词,先双写最末的一个辅音字母,再加或er estbig---------bigger------biggest,thin------thinner------thinnest,fat一fatter-fattest,ht一fitter-fittest多音节和部分双音节词,前加为比较级,力口为最高级2more themostcarefulf morecareful mostcarefuluseful------more useful------most usefulpopular-*^more popular-most popularcarelessly------more carelessly------most carelessly⑶不规则变化的词good/wellbetter^bestbad/ill/badly-worse-worstmany/muchmore^mostlittle-less-^least(指年龄大小)/(指长幼顺序)old-bolder/elder-*oldest eldest「(指距离)/(指程度)far-1farther/furthe ffarthest furthest.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法2⑴形容词和副词比较级的用法
①用于两者比较,表示“比…更…”系动词+形容词比较级“A++than+B,eg.I amtwo yearsolder thanmy littlesister.谓语动词+副词比较级“A++than+Beg.She getstoschoolearlier thanthe otherstudents.
②用于两者之间的同级比较,表示“…和…一样系动词形容词原级“A++as++as+B,谓语动词副词原级“A++as++as+B”
③表示甲在某方面不如乙系动词形容司原级十“A++notas/so+i+as B”eg.These booksarent asinteresting asthose.助动词/情态动词谓语动词“A++not++aS/SO+B”eg.She didntsing sOwell thatnight asshe usuallydoes.
④表示某个范围内的两者相比十动词十比较级短语(比较范围)”是这两个“A the++of eg.Penny isthe taller ofthe two girls.Penny女孩中较高的一个
⑤表示“越来越…”“比较级比较级”+and+在春天,白天变得越来越长eg.In springthe daysare gettinglonger andlonger.
⑥表示“越…越…”比较级…比较级”the+the+eg.The mortyou practiceusing English,the betteryou9ll learnit你英语练得越多,就会学得越好
①可以用等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用修饰much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lotvery比汰稍高一点;eg.Tom isa littletaller thanMike.Tom Me今天甚至比昨天更冷it iseven coldertoday thanyesterdayo
⑧在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用或代替前面提到过的事情that those这儿比我的老家热得多eg-The weatherhere ismuch hotterthan thatOfour hometown.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多The pantsin thisshop area lotbetter thanthose inthat shop.()形容词和副词最高级的用法3对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级形容词最高级前面要加定冠词副词最高级前可加the,the,也可省掉the;后面可带of/in短涪来说明比较范围“主语+系动词形容词最高级短语/短语”+the++of ineg・She isthe youngestOf all.谓语动词()最高级短语/短语”“A++the++of ineg.Linda drawsmost carefullyin herclass.
五、冠词()用在名词前,帮助说明其意义art.冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词放在名词前、用在单数可数名词前(用于辅音音素开头的词a/anthe,a/3na前,用于元音音素开头的词前)an不定冠词
1.()不定冠词的用法1
①泛指一类人或物eg.This isa pencilcase.SheS adoctor.
②指不具体的某个人或物
③用在序数词前,相当于anothereg.Theres athird boynear theshop.
④表示“每一个相当于everyeg.They havemusic lessonstwice aweek.
⑤固定搭配a lotOf,a lot,a little,afew,a glassOf,such a/an,have aword with,have alook,have atry,have aswim,a quarter,不定冠词的位置half an hour,three timesa day,have atalk,give atalk,ten Yuana kilo2
①不定冠词一般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前eg,a bike,an egg
②当名词被修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后such,what,manyeg.It tookme halfanhourtofinishmy homework.He leftin sucha hurrythat heforgot toclose thedoor.What adangerous jobit is!Many aman hasgonetothe bigcities forwork.
③当名词前的形容词前有等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后so,how,tooEg.She wasso nicea girlthat shetook the blind mantothestation.How nicea filmthis is!
④当名词前面有形容词和时,不定冠词放在之后,之前quite,rather,very quite,rather veryeg.Itisquite agood book.That israther auseful tool.Thisisa veryinteresting story定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物
2.eg:l havetwo children,a boyandagirl.The boysname isMark.The girlsname isPenny.特指某些人或物2eg:The girlinared dresscomes fromAmerica.指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物3eg:My shoesare underthe bed.用在形容最高级和部分比较级前4eg Tomisthetallerofthetwoboys.用在序数词前5eg Mondayisthesecond dayofaweek.用在世界上独一无二的事物前如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等6yoeg Themoon movesround theearth.用在某些形容词前,表示一类人或物7富人,穷人,聋人,盲人,死者,伤员the richthe poorthe deaftheblindthe deadthe wounded8用在姓氏复数前,表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”eg.The Greensare havingdinner athome.用在乐器前9eg.play thepiano/guitar/violin/drums.用于逢“十”的复数数词前,指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁10eg.In the1970s,a highwaywas builtto linkupthe citywith myhometown.I thinkhe isinthethirties.用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中11。
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