2023届高考英语一轮复习外刊语法填空Neuroscience 讲义

外刊语法填空一含全文翻译和重难点句型讲解NeuroscienceSilent synapsesHowadult brainslearn thenew withoutforgetting theoldLearning newthings is hard.

1.Remember whathas alreadybeen learnedis harder.Anysuccessful learningsystem,be ita brainor apiece ofartificial-intelligence software,

2.strike the rightbalance betweenstability andflexibility.It mustbe stableenough toremember importantold thingsyetflexible enoughto learnnew ones

3.destroying oldmemory traces—preferably foras long as itexists.Learning is a result of changesin thepattern ofneural connectivityin thebrain.Each connectionbetweennerve cells,called asynapse,is atiny gapbetween theends ofbranches ramifyingfrom suchcells.Messages jump

4.these gapsin theform ofmolecules calledneurotransmitters.Current estimatessuggestthere are600trillion synapsesin ahuman brain.How,then,to dealwith the stability-plasticity dilemma——particularly asbrains ageand,as itwere,fill upResearch byDimitra Vardalaki,Kwanghun Chung and Mark Harnett atthe MassachusettsInstituteof Technology,just published in Nature,suggests one way isto preserveinto adulthooda typeofmemory-forming synapsefound inchildren.These arecalled silentsynapses.Silent synapsesare,however,useless

5.they canbe switchedon atthe appropriatemoment.Andthe researchersconfirmed thisis possible.They wereable toinduce thesilent versionson filopodiatoturn intomature,active synapsesby pairingthe simulatedrelease ofglutamate witha subsequentsurgeof electricityinside theneuron.This pairingof eventscaused silentsynapses tostart,within minutes,displaying receptormoleculescharacteristic ofactive synapses.The samepairing,applied

6.mature synapses,did nothing.Theresearchers thereby show it is hard to get a mature synapsechange the strength ofits connectionthussatisfying thestability side of the dilemma,easy to unsilence a silent onesatisfying theplasticity side.The nextthinginvestigate ishow,why andwhen newfilopodia appear.The discoveryof alltheseeager-to-learn silentsynapses andfilopodia,Dr Harnettsays,is alever forus toget intounderstandinglearning inadults andhow potentiallywe canget access to makenot degrade over the course of ageing ordisease”.「答案」

1.Remembering

2.must

3.without

4.across

5.unless

6.to

7.to change

8.but

9.to investigate

10.it

①短语原文

7.they neededto testhow thefilopodia respondedto glutamate词典响应respond to彳列句The worldcommunity hasbeen slowto respondto thecrisis.国际社会对该危机的反应向来迟缓原文

8.They foundthat maturepyramidal-neuron protrusionsgenerated electricalactivity whenexposed to glutamate词典接触；暴露于expose to彳列句The areawhere mostrefugees arewaiting isexposedtothe elements.大部分难民滞留的地区暴露在风雨之中.原文9useless unlessthey canbe switchedon atthe appropriatemoment.词典接通，开启switch on彳列句You switchon,push inthe diskand thereyou are!你打开开关，把磁盘推进去就行了原文

10.how potentiallywe canget accessto makeit notdegradeoverthecourseofageingor disease词典获得；接近；可以使用get accessto例句How doesa privatepilot get accesstothe airways一个私人飞机的飞行员如何获得航线使用权呢？

③写作技巧But DrsVardalaki,ChungandHarnett haveshown not only thatthey arepresent inadulthood,but alsothatthey arecommon,at leastin mice.但是这三位博士的研究表明，它们不仅存在于成年期，而且相当普遍，至少在老鼠中如此表达在句中常用来连接两个对等的成分，可以省略not onlybut alsoalso Not only……but用来连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单、复数遵循“就近原则”，即和后的名also……but also词或代词的数一致连接两个分句，当位于句首，前一个分句常用倒not onlybut alsonotonly装来表示强调，而后的分句仍用陈述语序but also例句Not onlyyou but also heis tiredof havingone examinationafter another.不但你，而且他也讨厌一次接一次的考试Notonlyis theteacher himselfinterested inforeign films,butalsoall hisstudents arebeginning toshowan interestin them.不但老师自己对外国电影感兴趣，就连他所有的学生也开始对外国电影感兴趣了

④背景知识突触两个神经元之间或神经元与效应器细胞之间相互接触、并借以传递信息的部位突synapse:触突触一词首先由英国神经生理学家.谢灵顿于年研究脊髓反射时引入生理学，用C.S1897以表示中枢神经系统神经元之间相互接触并实现功能联系的部位而后，又被推广用来表示神经与效应器细胞间的功能关系部位来自希腊语，原意是接触或接点突触前细胞借Synapse助化学信号，即递质神经递质，将信息转送到突触后细胞者，称化学突触，借助于电信号传递信息者，称电突触

⑤段落大意持旧迎新如何实现记忆的稳定与灵活之间的均衡[11背景介绍人的学习与突触的关系

[2]研究背景沉默突触或许是解决记忆稳定性与塑造性的钥匙

[3]研究验证沉默突触只有在适宜的情况下才会激活

[4]研究结果改变成熟突触相对困难，打破突触沉默状态相对容易

[5]研究前景如何实现人学习能力的“持旧迎新”

[6]。