托福阅读真题第309篇Transcendentalism（答案文章最后）

托福阅读真题第篇（答案文章最309Transcendentalism后）TranscendentalismBeginning in the1820s,a newintellectual movementknown astranscendentalismbegan togrow in the Northeast.In thiscontext,to transcendmeans togo beyondthe ordinarysensory worldtograsp personalinsights andgain anappreciation of a deeperreality,and transcendentalistsbelieved that all peoplecould attainanunderstanding of the worldthat goespast rational,sensoryexperience.Transcendentalists werecritical ofmainstream Americanculture.They reactedagainst theage theylived inwhere peoplewereencouraged toact the same asothers andargued for greaterindividualism againstconformity.European romanticism,amovement in literature and art thatstressed emotionover cold,calculating reason,also influencedtranscendentalists in the UnitedzStates,especially thetranscendentalists celebrationof theuniqueness of individualfeelings.Ralph WaldoEmerson emergedas theleading figureof thismovement.Born inBoston in1803,Emerson camefrom areligiousfamily.His father served as a minister,and aftergraduating fromHarvardDivinity Schoolin the1820s,Emerson followedin hisfathers footsteps.However,after hiswife diedin1831,he leftthe clergy.On atrip to Europe in1832,he metleading figuresof romanticismwhorejected thecold,strict rationalismof popular18th centuryEnlightenment thought,emphasizing emotioninstead.When Emersonreturned homethe followingyear,he begangivinglectures onhis romanticism-influenced ideas.In1836,hepublished Nature/an essayarguing thathumans canfind theirtruespirituality innature,not in the everydaybustling workingworld ofcitiesand industrialfactories.In1841,Emerson published his essaySelf-Reliance/which urged readers tothink for themselves andreject the mass conformity hebelieved hadtaken rootin Americanlife.Emerson expressedconcern thata powerful majority couldoverpowerthe willof individuals.1Emerson sideas strucka chordwith aclass ofliterate adultswhoalso weredissatisfied withmainstream American life andsearchingforgreaterspiritual meaning.Many writerswere drawntotranscendentalism,and theystarted toexpress itsideas throughnewstories,poems,essays,and articles.The ideasoftranscendentalism wereable topermeate Americanthought andculturethrough magazines,journals,and newspapersthat werewidelyread.7Among thoseattracted toEmerson sideas washis friend,Henry David Thoreau,whom heencouraged to write abouthis ownideas.Thoreau placeda specialemphasis onthe roleof natureas agatewayto thetranscendentalist goalof greaterindividualism.In1848,Thoreau gavea lecturein whichhe arguedthat individualsmuststand upto governmentalinjustice,a topiche chosebecauseof hisdisgust overthe Mexican-American Warand slavery.In1849,he published his lecture,“Civil Disobedience/and urgedreaders torefuseto supporta governmentthat wasimmoral.Margaret Fulleralso cameto prominenceas aleading7transcendentalist andadvocate forwomen sequality.Fuller was afriend ofEmerson and Thoreau,and otherintellectuals of her day.Because she was awoman,she could not attend Harvard,as itwas amale-only institutionfor undergraduatestudents until

1973.However,she waslater grantedthe useof thelibrary therebecauseofhertowering intellect.In1840,she beacamethe editorTheDial,ofa transcendentalist journal,and shelater foundemployment as a book reviewerfor theNew YorkTribunenewspaper.Tragically,in1850,she diedat theage offorty inashipwreck off Fire Island,New York.7Some critics took issue with transcendentalism s emphasis onindividualism by pointing out the destructive consequences ofcompulsive human behavior.Herman MeMlles novel,Moby Dick,emphasized the problems with individual obsession by tellingthetale of Captain Ahab s single-minded quest to kill a white whale,Moby Dick,which haddestroyed Ahab s originalship andcausedhim tolose one of hislegs.Edgar Allan Poe,a popularauthor,critic,and poet,decried“the so-called poetryof theso-calledntranscendentalists.These American writers whoquestionedtranscendentalism illustrate the underlyingtension betweenindividualism and conformity in American life.Source:Corbett,S.R,Janssen,V.Lund,J.M.,Pfannestiel,T.z zWaskiewicz,S.,Vickery,P.

2014.Reading Paragraph1Beginning inthe1820s,a newintellectual movementknown astranscendentalismbegan togrow inthe Northeast.In thiscontext,to transcendmeans togo beyondthe ordinarysensory worldtograsp personalinsights andgain anappreciation ofa deeperreality,and transcendentalistsbelieved thatall peoplecould attainanunderstanding of the worldthat goespast rational,sensoryexperience.Transcendentalists werecritical ofmainstream Americanculture.They reactedagainst theage theylived inwhere peoplewereencouraged toact thesame asothers andargued forgreaterindividualism againstconformity.European romanticism,a movement inliteratureandartthatstressed emotionover cold,calculating reason,also influencedtranscendentalistsintheUnited States,especially the1transcendentalists celebrationof theuniquenessofindividualfeelings.

1.1,According toparagraph whatdid transcendentalistsdoa.They overreactedtowards thosewho actedthesameaseveryone elseb.They protested the governmentfor greaternonconformityc.They celebratedindividualism andnonconformityd.They wrote articles infavor ofa morerationalculture ReadingParagraph2Ralph WaldoEmerson emergedas theleading figureof thismovement.Born inBoston in1803Emerson camefrom areligiouszfamily.His fatherserved as a minister,and aftergraduating fromHarvardDivinity Schoolinthe1820s,Emerson followedin his7fathersfootsteps.However,after hiswife diedin1831,he lefttheclergy.On atrip toEurope in1832,he metleading figuresofromanticism whorejected thecold,strict rationalismof popular18th centuryEnlightenmentthought,emphasizing emotioninstead.

2.Which of the followingis NOTtrue aboutRalph WaldoEmersona.He wasoneof the leadersof thetranscendentalismmovementb.Like hisfather,he servedasaministerc.He wenttoEuropeafter hiswife hadpassed awayd.He metcritics ofromanticism whilevisiting EuropeReadingParagraph3When Emersonreturned homethe followingyear,he begangivinglectures onhis romanticism-influenced ideas.In1836,he/zpublished Nature/an essayarguing thathumans canfind theirtruespirituality innature,not inthe everydaybustling workingworldof citiesand industrialfactories.In1841,Emerson，publishedhisessay,“Self-Reliance whichurgedreaderstothink for themselves andrejectthemassconformityhebelieved hadtaken rootin Americanlife.Emerson expressedconcernthatapowerfulmajoritycould overpowerthe willofindividuals.

3.z/Why doesthe authorsay hisromanticism-influencedideas a.To showthat hisideas wereromantic innatureb.To explainwhy he publishedhisessays Nature”andSelf-Reliancec.To showthat hisbeliefs wereinspired bythe romanticistshemetd.To provethat hisideas camefrom othersources

4.The phrasetaken rootin paragraph3is closestin meaningtoa.Become abandonedb.Been establishedc.Been examinedd.Been discoveredReadingParagraph5,Among thoseattracted toEmerson sideas washis friend,Henry DavidThoreau,whom heencouraged towrite abouthis ownideas.Thoreau placeda specialemphasisonthe roleof natureas agatewayto thetranscendentalist goalof greaterindividualism.In1848,Thoreau gavea lecturein whichhe arguedthat individualsmuststand upto governmentalinjustice,a topiche chosebecauseof hisdisgust overthe Mexican-American Warand slavery.In1849,hepublishedhis lecture,“Civil Disobedience/and urgedreaders torefuseto supporta governmentthat wasimmoral.

5.Which of the followingis true,according toparagraph fivea.Henry DavidThoreau believedthat naturecould helppeopleachieve moreindividualism,b.Henry DavidThoreau wasEmerson sclosest friendand hadsimilarideasc.Emerson suggestedthat HenryDavidThoreaushould startgivinglecturesd.Thoreau organizedgroups thatprotestedtheinjustices ofgovernmentsReadingParagraph6Margaret Fulleralso cameto prominenceasaleading7transcendentalist andadvocate forwomen sequality.Fuller was afriend ofEmerson andThoreau,and otherintellectuals ofher day.Because she was awoman,she couldnot attendHarvard,as itwas amale-only institutionfor undergraduatestudents until

1973.However,shewaslater grantedthe useofthelibrary therebecauseof hertowering intellect.In1840,she becamethe editorof TheDial,a transcendentalistjournal,and shelater foundemployment asabook reviewerfortheNew YorkTribune newspaper.Tragically,in1850,she diedat theage offorty ina shipwreckoff FireIsland,NewYork.

6.All ofthe followingare trueEXCEPTa.Margaret Fullerdid researchinthelibrary atHarvardb.Harvard Universityremained anall-male schooluntil the20th-centuryc.Margaret Fuller was atranscendentalist andsupported theequalityof womend.Margaret Fullermet Emerson andThoreauwhile studyingatHarvardReading Paragraph6Margaret Fulleralso cameto prominenceasaleadingtranscendentalist andadvocate forwomen sequality.Fullerwasafriend ofEmersonandThoreau,and otherintellectuals ofher day.Because shewasawoman,she couldnot attendHarvard,as itwas amale-only institutionfor undergraduatestudents until

1973.However,shewaslater grantedthe useofthelibrary therebecauseof hertowering intellect.In1840,she becamethe editorof TheDial,atranscendentalistjournal,and shelater foundemploymentasabook reviewerfortheNew YorkTribune newspaper.Tragically,in1850,she diedat theage offorty ina shipwreckoffFireIsland,NewYork.

7.What canbe inferredabout Margaret Fuller fromtheinformation in paragraph sixa.She wasthe mostfamoustranscendentalist ofher timeb.She attendedHarvard Universityeven thoughwomen werenotallowed atthat timec.She heldpositions thatmost womendidnot inher timed.She onlyreviewed booksthat wereof interestto herwhile attheNew YorkTribuneReading Paragraph77Some criticstook issuewith transcendentalisms emphasisonindividualism bypointing outthe destructiveconsequences ofcompulsivehuman behavior.Herman Melville s novel,Moby Dick,emphasized theproblems withindividual obsessionby tellingthetale of Captain Ahabs single-minded questto killa whitewhale,Moby Dick,which haddestroyed Ahabs originalship andcausedhim tolose oneof hislegs.Edgar AllanPoe,a popularauthor,critic,and poet,decried theso-called poetryoftheso-called11transcendentalists.These Americanwriters whoquestionedtranscendentalism illustratethe underlyingtension betweenindividualismand conformityinAmericanlife.

8.Which ofthe followingbest expressesthe essentialinformationinthehighlighted sentenceinparagraph7Incorrectchoices changethe meaningin importantways orleave outessentialinformation.a.Herman Melvillewroteanovel calledMoby Dickand themaincharacter isCaptain Ahabb.The storyofCaptainAhabsquestto killa whitewhaleistitled Moby Dickc.After learningabout transcendentalism,Herman Melvilledecidedtowriteabookcriticizing it7d.Herman Melvilles book,Moby Dick,was inspiredby theissuessurrounding theobsession withindividualism

9.Look atthe foursquares A,B,C Dthat indicatewhere thezfollowingsentence couldbe addedto the passage.However aswith allmajor movementstranscendentalistsf ffacedcriticism fortheir beliefs.Where wouldthe sentencebestfit,A Somecriticstookissuewithtranscendentalismsemphasison individualismbypointingoutthedestructiveconsequencesof7compulsivehumanbehavior.B Herman Melvillesnovel,MobyDick emphasizedtheproblemswithindividualobsessionbytellingzthe taleofCaptainAhabssingle-minded questtokillawhite7whale,Moby Dick,which haddestroyed Ahabs originalship andcausedhim tolose oneof hislegs.C EdgarAllanPoe,a popularauthor,critic,and poet,decried theso-called poetryofthe1so-called transcendentalists.D TheseAmericanwriterswhoquestioned transcendentalismillustratetheunderlying tensionbetweenindividualismandconformityinAmericanlife.

10.DIRECTIONS:An introductorysentence fora briefsummaryof the passage isprovided below.Complete thesummary byselectingthe THREEanswer choicesthat expressthe mostimportantideas inthepassage.Some sentencesdo notbelong inthesummary becausethey expressideas thatare notpresented inthepassage orare minorideas inthepassage.This questionisworth2points.Transcendentalism wasan intellectualmovementinwhichprominent thinkerssought greaterlevels ofindividualism andspirituality.a.Ralph WaldoEmerson encouragedmembers ofsociety tobemore individualisticb.HermanMelvilles book,MobyDick,subtly criticizesthetranscendentalist beliefsc.Emerson wasfriends withother transcendentalistslike HenryDavidThoreau andMargaret Fullerd.MargaretFullercouldnotattendHarvardbecause shewas awomane.Some transcendentalistsubscribers warnedoftheproblemswith massconformityf.American transcendentalistideas wereinfluenced byEuropeanromanticism。