2011张剑考研英语模拟题2

张剑考研英语模拟题20112Section IUse ofEnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose thebest words for eachnumbered blankand markA,B,C orDon ANSWER SHEET

1.10pointsValentine*s Daymay comefrom theancient Romanfeast ofLupercalia._1_the fiercewolvesroamed nearby,the oldRomans called_2_the godLupercus tohelp them.A festivalin his_3_was heldon February15th.On theeve of the festivalthe_4_of thegirls werewritten on_5_ofpaper andplaced injars.Each youngman_6_a slip.The girlwhose namewas_J_was to behis sweetheartfor theyear.Legend_8_it that the holiday became Valentine*s Day_9_a Romanpriest namedValentine.Emperor ClaudiusII_10_the Romansoldiers NOTto marryor becomeengaged.Claudius feltmarriedsoldiers would_11_stay homethan fight.When Valentine_12_the Emperorandsecretly marriedthe youngcouples,he wasput todeath onFebruary14th,the_13_ofLupercalia.After hisdeath,Valentine becamea_14_.Christian priestsmoved theholiday from5the15th to the14th-Valentine s Day.Now theholiday honorsValentine_15_of Lupercus.Valentine s Day hasbecome amajor_16_of loveand romancein themodern world.Theancient godCupid andhis_17_into alover,s heartmay stillbe usedto_18_falling in love orbeinginlove.But wealso usecards andgifts,such asflowers orjewelry,to dothis._19_to give1flower toa wifeor sweethearton ValentinesDay can sometimesbe as_20_as forgettingabirthday ora weddinganniversary.分]

1.[

0.5A:While:B:When:C:Th:ough:D:Unle:ss答案:B:When:分]

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0.5A:upon:B:back:C:off:D:a:wa:y答案:A:upon:分]

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0.5答案A:rel:uc:tan:t acce:ptance:分]

34.The author of the text seems to opposethe ideaof.[2A:f:ree:ma:rke:tB:mili:ta:ry c:on:trol:C:stric:t reg:ula:ti:on:sD:un:re:strained:lab:ors答案C:stric:t reg:ula:ti:on:s1分]

35.The lastsentence of the text indicates the author s.[2A:ha:tred:B:affec:ti:on:C:stubb:ornne:ssD:rejec:ti:on:答案:D:rejec:ti:on:Text4Over thelast decade,demand for the mostcommon cosmeticsurgery procedures,like breastenlargements and nosejobs,has increasedby morethan400percent.According toDr.DaiDavies,of thePlastic SurgeryPartnership inHammersmith,the majority of cosmeticsurgerypatients arenot chasingphysical perfection.Rather,they aredriven to fantastic lengthstoimprove theirappearance by a desireto look normal.What weall craveis tolooknormal,andnormal iswhat isprescribed by the advertisingmedia andother externalpressures.They giveus a perceptionof whatis physically acceptable and we feelwe mustlook likethat.In America,the debateis nolonger aboutwhether surgery is normal;rather,it centreson whatagepeople shouldbe beforegoing under the knife.New Yorksurgeon Dr.Gerard Imberrecommends^maintenance workfor peoplein theirthirties,The ideaof waitinguntil onenneeds a heroictransformation issilly,he says,By then,you vewasted20great years of yourlifeand allowedthings toget out of hand.Dr.Imber draws the line at operating on peoplewho,are under18,however.It seemsthat someonewe dont considerold enoughto ordera drink1shouldn tbe consideringplastic surgery.In theUK cosmeticsurgery haslong beenseen as the exclusivedomain of the veryrich andfamous.But theproportionate costof treatmenthas fallensubstantially,bringing allbut the mostadvanced lasertechnology within the reach of most people.Dr.Davies,who claimsto caterforuthe averageperson,agrees.He says:l treata few of therich andfamous andan awfullot ofsecretaries.Of course,£3,000for anoperation isa lotof money.But it is alsoan investmentforlife whichcosts abouthalf theprice of a goodfamily holiday.”Dr.Davies suspectsthat theincreasing sophisticationof thefat injectingand removaltechniquesthat allowpatients to be treatedwith alocal anaestheticin anafternoon hasalsohelped promotethe popularityof cosmeticsurgery.Yet,as onewoman whorecently paid£2,500for liposuctionto removefat fromher thighsadmitted,the slopeto becominga cosmeticsurgeryVeteran isa deceptivelygentle one.I hadmy legsdone becausethey dbeen buggingmefor years.But goinginto theclinic was so lowkey andeffective itwhetted my appetite.NowI dont thinkthere s any operationthat Iwould ruleout havingif Icould affordit.”分]

36.According to the text,the reasonfor cosmeticsurgery is to.[2A:be:ph:ysicall:y heal:th:yB:I:ook:m:ore:n:ormal:C:sa:ti:sf:y a:ppe:ti:te:D:be:acce:pted:b:y media:答案B:I:ook:m:ore:n:ormal:分]

37.According to the thirdparagraph,Dr.Davies implies that.[2A:c:osme:tic:surge:ry,th:ough:c:ostl:y,i:s worth:ha:ving:B:c:osme:tic:surge:ry i:s tooe:xpen:si:ve:C:c:osme:tic:surge:ry i:s nece:ssa:ry e:ven:f:or the:a:ve:rage:pe:rson:D:c:osme:tic:surge:ry i:s mainl:y f:orthe:rich:and:fam:ous答案A:c:osme:tic:surge:ry,th:ough:c:ostl:y,i:s worth:ha:ving:

38.The statementdraws thelineatoperatingonpeople Line3,Paragragh2is closestin分]meaning to.[2A:rem:oving:wrinkle:sf:rom:the:face:B:hel:ping:pe:ople:make:upC:enj:oying:ope:ra:ting:D:ref:using:to ope:ra:te:答案:D:ref:using:to ope:ra:te:分]

39.It can be inferredfrom the text that.[2A:i:ti:s wi:se:to ha:ve:c:osme:tic:surge:ry unde:r18B:c:osme:tic:surge:ry i:s n:ow m:uch:ea:sie:rC:pe:ople:tend:to ab:use:c:osme:tic:surge:ryD:the:ea:rlie:r pe:ople:ha:ve:c:osme:tic:surge:ry,the:be:tte:rthe:y will:be:答案B:c:osme:tic:surge:ry i:s n:ow m:uch:ea:sie:r分]

40.The textis mainly about.[2A:the:ad:van:tage:of:ha:ving:c:osme:tic:surge:ryB:wha:t kind:of:pe:ople:sh:ould:ha:ve:c:osme:tic:surge:ryC:the:rea:son:wh:y c:osme:tic:surge:ry i:s sopopula:rD:the:di:sad:van:tage:of:ha:ving:c:osme:tic:surge:ry答案C:the:rea:son:wh:y c:osme:tic:surge:ry i:ssopopular rPart BDirections:In the following article,some sentenceshave beenremoved.For Questions41-45,choose themostsuitable onefrom thelist A-F tofit into eachof the numberedblank.There is one extrachoicethat doesnot fitin anyof thegaps.Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET

1.10pointsTheories of the value of artare oftwo kinds,which wemay callextrinsic andintrinsic.The firstregardsart and the appreciationof art as means to somerecognized moralgood,while thesecondregards themas valuablenot instrumentallybut asobjects unto themselves.It ischaracteristicof extrinsictheories tolocate the value of art inits effectson theperson whoappreciatesit.41The extrinsicapproach,adopted inmodern timesby LeoTolstoy inChto takoyeiskusstvo1896;What IsArt,has seldomseemed wholly satisfactory.Philosophers haveconstantlysought for a valuein aestheticexperience thatis uniqueto itand that,therefore,could not beobtained from any othersource.The extremeversion ofthis intrinsicapproach isthatassociated withWalter Pater,Oscar Wilde,and theFrench Symbolists,and summarizedin the1slogan artfor arts sake.

42.Between thosetwo extremeviews therelies,once again,a hostof intermediatepositions.Webelieve,for example,that works of artmust be appreciated for their own sake,but that,in theactof appreciation,we gainfrom themsomething thatis ofindependent value.43一The analogywith laughter—which,in someviews,is itselfa species of aestheticinterestintroduces aconcept withoutwhich therecan beno seriousdiscussion of thevalueof art:theconcept oftaste.44Similarly,we regardsome worksof artas worthyof our attention andothers asnot.Inarticulating thisjudgment,we useall of the diverseand confusingvocabulary ofmoral appraisal;worksof art,like people,are condemnedfor theirsentimentality,coarseness,vulgarity,cruelty,or self-indulgence,and equallypraised for their warmth,compassion,nobility,sensitivity,andtruthfulness.The samemay applyto theobject of natural beauty.Clearly,if aestheticinteresthas apositive value,it isonly whenmotivated bygood taste;it isonly interest in appropriateobjectsthat can be saidto begood for us.

45..[A]Thus ajoke islaughed atfor its ownsake,even thoughthere isan independentvalue inlaughter,which lightensour livesby takingus momentarilyoutside ourselves.Why shouldnotsomething similarbe saidof worksof art,many ofwhich aspireto beamusing injust thewaythat goodjokes are.[B]All discussionof thevalueof art tends,therefore,to turnfrom theoutset in the direction ofcriticism:Can therebe genuinecritical evaluationofart,a genuinedistinction betweenthatwhich deservesour attentionand thatwhich doesnot And,once again,the questionmay beextendedto objectsofnaturalbeauty..[C]Art isheld tobea form ofeducation,perhaps aneducation of the emotions.In thiscase,itbecomes anopen questionwhether theremight notbe somemore effectivemeansto the sameresult.Alternatively,one mayattribute anegative valueto art,as Platodid inhis Republic,arguing thatart hasa corruptingor diseducativeeffect onthose exposedto it..[D]Artistic appreciation,a purelypersonal matter,calls forappropriate means of expression.Yet,it isbefore anythinga processof cultivation,during whicha certainpart ofone s innerself isdug outand someknowledeg ofthe outsideworld becomesits match..[E]If I am amusedit isforareason,and this reason lies in theobject ofmy amusement.Wethus beginto thinkin termsofadistinction betweengood andbad reasonsfor laughter.Amusement at the wrongthings may seem tous toshow corruptionof mind,cruelty,or badtaste;and whenit doesso,we speakoftheobject asnot trulyamusing,and feelthat wehavereason onour side..[F]Such thinkersand writers believe thatart is not only an endin itselfbut alsoa sufficientjustificationof itself.They alsohold that in orderto understandartasit shouldbe understood,itis necessary to putaside allinterests otherthan aninterestin the work itself.分]4L[2A:答案C:分]

42.[2A:B:C:D:E:F:G:答案F:分]

43.[2A:答案A:

44.A:B:C:D:E:F:G:答案E:分]

45.[2A:B:C:D:E:F:G:答案B:Part CDirections:Read the following textcareflly and then translatethe underlinedsegments intoChinese.Yourtranslation shouldbe writtenclearly onANSWER SHEET

2.10points5Gandhi spacifism can be separatedto someextent fromhis otherteachings.46lts motivewasreligious,but heclaimed alsofor itthat itwas adefinitive technique,a method,capable ofproducingdesired politicalresults.Gandhi*s attitudewas notthat ofmost Western pacifists.Satyagraha,47the methodGandhi proposedand practiced,first evolvedin SouthAfrica,wasa sortof non-violent warfare,a wayof defeatingthe enemywithout hurtinghim and withoutfeeling orarousing hatred.It entailedsuch thingsas civildisobedience,strikes,lying downinfront ofrailway trains,enduring policecharges withoutrunning awayandwithouthitting back,and thelike.Gandhi objectedto passiveresistance asa translationof Satyagraha:in Gujarati,it seems,the wordmeans firmnessin thetruth.48ln his early daysGandhi servedas astretcher-bearer on the Britishside inthe BoerWar,and hewas prepared to dothe sameagainin thewar of1914-

1918.Even afterhe hadcompletely abjuredviolence hewas honest enoughto see that inwar it is usually necessarytotake sides.Since hiswhole politicallife centredrounda strugglefor nationalindependence,he couldnot and,49indeed,he didnot takethe sterileanddishonest lineof pretendingthatinevery warboth sidesare exactly the sameand itmakesno differencewho wins.Nor didhe,like mostWestern pacifists,specialize in avoiding awkwardquestions.In relationto thelate war,one questionthat everypacifist hada clearobligation touanswerwas:What aboutthe JewsAre youpreparedto see themexterminated Ifnot,how doyoupropose tosave themwithout resortingto war501must saythat Ihave neverheard,fromanyWesternpacifist,an honestanswer tothis question,though Ihave heardplenty ofevasions,usually ofthe youre anothertype.But itso happensthat Gandhiwas askedasomewhat similarquestion in1938and thathis answerisonrecord inMr.Louis Fischer*sGandhi andStalin.According toMr.Fischer,Gandhi sview wasthat the German Jewsought tocommitcollective suicide,which wouldhave arousedthe worldandthepeople ofGermany tonHitler*s violence.分]

46.[2参考合案.其动机是宗教性质的，但他也说这是一种明显的技巧，一种方法,它可以产生预期的政治效果分]

47.[2参考答案.这个由甘地提出并付诸实践的方法，最早起源于南非，是一种非暴力的斗争方式，用既不伤害对方又不会引发仇恨的手段打败敌人分]

48.[2参考合泰.早年间，在布尔战争期间甘地曾经为英方抬过担架,而且在年战争期间他又准备这1914-1918么做分]

49.[2-4-X-+//0Arr--i.参考合案.而且也确实没有采取毫无意义的、不诚实的态度假装说在所有战争中参战双方完全一样，因而谁获得胜利都无所谓分]

50.[2参考答案.我必须说，我从未从任何一个西方和平主义者那里听到过对该问题的诚实的答复但是却听大了大量的躲闪之词，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之类的回答全文翻译甘地的和平主义在某种程度上可以与他的其他教义区分开来其动机是宗教性质的，但他也说这是一种明显的技巧,一种方法，它可以产生预期的政治效果甘地的态度不同于大多数西方和平主义者的态度这个由甘地提出并付诸实践的方法，最早起源于南非，是一Satyagraha——种非暴力的斗争方式，用既不伤害对方又不会引发仇恨的手段打败敌人它包括诸如公民抗议、罢工、卧轨、忍受警方的指控既不逃跑也不还击等等甘地反对把翻译为“消极抵“Satyagraha”抗”，在古吉拉特语中，这个词的意思好像是“真理的坚定性”早年间，在布尔战争期间甘地曾经为英方抬过担架,而且在年战争期间他又准备这么做即使在他彻底放弃暴1914-1918力之后,他仍然很诚实地认识到在战争中必须要有明确的立场由于他的整个政治生涯都在为民族独立而斗争，因此他不能而且也确实没有采取毫无意义的、不诚实的态度假装说在所有战争中参战双方完全一样,因而谁获得胜利都无所谓他也没有像大多数西方和平主义者一样，专门躲避棘手的问题对于战争,每一个和平主义者都有明确义务去回答的一个问题是，，犹太人怎么办你准备看到他们被灭绝吗”我必须说，我从未从任何一个西方和平主义者那里听到过对该问题的诚实的答复，但是却听见了大量的躲闪之词,通常都是“你是另外一回事”之类的回答甘地在年也被问到了类似的问题他的回答被收录在路易斯费舍尔先生所著的《甘1938•地和斯大林》一书中据费舍尔先生记载，甘地认为德国犹太人应该选择集体自杀，”以唤起世界和德国人对希特勒暴政的认识”Section IIIWritingPart A

1.Directions:You readan advertisementon BeijingWeekly,in whicha foreigncompany islooking forasecretary.Write aletter to the personneldepartment ofthe companytelling themabout1yourage,2your educationalbackground,3your workexperience.You shouldwrite about100words neatly onANSWER SHEET

2.Do notsign your own name.分]参考合泰.Use“Li Minginstead.You donot needto writethe address.10points[10Dear SunXue,We arevery gladto receiveyour lettercommenting ontoo muchviolence inTV programsandfilms.Now Iam writingback onbehalf ofthe Eveningpaper toexpress oursincere gratitudetoyou.Your letterhas drawnourattentiontotheproblem ofmedia programs.We thinkit extremelyimportantthat thepublic shouldbe alarmedto it as well.Therefore,we wouldlike to have yourletterpublished nextweek inour paper,followed byan editorial,which,Iamsure,will arouseattentionfrom commonpeople aswell as the programmakers concerned.Again wewould liketoexpress ourappreciation toyour considerationandweare lookingforward toyourletters infuture.Yours truly,Li MingPartB

2.Directions:Now more people arebuying lottery tickets.Study thefollowing chartscarefully andwrite anarticleon thetopic oflottery.In yourarticle,you shouldcover thefollowing points:1describethe phenomenon;

3.analyze thephenomenon,and giveyour commentson it.You shouldwrite about200words neatlyon分]ANSWERSHEET

2.20points[20参考答案.Nowadays,more andmorepeople,especially inbig cities,become interestedin buying lotterytickets.According tochart1,averagely70percent ofthose polledinthesurvey,held inthree bigcities,claimed to have dreamedof winningthe bigprize offive-million yuan.85percent ofthosepolled inGuangzhou hadhad sucha dream,compared with65percent and60percent,respectively,in Beijingand Shanghai.The attractionof buyinglotterytickets is obvious.Thewinner canget thebiggest profit for thefuture withonlyasmall investment.It realizes thebeautiful dreamof everyparticipant-tobericher andto improveliving standards.As isshown inChart2,should theywin abig lottery,

81.3%of peoplewould buya newhouse,

61.9%wouldbuy acar,and

61.7%would savethe money fortheeducation ofthemselves or their kids.Anda greatproportion ofpeople saythey wouldput themoney inthe bankor useitfor investment ortouring.Despite allthe attractionsbrought by the lotterybuying,it hasalso comeunder criticism.Some regarditasa kindof gambling,which isa potentiallyaddictive behaviour.In myopinion,buyinglotteryticketsis not sobad assome peoplethink.Instead,it isgood for society bycreatingnew jobsand representingan importantsource ofincome forcharity andsports causes.Of course,it isnot ameansofmaking moneyfor individualswe shouldencourage,because theresultis hardlypredictable.Therefore,we shouldtake apositive butcautious attitudetowardslottery buyingbehavior.A:h:on:orB:belief:C:hand:D:wa:y答案:A:h:on:or分]

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14.A:g:oa:tB:sain:tC:m:odel:D:wea:pon:答案:B:sain:t分]

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0.5A:beca:use:B:made:C:in:stead:D:lea:rn:t答案:C:in:stead:分]

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0.5A:storyB:wande:rC:a:rrowD:pla:y答案C:a:rrow分]

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0.5A:c:on:struc:ti:ve:B:damaging:C:reinf:orcing:D:re:torting:答案B:damaging:Section IIReading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read thefollowing fourtexts.Answer thequestions beloweach textby choosingA,B,C orD.Mark youranswers onANSWERSHEET

1.40pointsText1The authorof someforty novels,a numberof plays,volumes ofverse,historical,critical andautobiographicalworks,an editorand translator,Jack Lindsayis clearlyan extraordinarilyprolificwriter—a factwhich caneasily obscurehis veryreal distinctionin someoftheareas intowhichhe hasventured.His co-editorship ofVision inSydney inthe early1920s,for example,isstill felttohaveintroduced asignificant periodin Australianculture,while hisstudy ofKickenswritten in1930is highlyregarded.But of all hisworkitis probablythe novelto whichhe hasmadehis mostsignificant contribution.Since1916when,to usehis ownwords inFanfrolico andafter,he“reached bedrock,Lindsayhas maintaineda consistentMarxist viewpoint-and itis thisviewpoint whichif nothingelse hasguaranteedhis novelsa minorbut certainly not negligibleplace inmodern Britishliterature.Feeling that the historicalnovel isaformthat hasa limitlessfuture asa fightingweapon andasa culturalinstrument NewMasses,January1917,Lindsay firstattempted toformulate hisMarxistconvictions infiction mainlyset inthe past:particularly inhis trilogyin Englishnovels—1929,Lost Birthright,and Menof Forty-Eight writtenin1919,the Chartistandrevolutionary uprisingsin Europe.Basically theseworks setout,with mostsuccess inthe firstvolume,to vivifythe historicaltraditions behindEnglish Socialismand attemptedtodemonstrate thatit stood,in Lindsay s words,forthetrue completionofthenational destiny.”Although thewar yearssaw thevirtual disintegrationoftheleft-wing writingmovement ofthe1910s,Lindsay himselfcarried on:delving intocontemporary affairsin WeShall Returnand5Beyond Terror,novels inwhich theepithets formerlyreserved forthe evilcapitalists orFrancos soldiershave beentransferred rathercrudely totheGermantroops.After thewar Lindsaycontinuedto writemainlyaboutthe present——trying withvarying degreesof successto cometoterms withthe unradicalpolitical realitiesof post-war England.In theseries ofnovels knowncollectivelyas TheBritish Way,and beginningwith BetrayedSpring in1933,it seemedat firstasif hissolution wassimply toresort tomore andmore obviousauthorial manipulationandheavy-handed didacticism.Fortunately,however,from RevoltoftheSons,this processwasreversed,as Lindsay began toshow anincreasing tendencyto ignoreparty solutions,to failindeedto giveanything butthemost elementary politicalconsciousness tohis characters,sothat inhis latestand whatappears tobe hislast contemporarynovel,Choice ofTimes,his1hero,Colin,ends ona noteof desperation:Everything mustbe different,I cant livethis way5any longer.But howcan Ichange it,how Tohis creditas anartist,Lindsay doesnt givehimany explicitanswer.分]

21.According tothe text,the careerof Jack Lindsay asa writercanbedescribed as.[2A:in:ven:ti:ve:B:prod:uc:ti:ve:C:reflec:ti:ve:D:ind:uc:ti:ve:答案B:prod:uc:ti:ve:分]

22.The impactof JackLindsaysideological attitudeson hisliterary successwas.[2A:utte:rl:y nega:ti:ve:B:limi:ted:b:ut indi:vi:sible:C:ob:vi:ousl:y posi:ti:ve:D:ob:sc:ure:in:ne:t effec:t答案C:ob:vi:ousl:y posi:ti:ve:分]

23.According tothe secondparagraph,JackLindsayfirmly believesin.[2A:the:gl:oom:y de:stin:yof:hi:sown:c:oun:tryB:the:f:unc:ti:on:of:li:te:ra:ture:a:sa:wea:pon:C:hi:sre:spon:sibili:ty a:san:E:ngli:sh:man:D:hi:se:xtra:ordina:ry posi:ti:on:in:li:te:ra:ture:答案:B:the:f:unc:ti:on:of:li:te:ra:ture:a:sa:wea:pon:分]

24.It canbe inferredfrom thelast paragraphthat.[2A:the:wa:r led:tothe:ul:tima:te:uni:on:of:all:E:ngli:sh:a:uth:orsB:J:ack:L:ind:sa:y wa:s Ie:ss and:Ie:ss popula:rin:E:ngland:C:J:ack:L:ind:sa:yf:oc:used:e:xcl:usi:vel:yon:d:ome:Stic:affai:rsD:the:radical:wri:te:rs we:re:g:rea:tl:y infl:uenced:b:ythe:wa:r答案:D:the:radical:wri:te:rs we:re:g:rea:tl:y infl:uenced:b:ythe:wa:r分]

25.According tothe text,the speechat theend ofthetext.[2A:dem:on:stra:te:s the:a:uth:or sown:vie:w of:life:B:sh:ows the:popula:r vie:wof:J:ack:L:ind:sa:yC:offe:rs the:a:uth:orsopini:on:of:J:ack:L:ind:sa:yD:indica:te:s J:ack:L:ind:sa:yschange:of:a:tti:tude:答案D:indica:te:s J:ack:L:ind:sa:yschange:of:a:tti:tude:Text2In studyingboth therecurrence ofspecial habitsor ideasin severaldistricts,and theirprevalencewithin eachdistrict,there comebefore usever-reiterated proofsof regularcausationproducing thephenomena ofhuman life,and oflaws ofmaintenance anddiffusionconditions of society,at definitestages ofculture.But,while givingfull importanceto theevidencebearing on these standardconditions ofsociety,let usbe carefulto avoida pitfallwhichmay entrapthe unwarystudent.Of course,the opinionsand habitsbelonging incommonto massesof mankindare toa greatextent theresults ofsound judgmentand practicalwisdom.But toa greatextent itisnot so.That manynumerous societiesof menshould havebelieved inthe influenceoftheevil eyeandthe existenceofafirmament,should havesacrificed slavesand goodstotheghosts ofthedeparted,should havehanded downtraditions ofgiants slayingmonsters andmen turninginto,beasts-all thisis ground for holding that suchideas wereindeed producedin mens mindsbyefficient causes,but itisnotgroundforholdingthat the ritesin questionare profitable,thebeliefs sound,andthehistory authentic.This mayseem atthe firstglance atruism,but,in fact,itisthe denialofafallacy whichdeeply affectsthe mindsof allbut asmall criticalminority ofmankind.Popularly,what everybodysays mustbe true,what everybodydoes mustbe right.There are various topics,especially inhistory,law,philosophy,and theology,where eventheeducated peoplewe liveamong canhardly bebrought toseethatthe causewhy mendo holdanopinion,or practisea custom,is byno meansnecessarily areason whythey oughtto doso.Now collections of ethnographicevidence,bringing soprominently intoview theagreement ofimmensemultitudes ofmen asto certaintraditions,beliefs,and usages,are peculiarlyliable tobethus improperlyused indirect defenseof theseinstitutions themselves,even oldbarbaricnations beingpolled tomaintain theiropinions againstwhat arecalled modernideas.As ithas morethan oncehappened tomyself tofind mycollectionsoftraditions andbeliefs thussetup toprove theirown objectivetruth,without properexamination ofthe groundson whichtheywere actuallyreceived,I takethis occasionof remarkingthatthesame lineof argumentwillserve equallywell todemonstrate,bythestrong andwide consentof nations,thattheearth isflat,and night-mare thevisit ofa demon.

26.The authors attitudetowards thephenomena mentionedatthe beginning ofthetextis分]one of.[2A:ske:ptici:sm:B:a:pproval:C:indiffe:rence:D:di:sg:ust答案A:ske:ptici:sm:n分]

27.By“But to...itisnot soLine7theauthorimpliesthat.[2A:m:ostpe:ople:a:re:j:ust f:oil:owe:rsof:ne:w idea:sB:e:ven:sound:mind:s ma:yc:ommi:t sill:y e:rrorsC:the:popula:rl:y supported:ma:ybe:e:rrone:ousD:n:ob:od:yi:s imm:une:tothe:infl:uence:of:e:rrors答案C:the:popula:rl:y supported:ma:ybe:e:rrone:ous

28.Which ofthefollowingis closestin meaningtothestatement Therearevarious...to doso”分]Line17-20[2A:Princi:pie:sof:hi:story and:phil:osoph:ya:re:ha:rd:to deal:wi:th:.B:Pe:ople:like:tosee:wha:t othe:r pe:ople:d:of:orthei:rown:m:odel:.C:The:ed:uca:ted:a:re:m:ore:susce:ptible:toe:rrors in:thei:r dail:y life:.D:Tha:te:ve:ryone:d:oe:sthe:same:ma:yn:ot prove:the:ya:re:all:righ:t.答案:D:Tha:te:ve:ryone:d:oe:sthe:same:ma:yn:ot prove:the:ya:re:all:righ:t.分]

29.Which ofthefollowingdid theauthor probablysuggest[2A:Support n:ot the:m:ost supported:.B:D:en:y e:ve:rything:othe:rsbelie:ve:.C:Th:row all:tradi:ti:on:in:to tra:shcan:.D:K:ee:p youre:ye:s open:all:the:time:.答案D:K:ee:p youre:ye:s open:all:the:time:.分]

30.The authordevelops hiswriting mainlyby meansof.[2A:rea:soning:B:e:xam:pie:sC:c:om:pa:ri:son:sD:quota:ti:on:s答案A:rea:soning:Text3The provisionof positiveincentives to work inthe newsociety willnotbean easytask.But themostdifficult taskofallistodevise theultimate andfinal sanctionto replacethe ultimatesanctionof hunger—the economicwhip ofthe olddispensation.Moreover,inasociety whichrightlyrejects the pretence ofseparating economicsfrom politicsand deniesthe autonomyofthe economicorder,that sanctioncanbefound onlyin someconscious actofsociety.We cannolonger askthe invisiblehand todo ourdirty workforus.I confessthat Iam lesshorror-struck thansome peopleattheprospect,which seemsto meunavoidable,of an ultimate power of whatis calleddirection oflabour restingin somearm ofsociety,whether inan organof stateoroftrade unions.I shouldindeed behorrified ifI identifiedthisprospect witha returntotheconditions ofthepre-capitalist era.The economicwhip oflaissez-faire undoubtedlyrepresented anadvance onthe serf-like conditionsof thatperiod:inthat relativesense,the claimof capitalismtohaveestablished forthe firsttime asystem of“free”labour deservesrespect.But thedirectionoflabour asexercised in Great Britainin theSecondWorld Warseemstome torepresent asgreat anadvance over the economicwhip oftheheyday ofcapitalist privateenterprise asthe economicwhip representedover pre-capitalistserfdom.Much dependsontheeffectiveness ofthe positiveincentives,much,too,onthesolidarity andself-discipline ofthe community.After all,under thesystem oflaissez-faire capitalismthe fearofhunger remainedanultimate sanction ratherthan acontinuously operativeforce.It wouldhavebeen intolerableif theworker hadbeen normallydriven towork byconscious fearof hunger;nor,except inthe earlyand worstdays ofthe IndustrialRevolution,did thatnormally happen.Similarly inthe societyofthefuture thepowerofdirection shouldbe regardednotsomuch asaninstrument ofdaily usebut ratheras anultimatesanctionheld inreserve wherevoluntarymethods fail.It isinconceivable that,in anyperiod orin anyconditions thatcan nowbe foreseen,any organof stateinGreatBritain wouldbe ina position,even ifit hadthe will,to marshalanddeploy thelabour forceoverthewhole economyby militarydiscipline likean armyinthefield.This,like othernightmares ofa totallyplanned economy,canbeleft tothose wholike tofrightenthemselves andothers withscarecrows.分]

31.The wordsanction Line2,Paragraph1is closestin meaningto.[2A:c:orrec:ti:ve:mea:sure:sB:enc:ouraging:me:th:od:sC:pre:ven:ti:ve:eff:ortsD:re:vol:uti:ona:ry ac:ti:on:s答案A:c:orrec:ti:ve:mea:sure:s分]

32.Which ofthefollowingis impliedinthefirst paragraph[2A:Pe:ople:used:tobe:f:orced:towork:unde:r whi:ps.B:The:a:uth:or di:slike:sthe:f:unc:ti:on:of:poli:tic:sin:ec:on:om:y.C:I:ncen:ti:ve:sa:re:al:wa:ys Ie:ss a:vailable:than:reg:ula:ti:on:s.D:Pe:ople:ha:ve:an:in:stinc:tof:working:Ie:ss and:ge:tting:m:ore:.答案B:The:a:uth:or di:slike:sthe:f:unc:ti:on:of:poli:tic:sin:ec:on:om:y.

33.The authors attitudestowards future,as isindicated inthebeginningofthesecond分]paragraph,is oneof.[2A:rel:uc:tan:t acce:ptance:B:shee:r pe:ssimi:sm:C:mild:optimi:sm:D:e:xtreme:h:opef:ulne:ss。