2011张剑考研英语模拟题4

张剑考研英语模拟题20114Section IUse ofEnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose thebest wordsfor eachnumbered blankand markA,B,C orDon ANSWER SHEET

1.10pointsAll Sumeriancities recognizeda numberof gods in common,including thesky god,the lordofstorms,and themorning and evening star._l_the Sumerianworshipped the goddess offertility,love,and war,she wasevidently lower_2_status thanthe malegods,indicating that in amoreurbanized society the_3_that thepeoples ofprevious timeshad paidto theearth mothergoddesshad_4_.The godsseemed hopelesslyviolent and_5_,and one s lifea period ofslavery at their easywill.The epicpoem TheCreation emphasizesthat_6_were createdtoenable the gods to_7_up working.Each city moreover hadits owngod who was consideredtto_8_the templeliterally and whowas in theory the ownerof allproperty within the city._9_thepriests whointerpreted thewill of thegodand controlledthe_10_of the economic produceofthe citywere favored_ll_their supernaturaland materialfunctions_12_.When,after3,000B.C.,growing warfareamong thecities mademilitary leadership_13_,the headof thearmy whobecameking assumedan_14_position between thegod,whose agenthe was,and thepriestly class,whom hehad both to useand to_15_.Thus kingand priests represented theupperclass in a hierarchicalsociety._16_them werethe scribes,the secularattendants of the1temple,who_17_every aspect of thecity seconomic lifeandwho developed arough judicialsystem._18_the templeofficials,society wasdivided amongan eliteor_19_group oflargelandowners andmilitary leaders;a mixedgroup ofmerchants,artisans,and craftsmen,freepeasants who_20_the majority of thepopulation;and slaves.分]

1.[

0.5A:Unle:ssB:A:sC:L:e:stD:A:I:th:ough:答案:D:A:I:th:ough:分]

2.[

0.5A:on:B:in:C:wi:th:D:ab:out答案B:in:D:Rea:son:i:s used:to pe:rfec:t re:vela:ti:on:.答案:B:Re:vela:ti:on:g:uide:s rea:son:.分]

33.It can be inferredfrom Paragraph2of thetext that.[2A:the:posi:ti:on:of:phil:osoph:y a:s a:h:umble:se:rvan:t wa:s acce:pted:B:religi:on:had:turned:in:to a:ham:pe:r to the:f:unc:ti:oning:of:phil:osoph:yC:phil:osophe:rs of:ten:quoted:re:vela:ti:on:to supportthem:sei:ve:s答案D:phil:osophe:rs we:re:some:time:s refe:rred:to in:religi:ous prac:tice:D:phil:osophe:rs we:re:some:time:s refe:rred:to in:religi:ous prac:tice:分]

34.Averroes heldthat.[2A:I:slamic:the:ol:og:y wa:s of:ten:sub:ordina:te:to phil:osoph:yB:religi:ous truth:wa:s n:othing:b:ut imagina:ti:ve:fan:ta:syC:real:truth:wa:s inacce:ssible:to man:y c:omm:on:pe:ople:答案:D:im:pe:rfec:t e:xpre:ssi:on:s we:re:re:sul:t of:fla:wed:religi:on:C:real:truth:wa:s inacce:ssible:to man:y c:omm:on:pe:ople:分]

35.Which of the followingis mostlikely to be discussedin thepart succeedingthis text[2A:Rela:ti:on:s of:St.T.A:quina:s achie:vemen:ts topre:vi:ous eff:orts.B:H:ow St.T.A:quina:s worked:out in:the:balance:in:di:sc:ussi:on:.C:Othe:r endea:vors on:the:rela:ti:on:shi:p of:rea:son:and:re:vela:ti:on:.D:Outstanding:fea:ture:s of:the:ma:ture:pe:ri:od:of:Sch:ola:stici:sm:.答案C:Othe:r endea:vors on:the:rela:ti:on:shi:p of:rea:son:and:re:vela:ti:on:.Text4Despite the general negativefindings,it is important toremember thatall childrenwho live5through adivorce donot behavein the same way.The specificbehavior dependson the childs individualpersonality,characteristics,age at the timeof divorce,and gender.In terms ofpersonality,when comparedto thoserated asrelaxed andeasygoing,children describedastemperamental andirritable havemore difficultycoping withparental divorce,as indeedtheyhave moredifficulty adapting to lifechange ingeneral.Stress,such asthat foundin disruptedfamilies,seems toimpair theability oftemperamental childrento adaptto theirsurroundings,the greaterthe amount of stress,the lesswell they adapt.In contrast,a moderateamount ofstressmay actuallyhelp aneasygoing,relaxed childlearn tocope withadversity.There issome relationshipbetween ageand childrens characteristicreaction to divorce.Asthe childgrows older,the greateris thelikelihood of a freeexpression ofa varietyof complexfeelings,an understandingof thosefeelings,and arealization that the decisionto divorcecannot be attributedto any one simplecause.Self-blame virtuallydisappears after the age of6,fear ofabandonment diminishes after theageof8,and theconfusion andfear of the youngchildis replacedin theolder childby shame,anger,and self-reflection.Gender of thechildis alsoa factorthat predicts the natureof reactiontodivorce.The impact ofdivorce is initially greater on boys than on girls.They are more aggressive,less compliant,havegreater difficulties in interpersonalrelationships,and exhibitproblem behaviorsboth athomeand atschool.Furthermore,the adjustmentproblems ofboys arestill noticeableeven twoyears after thedivorce.Girls adjustmentproblems areusually internalizedrather thanactedout,and areoften resolvedby the second yearafterthedivorce.However,new problemsmaysurface forgirls as they enteradolescence and adulthood.How canthe relatively greaterimpact of divorce on boys than ongirlsbe explainedThe greatermale aggressionandnoncompliance mayreflect thefact thatsuch behaviors are toleratedandevenencouraged inmales in ourculture morethan they are infemales.Furthermore,boys may have aparticularneed fora strongmale modelof selfcontrol,as wellas fora strongdisciplinarian parent.Finally,boys aremore likely tobeexposed to their parents fights than girls are,and afterthe breakup,boys areless likelythangirlsto receivesympathy andsupport frommothers,teachers,orpeers.分]

36.Temperamental,irritable kidshave difficulty adaptingtoparental divorcebecause.[2A:the:y ca:re:too m:uch:ab:out the:life:change:B:the:g:rea:t stre:ss of:thei:r familie:s dimini:she:s thei:r abili:tyC:the:y tend:to I:ose:tem:pe:r ea:sil:y and:a:re:sen:si:ti:ve:to the:life:change:D:the:ya:re:faced:wi:th:m:ore:pa:ren:ts figh:ts than:the:rela:xed:,ea:syg:oing:child:ren:答案A:the:y ca:re:too m:uch:ab:out the:life:change:分]

37.The followingstatements aretrue EXCEPT,[2A:di:vorce:i:s usuall:y ca:used:b:y m:ore:than:one:rea:son:B:a:si:x-yea:r-old:b:oy ma:y fea:r being:de:se:rted:b:y hi:s pa:ren:tsC:a:s the:kid:s g:row olde:r,the:yha:ve:a:be:tte:r unde:rstanding:of:di:vorce:D:a:young:gi:rl:ma:y feel:m:ore:shamef:ul:on:pa:ren:tai:di:vorce:than:an:olde:r b:oy答案D:a:young:gi:rl:ma:y feel:m:ore:shamef:ul:on:pa:ren:tai:di:vorce:than:an:olde:r b:oy分]

38.It canbe inferredfrom the passage that the impact ofdivorce.[2A:on:kid:s of:diffe:ren:t se:xe:s will:probabl:y change:a:s the:y g:row olde:rB:ma:y ca:use:m:ost kid:s diffic:ul:tie:s in:c:omm:unica:ting:wi:th:othe:rsC:on:an:i:rri:table:gi:rl:i:s g:rea:te:r than:a:n:one:om:plian:tb:oyD:i:s al:wa:ys g:rea:te:ron:b:oysthan:on:gi:rl:s答案A:on:kid:s of:diffe:ren:t se:xe:s will:probabl:y change:a:s the:yg:row olde:

39.According to the author,the reasonwhy parentaldivorce hasgreater effect onboysthanon分]girls isthat.[2A:all:c:ul:ture:s enc:ourage:male:agg:re:ssi:on:and:n:one:om:pliance:B:b:oys a:re:al:wa:ys in:vol:ved:in:thei:r pa:ren:tsfigh:tsC:male:s a:re:usuall:y vie:wed:a:s the:m:odel:sin:self:-c:on:trol:and:strong:will:D:b:oys a:re:ba:sicall:ym:ore:self:-di:sci:plined:than:gi:rl:s答案C:male:sa:re:usuall:y vie:wed:a:sthe:m:odel:sin:self:-c:on:trol:and:strong:will:分]

40.What is the mainidea of thepassage[2A:Pa:ren:tai:di:vorce:ha:sa:nega:ti:ve:effec:ton:child:ren:all:th:rough:thei:r life:.B:The:im:pac:t of:pa:ren:tai:di:vorce:on:child:ren:va:rie:sin:pe:rsonali:ty,age:and:gende:r.C:B:oys ma:y bee:ome:m:ore:agg:re:ssi:ve:than:gi:rl:sin:di:srupted:familie:s.D:K:id:sof:diffe:ren:t age:s beha:ve:diffe:ren:tl:yon:pa:ren:tai:di:vorce:.答案:B:The:im:pac:tof:pa:ren:tai:di:vorce:on:child:ren:va:rie:sin:pe:rsonali:ty,age:and:gende:r.Part BDirections:In thefollowing article,some sentenceshave beenremoved.For Questions41-45,choose themostsuitable onefrom thelish A-G tofit intoeach of the numberedblank.There aretwo extrachoicesthat donot fit in anyof thegaps.Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET

1.10points5Until abouttwo millionyears agoAfrica s vegetation hadalways beencontrolled by theinteractions ofclimate;geology,soil,and groundwaterconditions;and theactivities ofanimals.The additionof humansto thelatter group,however,has increasinglyrendered unrealtheconcept ofa fullydeveloped“natural”vegetation—i.e.,one approximatingthe idealof avegetationalclimax.

41.Early attempts at mappingand classifyingAfrica svegetationstressed thisrelationship:sometimes thenames ofplant zoneswere deriveddirectly fromclimates.In thisdiscussion theidea ofzones isretained onlyin abroad descriptivesense.

42.In addition,over timemore floralregions ofvarying shapeand sizehave beenrecognized.Many schemeshave arisensuccessively,all of which havehad totake viewson twoimportantaspects:thegeneralscale oftreatment tobe adopted,and thedegree towhich humanmodificationis tobe comprehendedor discounted.

43.Quite theopposite assumptionis nowfrequently advanced.An intimatecombination ofmanyspecies-in complexassociations andrelated tolocalized soils,slopes,and drainage-hasbeen detailedin manystudies of the Africantropics.In afew squaremiles theremay beavisible successionfrom swampwith papyrus,the grass ofwhich the ancientEgyptians madepaperand fromwhich theword“paper originated,through swampygrassland andbroad-leaved woodland and grassto apatch offorest onricher hillsidesoil,and finallyto juicyfleshyplants ona nearlynaked rocksummit.

44.Correspondingly,classifications havediffered greatlyin theirprinciples fornaming,grouping,and describingformations:some havechosen termssuch asforest,woodland,thorn-bush,thicket,and shrubfor much of the same broadtracts thatothers havegrouped aswoodedsavanna treelessgrassy plainand steppegrassy plainwith fewtrees.This isbestseen in the nomenclature,naming ofplants,adopted bytwo of the mostcomprehensive and11authoritative mapsof Africasvegetationthat have been published:R.W.J.Keay sVegetationMap ofAfrica Southof theTropic ofCancer and its morewidely basedsuccessor,The VegetationMap ofAfrica,compiled byFrank White.In theKeay mapthe termssavannaand steppe”were adoptedas precisedefinition offormations,based on the herblayer and thecoverage ofwoody vegetation;the Whitemap,however,discarded these two categoriesasspecific classifications.Yet anyrapid absenceof savannaas inits popularand moregeneralsense isdoubtful.

45.However,some100specific types of vegetationidentified on the sourcemap have beencompressed into14broader classifications.,[A]As morehas becomeknown of the manythousands ofAfrican plantspecies and theircomplex ecology,naming,classification,and mappinghave also become moreparticular,stressing what was actuallypresent rather than postulatingabout climaticpotential..[B]In regionsof higherrainfall,such aseastern Africa,savanna vegetationis maintainedbyperiodic fires.Consuming drygrass atthe endoftherainy season,the firesburn backthe forestvegetation,check theinvasion oftrees andshrubs,and stimulatenew grassgrowth..[C]Once,as with the scientifictreatment ofAfrican soils,a muchgreater uniformitywasattributed to the vegetationthan would havebeengenerally acceptedin thesame periodfortreatments ofthe landsof westernEurope or the UnitedStates..[D]The vegetationalmap ofAfrica andgeneral vegetationgroupings usedhere followtheWhite mapanditsextensive annotations..[E]African vegetationzones areclosely linkedto climatic zones,with thesame zonesoccurringboth northand southoftheequator in broadly similarpatterns.As withclimaticzones,differences in the amount and seasonaldistribution ofprecipitation constitutethe mostimportant influence onthe developmentof vegetation.,[F]Nevertheless,inbroadterms,climate remainsthe dominantcontrol overvegetation.Zonalbelts ofprecipitation,reflection latitudeand contrastingexposure to the Atlanticand Indianoceansand theircurrents,give somereality torelated beltsof vegetation.,[G]The spanof humanoccupation inAfrica isbelieved toexceed thatof any other continent.All theresultant activitieshave tended,on balance,to reducetree coverand increasegrassland;but therehas beenconsiderable disputeamong scholars concerning thenaturalversus human-caused developmentof mostAfrican grasslandsattheregional level.分]

41.[2A:B:C:D:E:F:G:答案F:分]

42.[2A:B:C:D:E:F:G:答案A:分]

43.[2A:B:C:D:E:F:G:答案C:分]

44.[2A:B:C:D:E:F:G:答案G:分]

45.[2A:B:C:D:E:F:G:答案D:Part CDirections:Read thefollowing textcarefully andthen translatethe underlinedsegments intoChinese.Yourtranslation shouldbe writtenclearly onANSWER SHEET

2.10pointsEconomics,as weknow it,isthesocial scienceconcerned withthe production,distribution,exchange,and consumptionof goodsand services.Economists focusonthe way in whichindividuals,groups,business enterprises,and governmentsseek to achieve efficientlyanyeconomic objectivethey select.46Other fieldsof studyalso contributeto thisknowledge:Psychology andethics tryto explainhow objectivesare formed,history recordschanges inhumanobjectives,and sociologyinterprets humanbehavior insocial contexts.Standard economicscanbedivided intotwo majorfields.47The first,price theoryormicroeconomics,explains howthe interplayof supplyand demandin competitivemarketscreates amultitude ofindividual prices,wage rates,profit margins,and rentalchanges.Microeconomics assumesthat peoplebehave rationally.Consumers tryto spendtheir incomeinways thatgive themas muchpleasure aspossible.As economistssay,they maximizeutility.For theirpart,entrepreneurs seekas muchprofit as they canextract from their operations.The secondfield,macroeconomics,deals withmodern explanationsof nationalincome andemployment.Macroeconomics dates from thebook,The GeneralTheory ofEmployment,Interest,and Money1935,by theBritish economistJohn MaynardKeynes.His explanationofprosperity anddepression centersonthetotal oraggregate demandfor goodsand servicesbyconsumers,business investors,and governments,48Because,according toKeynes,inadequate totaldemand increasesunemployment,the indicatedcure iseither moreinvestmentby businessesor morespending andconsequently largerbudget deficitsbygovernment.Economic issueshave occupiedpeople sminds throughout the ages.49Aristotle andPlatoin ancientGreece wroteabout problemsof wealth,property,and trade,both ofwhom wereprejudicedagainst commerce,feeling thatto liveby tradewas undesirable.The Romansborrowedtheir economicideas from the Greeksand showedthesamecontempt fortrade.50During theMiddle Agestheeconomicideas ofthe RomanCatholic churchwere expressedinthe lawofthechurch,which condemnedthe takingof interestfor moneyloaned andregardedcommerce asinferior toagriculture.Economics as a subjectof modernstudy,distinguishable frommoral philosophy and politics,datesfrom the work,Inquiry into the Natureand CausesoftheWealth ofNations1776,by theScottishphilosopher andeconomist AdamSmith.Mercantilism andphysiocracy wereprecursorsoftheclassical economicsof Smithand his19th-century successors.分]

46.[2参考答案.其他领域的研究也有助于对此的理解:心理学和伦理学试图解释目标是如何形成的，历史记录着人们所追求的目标的变化，社会学则从社会环境的角度来解释人们的行为分]

47.[2参考答案.第一个领域，价格理论或微观经济学,解释在竞争的市场中供需间的相互作用是怎样导致了大量的个别价格、工资率、利润空间和租金的变化分]

48.[2参考合案.因为，按照凯恩斯的理论，不充分的总体需求会增加失业,建议的解决方式是企业扩大投资或政府增加开支继而增加预算赤字分]

49.[2参考合泰.古希腊的亚里士多德和柏图都在著作中谈到财富、财产和贸易问题，两人都对商业持有偏见,认为靠生意来谋生是不足取的分]

50.[2参考合案.在中世纪，罗马天主教会的经济学思想表达在其教法中，教法谴责从借贷中获利的行为，并认为商业地位劣于农业Section IIIWritingPart A

1.Directions:On your way fromBeijing toParis,you lostyou luggagecarried bythe airline.Write acomplaintletter to the servicecenter ofthe Airline.In yourletter,you shouldtell them1whathappened to your luggage,2what yourluggage islike,3what compensationyou expect.You shouldwrite about100words neatly onANSWER SHEET

2.Do notsign yourown name.分]Use“Li Minginstead.You donot needto writethe address.10points[10参考合案./cAr・/u•参考范文Dear Siror Madam,I amwriting becauseI needto complaintoyouabout whathappened tomy luggagecarried byyour airlines.On Friday,June2,2006,I traveledon yourairlines fromBeijing toParis.When Iwentto pickup my luggage inParis,I wasinformed that it wasmissing.Thelost luggageis ablack suitcase,50cm inlength and30cm inwidth,in whichthere arefivevolumes ofvaluable researchpapers.If theycannot befound forme,I amsure thatyou willagreeto payme¥1000,the estimatedworth ofmyluggageon myclaim ticket,to compensateformy greatloss.I havealways enjoyedthe goodservice ofyourairlines,and Ilook forwardto receivingthesame kindof goodservice inthis matter.SincerelyLi MingPart B

2.Directions:Study thefollowing drawingcarefully andwrite anessay inwhich youshould1describe thedrawing,2interpret itsimplications,3give yourcomments.You shouldwrite about200words分]参考答案.neatlyonANSWERSHEET

2.20points[20参考范文范文一As wecan seein thepicture,a horseis startingthe first step inhis journeyvigorously.Theprancing horse,together withthe lineof wordsbeneath thatevery journey begins withthe firststep,implies theimportance ofbeginnings,andthenecessity ofgetting offtoaright startinanything thatone undertakes.As weall know,the foundationsofabuilding mustbe strong,or elsethe wholestructure willfalldown someday.The pioneeringof anyenterprise alwayscontains thesoul ofit,inwhich iswrapped the whole motive,purpose andplan ofthe venture.The successof autumncropsdepends onthe initialsteps takenin thespring.Therefore,it seemsthat thebeginning pointisdynamic andalive andoften moreimportant thananyotherpoint inthe journey.When askedaboutthe keyto success,a successfulauthor repliedthat the most helpfulthing wasto startwriting.Without takingthe firststep,potential genius will contentsitself withmediocrity.Only bytrying,the firstcan producethe second,thesecondthe third,and soonto thevery goal.范In sum,there isa magicpotential inthe firststep takentoward asuccessful endin view.文二As wecan seeinthepicture,a horseis takinghis firststep ofa journey.This beginningseemsto behard andpainstaking,but everyjourneybeginswiththe firststep.No matter what wearegoing to do,we shouldstart withour action.Though planningand dreamingisimportant,action1is essentialfor oursuccess.Maybe afterall theefforts westill cant accomplishour aims,buttaking noaction canget usnowhere.For example,some studentsoften complainabout theirbadluck whengetting lowmarks inan exam;however,the reasonfor theirfailure isthat mostofthem don*t listencarefully inclass norreview theirlessons afterclass.By contrast,those whogethigh markshave devotedmuch timeand effortto learning.The mostaccomplished peopleinthe worldalways havea historyof makingperseverant efforts,as MadamCury andEdisondid asscientists,Beethoven andBach didas musicians,Marx andConfucius didasphilosophers.In short,no painsno gains.Let usput ourplans andaims intoaction.Only aftergreat effortcanwe getwhat wewant andlive anaccomplished life;otherwise,our lifewill befull offailure anddisappointment,whichissurely nooneschoice.分]

3.[

0.5A:worshi:pB:re:ve:rence:C:admi:ra:ti:on:D:g:ra:ti:tude:答案B:re:ve:rence:分]

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0.5A:vani:shed:B:rec:ove:red:C:declined:D:a:ttained:答案C:declined:分]

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0.5A:un:predic:table:B:unf:orgi:vable:C:unlimi:ted:D:unlikel:y答案:A:un:predic:table:分]

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0.5A:c:rea:ture:sB:animal:sC:men:D:m:ortal:s答案:D:m:ortal:s分]

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0.5A:use:B:turn:C:gi:ve:D:back:答案:C:gi:ve:分]

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0.5A:inhabi:tB:li:ve:C:re:side:D:I:odge:答案:A:inhabi:t分]

9.[

0.5A:H:ence:B:The:reaf:te:rC:Someh:owD:I:nciden:tall:y答案:A:H:ence:分]

10.[

0.5A:in:trod:uc:ti:on:B:tran:sac:ti:on:C:di:strib:uti:on:D:provi:si:on:答案:C:di:strib:uti:on:分]IL[

0.5A:a:sB:f:orC:unde:rD:of:答案:B:f:or分]

12.[

0.5A:al:ong:B:an:ywa:yC:af:te:rwa:rd:sD:alike:答案:D:alike:分]

13.[

0.5A:addi:ti:onal:B:vi:tai:C:sing:ula:rD:e:xce:pti:onal:答案:B:vi:tai:分]

14.[

0.5A:al:te:ma:ti:ve:B:sec:onda:ryC:in:te:rmedia:te:D:f:undamen:tai:答案C:in:te:rmedia:te:分]

15.[

0.5A:pacif:yB:tem:ptC:suppre:ssD:mani:pula:te:答案:A:pacif:y分]

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0.5A:B:e:side:B:B:e:yond:C:B:el:owD:B:ef:ore:答案:C:B:el:ow分]

17.[

0.5A:supe:rvi:sed:B:held:C:managed:D:pre:sided:答案A:supe:rvi:sed:分]

18.[

0.5A:A:round:B:Unde:rC:A:b:ove:D:Outside:答案:D:Outside:分]

19.[

0.5A:leading:B:n:oble:C:c:on:trolling:D:princi:pal:答案:B:n:oble:分]

20.[

0.5A:c:on:si:stB:c:om:pose:C:c:om:pile:D:c:on:sume:答案B:c:om:pose:Section IIReading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read thefollowing fourtexts.Answer thequestions beloweach textby choosingA,B,C orD.Mark youranswers onANSWERSHEET

1.40pointsText1It wasthe biggestscientific grudgematch sincethe spacerace.The Genome Wars hadeverything:two groupswith appealingleaders readyto fightinascientific deadheat,pushingthe limitsof technologyand rhetoricastheybattled to become thefirst toread everylast oneofthe3billion DNAletters inthe humanbody.The scientificimportance ofthe workisunquestionable.The completedDNA sequenceis expectedto givescientists unprecedentedinsightsinto theworkings ofthe humanbody,revolutionizing medicineand biology.But theraceitself,between thegovernmenf sHuman GenomeProject andRockville,Md.,biotechnology companyCelera Genomics,was at least partlysymbolic,the public/privateconflict playedout ina geneticlab.Now therace isover.After yearsof publicattacks andseveral failedattemptsatreconciliation,the twosides aretaking astep towarda periodof calm.HGP headFrancis Collinsand AriPatrinosoftheDepartment ofEnergy,an importantally onthe governmentside andCraigVenter,the founderof Celera,agreed tohold ajoint pressconference inWashington thisMondayto declarethattherace wasover sortof,that bothsides hadwon kindof andthatthe hostilitieswere resolvedfor thetime being.No oneis exactlysure howthings will be differentnow.Neither sidewillbeturning offitssequencing machinesany timesoon—the finishlines eachhas crossedare largelyarbitrarypoints,“first draftsrather thanthe definitiveversion.And whilethe jointannouncement bringstheformer GenomeWarriors closertogether thanthey rebeen inyears,insiders saythat futureagreementsaremorelikelytotake theform ofcoordination,ratherthanoutright collaboration.The conflictblew up,this Februarywhen Britain*s WellcomeTrust,an HGPparticipant,released aconfidential letterto Celeraoutlining theHGP scomplaints.Venter called the moveualowlife thingtodo.But byspring,there werethefirstsigns ofa thaw.The attacksandnastiness arebad forscience andour investors,Venter toldNewsweek inMarch,“and fightingbackis probablynot helpful.At acancer meetingearlier thismonth,Venter andCollins praisedeachother*s approaches,and expressedhope thatall ofthe scientistsinvolved insequencingthe humangenome wouldbe ableto share the credit.By latelast week,that hopewasbecoming areality asdetails forMonday*s jointannouncement werehammered out.Scientistsin bothcamps welcomedan endto thehostilities.If this ends thehorse race,science wins.With their difference behindthem,or atleast setaside,the scientistsshould nowbe ableto getdowntotheinteresting stuff:figuring howto makeuse ofall that data.分]

21.The recentGenomeWars were symbolicof.[2A:the:en:th:usia:sm:in:scien:tific:re:sea:rch:B:the:significance:of:the:space:race:C:the:public:ve:rsus pri:va:te:c:onflic:tD:the:prospec:tof:the:c:om:pie:ti:on:of:DNA:se:quence:答案:C:the:public:ve:rsus pri:va:te:c:onflic:t分]

22.The toneofthe author inreporting thejoint pressconference thisMonday is.[2A:a:stoni:shed:B:en:th:usia:Stic:C:di:sa:ppoin:ted:D:objec:ti:ve:答案:D:objec:ti:ve:分]

23.It isimplied inthe thirdparagraph that.[2uA:the:fini:sh:line:s refe:rs toc:om:pie:ti:on:of:DNA:re:sea:rch:.B:f:orme:r G:en:ome:Wa:rri:ors will:ne:ve:r figh:t again:.C:the:f:orme:rwa:rri:ors a:re:n:ow c:ollab:ora:torsD:b:oth:side:s will:still:work:on:inde:penden:tl:y答案:D:b:oth:side:swill:still:work:on:inde:penden:tl:y分]

24.The word“thaw”Line3,Paragraph4most probablymeans.[2A:agg:ra:va:ti:on:of:ten:si:on:B:im:provemen:tin:rela:ti:on:C:in:ten:sifica:ti:on:in:a:ttack:sD:ending:of:c:oordina:ti:on:答案B:im:provemen:tin:rela:ti:on:分]

25.The criticalissue facingthe scientistsis to.[2A:a:ppi:ythe:ne:wl:y-f:ound:kn:owledge:tothe:benefi:tof:mankind:B:end:thei:r h:orse:race:f:orthe:succe:ssof:science:C:ge:td:own:to thei:r gen:ome:re:sea:rch:D:se:t thei:rdiffe:rence:sa:side:答案A:a:ppi:ythe:ne:wl:y-f:ound:kn:owledge:tothe:benefi:tof:mankind:Text2At thestart ofthe year,The Independenton Sundayargued thatthere werethreeoverwhelming reasonswhy Iraqshould notbe invaded:there wasno proofthat Saddamposedan imminentthreat;Iraq wouldbe evenmore unstableasaresult ofits liberation;andaconflictwould increasethe threatposed byterrorists.What wedid notknow wasthat Tony Blair hadreceivedintelligence andadvice thatraised thevery samepoints.Last weeks reportfromtheIntelligence andSecurity Committeeincluded therevelation thatsomeofthe intelligence hadwarned thata waragainst Iraqrisked an increased threatofterrorism.Why didMr.Blair notmake thisevidence availabletothepublic inthewaythat so1muchofthe alarmistintelligence onSaddam sweapons waspublished Whydid hechoose toignoretheintelligenceand argueinstead thatthe warwas necessary,precisely becauseof thethreatposed byinternational terrorismTherehavebeentwo parliamentaryinvestigations intothis warandthe Hutton inquiryreopenstomorrow.In theirdifferent waysthey havebeen illuminating,but noneof themhas addressedthemain issuesrelating tothe war.The ForeignAffairs Committeehad thescope torangewidely,but choseto becomeentangled inthe disputebetweentheGovernment andthe BBC.1The IntelligenceCommittee reachedthe conclusionthattheGovernment sfile onSaddam sweaponswas not mixed up,but failedto explainwhy theintelligence wasso hopelessly wrong.The Huttoninquiry isinvestigating thedeath ofDr.David Kelly,a personaltragedy ofmarginalrelevance tothe waragainst Iraq.TonyBlair has stillto comeunder closeexamination abouthis conductinthebuilding-up to war.Instead,the DefenceSecretary,Geoff Hoon,is beingfingered asif hewere mastermindingthe1war behindeveryone sbacks fromthe Ministryof Defence.Mr.Hoon isnot aminister whodaresto thinkwithout consultingDowning Street first.At alltimes hewouldhavebeen dancingtoDowning Street*s tunes.Mr.Blair wouldbe wrongto assumethat hecan drawa lineunderall ofthis bymaking Mr.Hoon thefall-guy.It wasMr.Blair whodecided totake Britaintowar,andaCabinet oflargely skepticalministers thatbacked him.It wasMr.Blair whotold MPsthatunless Saddamwas removed,terrorists wouldpose agreater globalthreat-even thoughhe hadreceivedintelligence thatsuggested awar wouldlead to anincreasein terrorism.Parliament shouldbe theforum inwhichthePrime Ministeris calledmore fullyto account,butlain DuncanSmith ssupport forthe warhas neuteredan alreadyinept opposition.In theabsenceof properparliamentary scrutiny,it isleft tonewspapers likethis oneto keepaskingthe mostimportant questionsuntil thePrime Ministeranswers them.分]

26.We learnfromthefirst twoparagraphs that.[2A:the:e:vidence:sh:ould:ha:ve:been:made:a:vailable:tothe:Pa:rliamen:tB:the:nece:ssi:tyof:wa:rha:s been:e:xagge:ra:ted:b:ythe:C:ommi:ttee:C:B:lai:r had:purposel:y ign:ored:some:of:the:in:telligence:he:recei:ved:D:i:t wa:s The:I:nde:penden:t tha:tfi:rst re:vealed:the:in:telligence:答案C:B:lai:r had:purposel:y ign:ored:some:of:the:in:telligence:he:recei:ved:分]

27.The authorthinks thattheHuttonenquiry is.[2A:al:so be:side:the:ma:rk:B:h:opele:ssl:y wrong:C:ill:umina:ting:in:i:ts wa:yD:wide:in:sc:ope:答案A:al:sobe:side:the:ma:rk:分]

28.By chosetobecomeentangled Line4,Paragraph3,the authorimplies that.[2A:the:di:spute:be:tween:the:G:ove:rnmen:t and:the:BBC:wa:s unnece:ssa:ryB:the:F:oreign:A:ffai:rs C:ommi:ttee:had:mi:xed:up the:a:rg:umen:tC:i:twa:sen:ti:rel:ywrong:to ca:rry outsuch:in:ve:stiga:ti:on:s1D:the:I:n:telligence:C:ommi:ttee:sh:ouldn:tmi:x upwi:th:the:affai:r答案A:the:di:spute:be:tween:the:G:ove:rnmen:tand:the:BBC:wa:s unnece:ssa:ry分]

29.It canbe learnedfrom Paragraph4that.[2A:m:ost mini:ste:rswe:re:suspici:ous of:H:oon:sc:ond:uc:tB:H:oon:will:n:ot d:o an:ything:wi:th:out c:on:sul:ting:B:lai:rC:B:lai:r sh:ould:n:ot di:ve:rt hi:sre:spon:sibili:ty tohi:s C:abine:t答案:D:M:Ps think:tha:ti:ti:s B:lai:rwh:od:rag:sthe:c:oun:try in:tothe:wa:r B:H:oon:will:n:ot d:oan:ything:wi:th:out c:on:sul:ting:B:lai:r1分]

30.What istheauthors attitudetowards theParliament[2A:I:ndignan:t.B:Ske:ptical:.C:I:n:qui:si:ti:ve:.D:C:ri:tical:.答案:D:C:ri:tical:.Text3Scholastic thinkersheld awide varietyof doctrinesin bothphilosophy andtheology,the studyofreligion.What givesunity tothewholeScholastic movement,the academicpractice inEuropefromthe9thtothe17th centuries,arethe common aims,attitudes,and methodsgenerallyaccepted byall itsmembers.The chiefconcern ofthe Scholasticswas notto discovernewfacts butto integratethe knowledgealready acquiredseparately byGreek reasoningandChristian revelation.This concernis oneofthemost characteristicdifferences betweenScholasticismand modernthought sincethe Renaissance.The basicaim ofthe Scholasticsdetermined certaincommon attitudes,themostimportant ofwhichwas theirconviction ofthe fundamentalharmony between reason and revelation.TheScholastics maintainedthat becausethesameGod wasthe sourceof bothtypesofknowledgeand truthwas oneof hischief attributes,he couldnot contradicthimself inthesetwoways ofspeaking.Any apparentopposition betweenrevelation andreason couldbe tracedeither toanincorrect useof reasonor toan inaccurateinterpretation ofthe wordsof revelation.Becausethe Scholasticsbelieved thatrevelation wasthe directteaching ofGod,it possessedfor themahigher degreeof truthand certaintythan didnatural reason.In apparentconflicts betweenreligiousfaith andphilosophic reasoning,faith wasthus alwaysthe supremearbiter;thetheologians decisionoverruled thatofthephilosopher.After theearly13th century,Scholasticthought emphasizedmore theindependence of philosophy withinits owndomain.Nonetheless,throughouttheScholastic period,philosophy wascalledtheservant of theology,not onlybecausethe truthofphilosophywas subordinatedto thatof theology,but alsobecause thetheologianused philosophyto understandand explainrevelation.This attitudeof Scholasticismstands insharp contrasttotheso-called double-truth theoryofthe Spanish-Arab philosopherand physicianAverroes.His theoryassumed thattruth wasaccessibleto bothphilosophyandIslamic theologybut thatonly philosophycould attainitperfectly.The so-called truthsoftheologyserved,hence,as imperfectimaginative expressionsforthecommonpeople ofthe authentictruth accessibleonly tophilosophy.Averroesmaintained thatphilosophic truthcould evencontradict,atleastverbally,the teachingsofIslamic theology.As aresult oftheir beliefintheharmony betweenfaith andreason,the Scholasticsattempted todeterminethe precisescope andcompetence ofeach ofthese faculties.Many earlyScholastics,such asthe Italianecclesiastic andphilosopher St.Anselm,did notclearlydistinguish thetwo andwere overconfidentthat reasoncould provecertain doctrinesofrevelation.Later,attheheight ofthe matureperiodofScholasticism,the Italiantheologian andphilosopherSt.Thomas Aquinasworked outa balancebetween reasonand revelation.分]

31.With theScholastics,the searchfor newknowledge.[2A:stopped:c:om:pie:tel:yB:si:owed:d:own:C:ad:vanced:ra:pidl:yD:a:waked:g:rad:uall:y答案:A:stopped:c:om:pie:tel:y分]

32.Which ofthefollowingbest illustratesthe relationbetweenreasonandrevelation[2A:The:ya:re:sim:pl:y iden:tical:.B:Re:vela:ti:on:g:uide:s rea:son:.C:The:ya:re:occa:si:onall:yc:on:tradie:tory.。