考研真题 北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）历年考研真题及详解

Table ofContents内容简介目录年北京外国语大学英语学院英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2011812年北京外国语大学英语学院英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2012812年北京外国语大学英语学院英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2013812年北京外国语大学英语学院英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2014812年北京外国语大学英语学院英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2015812Once theprinciple is accepted thatsameness cannot exist betweentwo languages,itbecomes possibleto approachthe questionof loss and gainin the translation process.It isagain an indicationof thelow status of translationthat somuch timeshould havebeenspent ondiscussing what is lostin the transfer of a textfrom SLto TLwhilst ignoringwhatcan also be gained,for the translator canat timesenrich orclarify the SL text as adirectresult of the translation process.Moreover,whatisoften seenas lostfrom the SL contextmay be replacedin the TL context,as in the caseof Wyattand Surreystranslations ofPetrarch.Eugene Nidais arich sourceof informationabout the problems of loss in translation,inparticular about the difficultiesencountered by the translatorwhen facedwith terms orconcepts in theSLthat donotexistin theTL.He cites the caseof Guaica,a languageofsouthern Venezuela,where there is littletrouble infinding satisfactoryterms for the Englishmurder,stealing,lying,etc.,but where the termsfor good,bad,ugly andbeautiful cover avery differentarea of meaning.As anexample,he points out thatGuaica doesnot followadichotomous classificationof goodand bad,but atrichotomous oneas follows:1Good includesdesirable food,killing enemies,chewing dopein moderation,putting firetoones wifeto teachher toobey,and stealing from anyonenot belongingto the same band.2Bad includesrotten fruit,any objectwith ablemish,murdering aperson of the sameband,stealingfroma memberof theextended familyand lyingto anyone.3Violating tabooincludes incest,being tooclose toones mother-in-law,a marriedwomanseating tapirbefore thebirth of the firstchild,and achilds eatingrodents.Nor isit；necessary tolook sofar beyondEurope for examples of this kind of differentiation.Thelarge numberof termsin Finnishfor variationsof snowin Arabicfor aspectsof camelbehaviour,in Englishfor lightand water,in Frenchfor typesof bread,all presentthetranslator with,on onelevel,an untranslatableproblem.Bible translators have documentedtheadditional difficultiesinvolved in,forexample,the conceptof theTrinity or the socialsignificanceof theparables incertain cultures.In additionto thelexical problems,there areofcourse languagesthat donot havetense systemsor conceptsof time that in any waycorrespondto Indo-European systems.Whorfs comparison[which maynot bereliable,but1is citedhere as a theoreticalexample betweena/temporal language[English]and a/【tim答e案les】s language;[Hopi]serves to illustrate this aspect.In this passage,the issueof loss and gainin the translation processis introducedanddiscussed.According to the author,due to the factthat sometermsorconcepts in theSLdonot havecorresponding onesin theTL,or viceversa,it is inevitable thatsome sensein theSLwill belost.However,on theother hand,there will be alsosome gainswhen there aremore expressionsof oneterm orconcept in theTLthan thosein theSL.Take the terms ofcookingin Chineseand Englishas anexample.In English,there isonly oneterm forfry”.However,in Chinese,there aredifferent termsfor it:pan-frying,stir-frying,quick-fryingand deep-frying.If aChinese cookingbook istranslated into English,some meaningswill beunavoidablylost.Of course,when somethingabout Englishcooking istranslated intoChinese,then the ST willgive amore detailedinterpretation.From thiscase,we cansee thatloss of meaning alwaysoccurs in thetranslation process.Then howshould weaddress thisproblem Nidasays thattranslator shouldstrive forfunctionalas well as formalequivalence between the source text and the target text.Therefore,the solutionto addressingtheproblemoflossofmeaningis that the targettextshould be as closeas the source testas muchas possible.In manycases,these twoequivalencescannot be achieved at the sametime.However,as long as what the sourcetextwants to convey isexpressed,then theloss producedin thetranslation processcan beallowed.For instance,thereareplenty offour-character idiomsin Chinesewhich arehard totranslateperfectly.When translatingthem,translatorshave to abandonsome formor sensewhileconveying theunderlying meaning.In conclusion,translators shouldmake the targettext closeto the sourcetext to themaximum extent.For agood translationwork,theunavoidable lossofmeaningis allowedon thepremise that all thetranslatable informationisdelivered中文写作写一篇字左右的小论文中文，对以下现象进行评析，可添加自己的例子进行论述

2.300This listidentifies threewords usefulin comparativeculture studieswhose obviousorhabitual translationsin eitherdirection ChinesetoEnglishor viceversa areseriouslymisleading.CHINESE ENGLISHK3“以zhu宜通物主义）二Materialism:In thewest,this notionbasicallyIn Chinesesenseit is the theorythal expressesthe theory or doctrinethat physicalphysicalmatter is the onlyreality andthal well-being andworldly possessionsconstitute theeverything,including thought,feeling mindgreatest goodand highestvalue inlife.and will,can beexplained interms ofmatterand physicalphenomena.HQ xMzhupi（唯心主义）二Idealism:The actor practiceof envisioningthingsIt mostlyhas relationto the theory that the in an idealform.This wordis ratherobjectof externalperception initself oras commendatory.perceived,consists ofideas.Nothing isperceivedfrom itsmaterial orphysicalmatter.In Chinese culture andphilosophy,this wordhas derogativeconnotation.7b次z位（同志）;Comrade:A personwho shares one sinterests oractivities;a friendor companion.Previously thismeans afellow memberof agroup,especially afellow memberof theCommunistParty.But nowadays,it developsanothermeaning:gay!Nonemin（农民）:peasant Actually,it meansPeasant:An uncouth,crude,or ill-bred person;aa memberof theclass constitutedby smallboor.farmers andtenants,sharecroppers,andlaborers on the landwhere theyform themainlabor forcein agriculture.【参考范文】在汉语和英语翻译中，我们常会碰到这样的问题如果把汉语词汇字对字的翻译成英语，那么翻译过来的单词已经脱离了原文语义，造成误解如“唯物主义”，若翻译成则把汉语中表示一种基本哲学概念的词偷换成了英语里令人鄙视的生活态度词汇所以，看似翻译准确，实“materialism,则不然其实，在汉英或英汉翻译过程中这样的情况比比皆是这种翻译属于望文生义，是由于译者并未对这两种语言的词汇含义真正理解所导致的误译再举一例，如中国菜“四喜丸子如果翻译成则变成了“四个开心球〃，完全不符原义，会贻笑大方为避“免fo这ur样ha的p问py题b，all需s”要,译者熟知汉英语言文化，有丰富的语言背景知识，能准确判断语义，找到真正与原文相符的译法同时也要求译者要有严谨的态度，善于发现问题，进行查证和研究总之，切不可自以为是，武断地认为译语就是符合原文语义的要带着谨慎和批判的眼光认真对待每一处模糊的、可能出现错误的地方年北京外国语大学英语学院英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2012812I.Translate the following passages into Chineseand write your translation on the answersheet.50points,25points eachPassage1Tower ofPower:Miracle orMirageIn China,one doesnthavetolook farto seethe countryscommitment to renewable energy.In citiessuch asBeijing andShanghai,rooftops are now coveredwith solarwater heaters.On thegrasslands ofInner Mongolia,towering whitewind turbinesare poppingup whereonlycattle,sheep andherders onhorseback onceroamed.While coalconsumption isexpected to climbmore than3%annually for the nexttwo decades,the governmenthas alsorequiredthat electricalcompanies adda significantamount of alternative energyto theirportfolios.Yet,some overseasfirms insistthat China is simplyrepeating aneconomic developmentstrategythat haspropelled the countrys rapidprogress inmany othermanufacturingsectors.The countryhas beenable touse thelure of huge potentialmarkets toentice foreigncompaniesto handover technologyand know-how inexchange forlucrative deals,laterusing thatknowledge toproduce competitiveproducts cheaperthan thoseof overseasoriginators.Foreign companiesbuilt thegenerators for the firststage of the massiveThreeGorges hydroelectricdam,but thegenerator contractsrequired theforeign makerstotransfer technologyto Chinesepartners,who tookthe leadin laterphases ofconstruction.Asimilar patternappears to be playingout in alternative energy.Foreign wind-turbinemanufacturers heldnearly60%of the Chinese marketin

2006.By lastyear thatpositionwas reversed,with Chinesefirms taking74%of newinstallations,says JunYing,chief Chinarepresentativefor theconsulting firmNew EnergyFinance.In fact,the numberof Chineseturbinemanufacturers hasexpanded sorapidly that the government,fearing aglut,warnedin【th参a考ta译pp文li】cations fornew factoriesmight not be approved.275words能源之塔奇迹还是幻想？在中国，不需远望就能看出这个国家发展再生能源的决心在诸如北京、上海等城市,屋顶上遍布太阳能热水器在中国内蒙古的草地上，高耸的白色风力涡轮机如雨后春笋般地出现在曾经只有牛、羊和骑马的牧人漫游的地方虽然在接下来的二十年里，耗煤量每年会以超过的速度增长，但是政府已经要求电力公司大力发展再生能源3%然而，一些海外公司坚持认为中国仅仅是重复Q使用一种经济发展策略，而这种经济发展策略已经促进了这个国家其他许多制造部门的快速发展中国已经能够通过利用潜在的巨大市场来吸引外国公司，以此来获得科技和技术进而获利之后，中国会用交换来的知识来制造出具有竞争力的产品，而这些产品比原来海外生产者所制造的产品更加的便宜在建设巨大的三峡大坝的第一阶段，发电机的建造是由外国公司完成，但是建造发电机的合同同时要求外国制造者把技术转让给中国合伙人在大坝后阶段的建设中，中国合伙人会起带头作用在再生能源开发方面，中国采取了一种相似的模式在年，外国涡轮机生产商在中国几乎占据的市场截止到去年，这种形式已经发生了扭转，的新发电2006机安装是由中国公司完成的，中国新能源金融咨询公司首席代表君莹说道实际上，中国涡轮机生60%74%产商的数量增长的如此之快以至于担心供过于求的政府发出警告说可能不会再批准新工厂的建造申请Passage2What isLiberal EducationAseducation aimsto perfectgentlemanship,to human excellence,liberal educationconsistsin remindingoneself of humanexcellence,of human greatness.In whatway,by whatmeansdoes liberal education remindusofhumangreatnessWe cannotthink highlyenough ofwhatliberaleducationis meant to be.We haveheard Platossuggestion thateducation inthe highest senseis philosophy.Philosophy isquest forwisdom orquest forknowledgeregarding the most important,the highest,orthemost comprehensivethings.Suchknowledge,he suggested,is virtueand ishappiness.But wisdomis inaccessibleto manandhence virtueand happinesswill alwaysbe imperfect.In spiteof this,the philosopher,who,as such,is notsimply wise,is declared to bethe onlytrue king;he isdeclaredtopossess alltheexcellences of which mansmind iscapable to thehighestdegree.From thiswe mustdrawthe conclusionthat we cannot be philosophers—that we cannot acquirethe highestformof education.We mustnot bedeceived by the factthat wemeet manypeople whosaythat they are philosophers.For thosepeople employa looseexpression which is perhapsnecessitatedby administrativeconvenience.Often theymean merelythat they are membersofphilosophy departments.And it isas absurd to expect members of philosophydepartmentsto bephilosophers as it istoexpectmembers of art departmentsto beartists.We cannot bephilosophers but we can lovephilosophy;we cantry tophilosophize.250w【or参ds考译文】什么是自由教育？作为对完美的贵族气质和对人的优异的培育，自由教育在于唤醒一个人自身的优异与卓越而自由教育通过何种道路和方式唤醒我们身上的卓越？在此我们无法再更进一步地思考自由教育的含义了我们听过柏拉图关于最高意义上的教育是哲学的提法哲学是对智慧或对关于最重要的、最高的或最全的事物的知识的追求；这种知识，按他的说法，是德性和幸福但由于智慧不属于人，因此人的德性和幸福总是不完善的尽管如此，哲学家，作为不完全智慧的人，还是被宣称为唯一真正的国王；他被宣称为拥有所有人类心灵能够达到的优异，因而是最高水平上的人从这里我们必须得出我们不是哲学家的结论因为我们无法获得这种最高形式的教育我们一定不能被自己经常遇到一些自称哲学家的人所欺骗因为他们采用的是一个对管理的方便来说有必要的广义的表述他们通常不过是说他们是哲学系的而认为哲学系的就是哲学家，和认为艺术系的就是艺术家一样荒谬我们不能成为哲学家，但我们可以热爱哲学;我们可以努力进行哲学化的思考II.Translate the following passages into English and write your translation on the answersheet.50points,25points eachP起a哄ssage1东方社会有东方的起哄法，西方有西方的起哄法而且两边比较起来，还是东方社会里的人更爱起哄假如此说是正确的，那么真正的幸福就是让人在社会的法理、公德约束下，自觉自愿的去生活；需要什么，就去争取什么；需要满足之后，就让大家都得会儿消停这当然需要所有的人都有点文化修养，有点独立思考的能力，并且对自己的生活负起责任来，同时对别人的事少起点哄这当然不容易，但这是唯一的希望看到人们在为物质自激，就放出人际关系的自激去干扰；看到人在人际关系里自激，就放出物质方面的自激去干扰；这样激来扰去，听上去就不是个道理字264【参考译文】Creating disturbanceCreatingdisturbance occursin boththe Easternsociety and the Western society.But peopleindifferent societiesdo itdifferently.Compared with the people in theWesternsociety,peoplein the Easternsociety aremorelikely tocreate disturbance.If thisis true,the realhappiness isto beobtained byallowing people to livetheir livesaccording to theirown ideasunder theconstraint of the legalprinciple andsocial ethnicsinthe society;whatever they need,they willstrive forit;after theirneeds aresatisfied,stopmaking afuss.Of courseto realizethis,everybody isexpectedto be inpossession ofsome culturalcultivationand certainability tothink independently.In addition,theyneedto beresponsiblefor theirown lifeand nolonger interferein otherpeoples business.It isnot easyto doas whatis said,but the only hopelies init.It issimply unjustifiableto distractothers withinterpersonal relationshipwhile theyendeavorto attainmaterial fulfillment.It is thesamething when it comes to divertingothers/attention tomaterial satisfactionwhile they are dealingwith interpersonalrelationship.P初a雪ssage2雪花快飘，白如石膏；高地宰鹅，这里飞毛！所以今天早上我初次望见这个不常见的银白世界时，我不禁衷心希望这里的雪能多下几场，这样英国的冬天才能更增添几分冬天的味道于是，我羡慕起那些居住在美国东部和加拿大的友人来了，他们那里年年都能指望上一个像样的冬天，都能说得出降雪的准确日期，并能保证，直至大地春回之前，那里的雪绝无退化为黑色泥浆的可能但我马上觉得这样还是不行不消一周人们就会对它感到厌烦甚至一两天后魔力就会消失，剩下的惟有白昼那种永无变化的耀眼阳光与刺骨严寒和凄凉的夜晚看来真正迷人的地方并不在雪的本身，不在这个冰雪覆盖的景象，而在它的初降，在这突然而静悄的变化（字）【参考译文】287First snowSnow,snow faster:White alabaster!Killing geesein Scotland,Sending feathershere!This morning,when Ifirst caughtsight of the unfamiliarwhitened world,I couldnot helpwishingthat wehad snowoftener,that Englishwinters weremore wintry.I began to envymyfriends insuch placesas theEastern Statesof Americaand Canada,who cancount uponasolid winterevery yearand know that thesnow willarrive bya certaindate andwillremain,without degeneratinginto blackslush,until Springis closeat hand.And thenI sawthatit wouldnever dofor us.We should be sickof it inaweek.After the first daythe magicwould be goneand therewould benothing leftbut theunchanging glareof theday and thebitter cruelnights.It isnot thesnow itself,the sightof theblanketed world,that issoenchanting,but thefirst comingof thesnow,the suddenand silentchange.III.Essay-writing:50points,25points each].分

1.Answer the questions afterreading the following passage.25Back-translation as a TestTosee whetheran equivalentis naturalor directional,the simplesttest isback-translation.This meanstaking thetranslation andrendering itback intotile source language,thencomparing the two source-language versions.When natural equivalence prevails,wecangofrom Fridayto Viernesthen backto Friday,and itmakes nodifference whichterm is thesource andwhich tiletranslation.This isbecause thecorrespondence existedin somewayprior to the actof translation.More to the point,thetransferof theJudeo-Christianseven-day weekoccurred severalmillennia beforeour actof translation,so the originaldirectionality hasnow cometo appearnatural.That naturalnessis certainlyan illusioninhistorical terms,all equivalentsare probablythe resultof as much forceand authorityas isassumedin Kade/sone-to-one technicalterms.Yet theillusion hashad astrong ideologicalpullon manytranslation theories.On the level ofbad luck,wecanindeed gofrom“Fridaythe13th tomartes13and backagain,and wecan makepeople believethat theequivalence is somehowwritten into the natureof ourcultural systems.The samekind oftestmight workfor Lejust prix,and evenfor DerPreis istheiss,if wedefine carefullythelevels we are operatingon.But theback-testing cannotbe extendedall the way;themysteries of the“one-to-several”quickly appear.For example,why doesthe Frenchapparentlynot have“Le prixjuste”with theadjective after the noun,as isfrequent in thelanguage]And whatabout the“lifelines thatbecome“jokers andwild-cards butcouldbecome many other thingsas wellCan theyalsobejustified asbeing in any waynaturalFor thatmatter,what should we sayabout the“Friday the13th thatis recognizedinTaiwan weare toldnot becauseit was always in the culturebut becauseit traveledtherein thetitle ofa horrorfilm Somekinds of equivalence referto whatis doneinalanguageprior to the intervention of the translator[hence theillusion of the natural;others refertowhat translatorscan doin the language hencethe directionalityof theresult].But onecouldalso argue,historically,that allequivalence is in someway directional.“Directional andnatural arethe termsweareusing hereto describethe differentconceptselaborated bytheories of translation;theyare not wordsused bythe theoriesthemselves.They neverthelesshelp makesome senseofaconfusing terrain.As wehaveseen,most of thequestionscoming fromstructuralist linguisticsconcern strictlynaturalequivalence,orthesearch forit.When wementioned Saussuressheep andmouton example,we talkedaboutthe words translatingeach other.The samewould holdfor Polishmilkand universalbad-luck days.For thatlinguistic paradigm,it shouldmake nodifferencewhich of the termsisthe source andwhich isthe target.For theabove definitionsoftranslation,on theother hand,equivalence issomething thatresults froma directionalmovement.Reference todirectionality wasperhaps themost profoundway in which theproblem ofstructuralistlinguistics wassolved.Answer the following questionsin English.

1.In whatway isback translationa testof theequivalence to theST

2.Give onemore exampleto illustratethe authorspoint ofview.

3.What doesthetermmean;1“directional;and2“natural【答案】

1.Back translationrequires anindependent translatorto renderthe completedtranslationback to thesource language and then comparethe twoversions insourcelanguage,so as tofind outhow muchthe twoversion arecorresponded witheach other,in dictionor insense,so itcan bea testof equivalence.

2..The authorbelieves naturalequivalence comesfrom directionalityand allequivalenceis insomeway directional.For example,the Englishword“slow”,if indirectionalequivalence,is corresponded with“lentement in French.Both of thewordsare adverbsanddepict thesimilar state.However,asaroad sign,Slow means“Drive slowand carefullyandin Frenchroad signJlentement israrely used.Instead,the Frenchword“Ralentir isused,whichisa verbfor thesimilar meaning.So inbilingual ortranslated roadsigns,Slowwould becorrespondedwith“Ralentir”.And in this way,the sightof Slowin roadsignswill benaturally equivalentwith RalentirinFrenchand thispair willhabitually becomenaturalequivalence.

3.1I think“directional“means conditionalcorrespondence in translation whena wordorsituation hasseveral explanationsand the translator has to choosebetweenthe“severalto correspondwith theone,so thiskind ofequivalenceisone-way andcant betranslatedback.2While“natural meansconventional correspondencewhen theequivalence betweentwowords orsituations have become aconvention androutine and the meaning of thisword orsituationcan beintuitively linkedto theother.It isa kindof two-way movementand thiskindofequivalenceis donelong prior to theinterventionofa translator.However,theoccurrence ofnaturalequivalenceis inseparablewith directionalityand theinfluence oftranslators and otherinfluential factors.写一个字左右的小论文（中文），对以下现象进行评析，可添加自己的例子进行论述（分）

2.30025某D地iff一icu块lt警to方fi信nd息t服he务p牌oli，ce将”“有困难，找警察”翻译成，成了“很难找到警察〃的意思，成为众多网友的笑柄据悉，翻译错误的原因是使用了翻译软件那么，这“Difficult tofind thepolice”一错误说明了什么？【参考范文】近年来，机器翻译得到了迅猛发展，翻译软件相继推出，给人们的生活、工作、学习带来了便利然而，由于机器翻译研究水平有限，相关学科理论不完善，导致机器翻译不能完全满足人们的翻译需求很多语言经过翻译软件翻译后往往词不达意，不知所云据《环球时报》报道，随着中国赴法国人数增多，法国人开始借助机器翻译，但翻出的效果并不令人满意例如，把货币兑换处的“手续费〃译成“委员会〃，把“免费公厕〃译成“免费碳化鸨〃闹出了很多笑话由此我们可以看出，目前机器翻译并不完善所以我们不能把翻译工作完全交给机器，仍然需要人工翻译然而，我们不能就此放弃机器翻译和人工翻译相比，机器翻译有效率高、保密性、成本低等优势我国著名计算语言学与机器翻译专家董振东说“美国要开发一种口语翻译机，专门用来审讯与美国人语言不通的塔利班俘虏如果用人来做翻译，由于语言不通，即使翻译被塔利班收买，对美国人信口胡说，美国人也不会知道，而机器就不可能出现这种情况这机器现在有没有发明出来，能到什么翻译水平还不得而知，但这至少是一个相当好的发展领域因此，发展机器翻译仍是我们未来需要努力的方向之一这有利于推动经济发展，社会进步，消除人与人之间的语言障碍，并能沟通整个世界，促进交流，加快全球化进程年北京外国语大学英语学院英汉互译笔译真题及详解2013812I.Translate thefollowing passagesinto Chineseand write your translation on the answersheet.50points,25points eachPassage1Throughout LONDONShushed museumcorridors andnoisy playhouses,the lastdecade andahalf is being heraldedasagolden agefor the arts andculture inBritain.The eraowes itselflargelyto adramatic shiftin theway culturalinstitutions likemuseums and theaters arepaidfor.If thecontinental Europeanand Americanmodels forfunding the arts restat eitherendofaspectrum—with theEuropean modelleaving culturalinstitutions completelystate-funded,and theAmerican relyingalmost entirelyon privatephilanthropy—thenBritain haspositioned itselfhappily in the middle.Over thepast15years,its brokenwithconvention bymixing publiclyfunded“seed capital”with ahealthy doseof American-stylefund-raising fromwealthy donorsand corporatesponsors.Thus,not onlyhas the一government continuedto playa decisiverole—thelevelof public spending on theartshasmore thandoubled to$700million since the mid-1990sbutprivate investmenthas alsojumpedfrom roughly$500million tomore than$1billion atits heightin2008,spurred onbynew grant-making programsthat encouragearts organizationsto raisetheir ownmatchingfunds.But likeall goldenages,this one isbeingrecognized onlynowthatits comingto an end.Since theeconomic crisisbegan,private givinghas droppedby about10percent andcontinuesto fall,and thespigot ofpublic moneyhas rundry.In response;Britains new一coalition governmentis preparingto slashbillions inpublicspending,with thearts inline tobeara fairshare of the burdena combinationof factorsmany fearcould spellanendtothe countrysmuch-revered“mixed model/along withLondons newfoundcultural status.[2【8参1w考o译rd文s]】纵观伦敦寂静的博物馆走廊和嘈杂的剧场，过去的十年半被看做是英国艺术和文化发展的黄金时代这个时代的产生在很大程度上归因于博物馆和剧院等文化机构的支付方式发生了极大改变如果欧洲大陆和美国在艺术资助方式方面是两种极端的模式一—欧洲大陆的文化机构完全由地方资助而美国几乎全部依赖私人慈善一一那么，英国会很乐于把自己定位在这两者之间在过去的年里，它打破常规，采用政府投资原始资本和大量从富人和团体中筹款的美国式资助相融合的模式因此，15不仅政府继续扮演这决策者的角色一一自年代中期以来，政府在艺术上的投资已经成倍增长到亿美元一一而且在年末，私人投资也在那些鼓励艺术团体提高配套资金的新的拨款项目的90刺激下由亿美元猛增到亿美元72008然而，和所5有黄金年代一样1，0当前的黄金年代已被普遍认为接近穷途末路自经济危机爆发以来，私人投资已经下降了并且下降趋势仍在持续公共投资的水龙头也已干涸作为回应，英国新一届联合政府正准备削减数十亿美元的公共支出，艺术10%,在这种财政负担中占据很大比重多方面因素使很多人担心这会终结英国备受推崇的“混合模式〃和伦敦新得到的文化地位Passage2In ActL SceneIII ofRichard II,is banishedfrom England-sent intoexile“never toreturn/Curiously,his firstthought onhearing thisharsh sentencepronounced isnot offamily orfriendsbut of the Englishlanguage,theonlylanguage hehas spokenin theforty yearsof hislife.To leaveEngland,in1595,was toleave English.Norfolk contemplatesgoing forthinto aworldwhere hisspeech willbe unintelligible,his verywords castinto adark dungeon,hisaging mindincapable ofbeginning anewwith someother language:I amtoo oldto fawnupon anurse,Too farin yearsto bea pupilnow:What isthy sentence,then,but speechless death,What robsmy tonguefrom breathingnative breathIn the400-odd yearssince Shakespearewrote theselines,the termsof Norfolkslamenthave beenalmost whollyreversed.Today,it isthe personwho doesnot speakEnglish whorisksexclusion—not merelysocial exclusionbut exclusionfrom the ability tosurvive in theglobal economy:speechlessdeathindeed.Since1921,when thePEN Clubwas foundedin London,the transmissionofhumanthoughtacross linguisticand nationalboundaries has been amongits centralconcerns.Literature,national thoughit bein origin,knows nofrontiers,and shouldremain commoncurrencyamong nationsin spiteof politicalor internationalupheavals/reads thefirst lineof thePENCharter,which adds:PEN standsfor theprinciple ofunhampered transmissionof thoughtwithineach nationand amongall nations../In thatspirit,international PENassembled thisreportin order to ponderwhat mightbe done to perpetuatethe age-old conversationthat isliteratureand promotethe freeand readycirculation ofliterary worksacross theglobe ata一一time when,to paraphrasethe Irishwriter ColmToibin,the worldsrichest language,ineconomic termsEnglish isalso one of itsmost impoverishedwhen itcomestotaking inth【e参lit考er译ar文y】wealth thatexists beyondit.334words]在莎士比亚历史戏剧《理查德二世》第一幕第三场中，诺福克公爵被逐出英格兰，流放在外，〃永远不准回来〃令人好奇的是，当公爵听到这个严酷的宣判时，他首先想到的既不是家人也不是朋友，而竟然是英语一一公爵四十年人生中所用的唯一的语言在年，只要离开英格兰，就等于告别了英语诺福克公爵想到，他将要去一个他的语言难以被理解的世界，他的每句话都会被扔1595进一个黑暗的地牢，而他年迈的头脑也已无法从新开始学习某种其他的语言我太大了，不能重新做一个牙牙学语的婴孩,我的学童的年龄早已被我蹉唬过去您现在禁止我的舌头说它故国的语言，这样的判决岂不等于是无言的死刑吗？在莎士比亚写完这些诗行后的四百余年，诺福克所哀歌的这种情况几乎完全逆转过来现今，只有不会说英语的人才会有驱逐的危险一一不仅被社会驱逐，还会丧失在全球经济中生存下来的能力确实是“无言的死刑〃从年国际笔会在伦敦成立开始，跨越语言和国家界限传播人类思想就成为中心议题其章程第一条称“文学是没有国界的，尽管原创的文学都具有民族性文学应不受政治或国际动荡因素1921的干扰而保持国际交流”随后又补充道〃笔会支持在每个民族及各民族间无妨碍的思想传输的原则……〃本着这一精神，国际笔会收集了这份报告，来思考实施哪些行动可以保持文学这个古老的话题，并推动文学作品在全球自由快速的传播当时，套用爱尔兰小说家科尔姆•托宾的话说，从经济角度讲世界上最富裕的语言一一英语，在接受非英语国家的文学财富时却也是最贫乏的语言之一）IL Translate thefollowing passagesinto English and writeyour translationon theanswersheet.[50points,25points eachP中a国ss人ag对e1于和谐的理解来自于传统文化中的重要思想“和而不同一”〃和而不同〃可以理解为由《易经》为代表的“和生万物、同则不继〃的中国传统思想方法，即在高扬个性的同时承认多样性的存在“和而不同”的思想深刻影响着中国文化思想发展的全过程，推动着中华文明可持续地向前发展由于中国处于地球上相对独立的地理位置一一东面是澎湃的海洋，西南是茫茫森林与喜马拉雅山脉，西部及西北是方圆数万里的戈壁与沙漠，北面则是荒无人烟的西伯利亚冻土一一这样的地理环境集中了多民族文化的存在，形成了有别于西方文化和印度文化的特色鲜明的中华文化这也是中华民族长期以来一直坚持〃和而不同”的发展模式的原因之一（字）284【参考译文】Chinese peoplesunderstanding ofharmony comesfrom animportant thoughtin traditionalChineseculture—“harmony indiversity,which can be understoodasatraditional Chinesethinkingapproach Harmonygrows everythingwhile totalsameness stopstheirdevelopment representedby Bookof Changes.While supportingindividuality,it alsoadmitsdiversity.The thoughtharmony indiversity has made aprofound influenceon thewhole courseofChinese culturaland ideologicaldevelopment andhasbeenpromoting thesustaineddevelopment of Chinese civilization.Chinaislocated ina relativelyindependentgeographical areaon theearth,with surgingocean in the east,vast forestand HimalayaMountainsinthesouthwest,tens ofthousands ofkilometers Gobiand desertinthewestand northwestand desolateSiberian permafrostinthenorth.Such surroundingshelps theexistenceof multi-ethnic culture and formshighly featuredChineseculturedistinguishedfrom Westernand Indianculture.This isone ofthe reasonswhy the Chinese nationhas longbeenadhering tothe growthmode of“harmony indiversity.P夫a译ss之ag为e2事难矣，译之将奈何？其平日冥心钩考，必先将所译者与所以译者两国之文字，深嗜笃好，字栉句比，以考彼此文字孳生之源，同异之故，所有相当之实义，委曲推究，务审其音声之高下，析其字句之繁简，尽其文体之变态，及其义理粗深奥折之所由然夫如是，则一书到手，经营反复，确知其意旨之所在，而又摹写其神情，仿佛其语气，然后心悟神解，振笔而书，译成之文，适如其所译而止，而曾无毫发出入于其问，夫而后能使阅者所得之益，与观原文无异，是则为善译也已字217【参考译文】Translation israther hard.Then howshouldwedo itIn dailylife,we shoulddevoteourselves tostudying thetarget language as wellas thesourcelanguageso asto havea goodknowledgeof them.In thetranslation process,we musttreat everyword andsentencecautiously andtry tofind theirorigin andthe reasonfor theirsameness anddifference.Alltheir meaningsshould beexamined.The tonesof allsounds shouldbe checked.Thesimplicity andcomplexity of words andsentences shouldbe analyzed.All stylesshould bedippedinto inordertograsp thetrue meaning.If youobserve theseprinciples,when youhavea book,you willread itcarefully andascertain itsthrust andmeaning.Then youshouldintimate itsexpression andmanner ofspeaking,thus youwill fullyunderstand thisbookand pickup yourpen totranslate it.Your translationshould perfectlyconform totheoriginal oneand thereshouldbefew mistranslations.In thisway,readers canlearnsomething fromyour translatedwork justlike readingthe originalone.This iswhat the“good translation is.III.Essay-writing:write approximately300words foreach essay;50points,25pointseach.英文写作

1.Edwin Gentzlerin hiswork ContemporaryTranslation Theories1993points out:Inescapable infidelityis presumedasacondition ofthe process;translators donot workinideal andabstract situationsnor desireto beinnocent,but havevested literaryand culturalinterestsof theirown,and wanttheir worktobe accepted withinanother culture.Thus theymanipulatethesourcetexttoinform as wellasto conform totheexisting culturalcontexts.Analyze thestatement aboveand discussthe implicationswhich Polysystem Theory andtheG【er参m考an范fu文n】ctionalist theoryhave hadfor translationactivity,no lessthan300wordsAccording toGentler,absolute loyaltyand equivalenceis impossiblebecause ofsubjectivereasons ofthe translators and acceptanceof theirtranslation inthe recipientculture.Thisemphasizes thesocial and cultural influenceas wellas theimpact ofthe cultureinwhichthetarget text isinon translatorsand translationprocess.So torealize thefunction ofthetranslation process,thetranslatormust manipulateor adaptthesourcetext whentranslating.The Germanfunctionalist theory,dissatisfied withthe prevalentequivalence-based theories,put forwarda translation theory focusingon thefunctions oftexts andtranslations.One ofitsrepresentatives,Reiss,believes when thetargettextisintended for a differentpurpose orfunctionor addressesa differentaudience from the originaltext,functionality andreader-orientedness should take precedenceover equivalence.This admitsthe importanceoffunction overequivalence orfidelity.So infidelityis inevitable.Another representativeofthis school,Holz-Manttari focuseson theactionable aspectsofthetranslationprocess,therole ofthe participantsandthesituational conditionssuch asplace,time andmedium inwhichtranslation activitiestake place.This impliesthe various factors affectingthetranslation process,so theinescapable infidelityis necessary.And thePolysystemTheoryinvolves theinterrelationship betweenvarious systemsinwhich thetranslationprocessisin.Even-Zohar focusedon therole andstatus oftranslationin literaturesystem,which affectsthetranslation strategies oftranslatorsandtheacceptance oftranslation inthe recipientculture.So twotranslationstrategiesare closelyrelatedwith it:acceptable translationwhenthestatus ofthe translatedculture is at theperiphery,which meansthetranslatorhastoconformtothe recipientcultureandadequatetranslation whenits statusisatthe center,which emphasizesthe foreignnessofthe sourcetext.So to get accepted,thetranslatormust takeinto consideration these factors.And there；are alsomanyothertrends inspiredbythePolysystem theory,such as the culturalturn intranslationstudies andthe manipulationschool,which linksvariousfactorslike patronsocial,economic andinstitutional manipulationto translationstudies.These allinspiretranslators to consider variousfactors otherthan absolutefidelity in translation processes.中文写作

2.年月，党中央提出要大力增强国家软实力，推动中华文化走向世界，增强中华文化在世界上的感召力和影响力在这一大背景下，代表中国文化的重要组成部分中国文学作品的英译得到201110了国家机构和出版社的扶持国务院新闻办、新闻出版总署发起并实施了“中国图书对外推广计划〃，启动了“中国文化著作翻译出版工程〃中国作协也启动了“中国当代文学百部精品对外译介工程〃，计划在年内把百余部中国优秀作家作品译介到外国，增强中国作家和作品的国际影响力结合你所了解的翻译理论3和中国文学英译现状，谈一下你对中国文学走向英语世界的看法（用中文答题，不少于字）【参考范文】300年莫言获诺贝尔文学奖，国人在欢欣鼓舞之时，中国当代文学对外翻译问题再次引发社会热议多年以来，政府一直大力支持中国文学外译工作，为中国文化“走出去”提供各种支持民间2012亦有大学及学者也在为此做出自己的努力然而，即使莫言获奖,也掩盖不了中国文学对外翻译出版的尴尬事实事实上，若想把中国文学介绍到外国,需要国外汉学家和学者的努力然而，国外汉学家人数甚微，对中国文学感兴趣的知识分子数量也不多，并且西方读者普遍对包括中国在内的亚洲文学不感兴趣这些因素使得中国文学外译和推广困难重重主观上，国内有关中国文学外译的理论相对较完善代表人物有严复、傅雷、许渊冲等他们都有自己的翻译理论体系如许渊冲的“三美〃理论然而，国外学者对中国文学汉译英的研究并不多，而且致力于此研究的人寥寥，因此中国文学外译的理论基础并不雄厚当前，中国文学要想抓住机遇，登高涉远，就要谋求政府与民间、中国作家与国外翻译家、以及外国出版商之间的合力要进行有效沟通，细分市场，做出特色同时还要积极开展同国外翻译研究者的合作，丰富汉译英理论基础更重要的是，加大中国文学对外宣传力度，提高其在国外读者中的知名度，这样才能扩大国外对中国文学的需求，从根本上解决中国文学外译问题年北京外国语大学英语学院英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解

20148121.Translate thefollowing passage into Chineseand writeyour translationon theanswersheet.50points]If youvebeen attentivetothegrowing seriesof postshere under the bannerof theAmericanFutures project,you know that Deband JimFallows havebeen examiningsmall,resilient Americancities that are hometo intriguinginnovations andentrepreneurship.Afew daysago,as partofthe projects recentfocus onBurlington,Vermont,I tooka lookattwo ofthe threegreat collegesthere.Now letslook inon the third,Champlain College.Youll seewhy thisone fitstheprojectsongoing Americaningenuity theme.If youcould designyour idealcollege fromscratch,what wouldit looklike Minewould looksomethinglike thefollowing.Students wouldacquire trainingthat makesthem immediatelyemployable.They/dtakecourses inthe liberalarts thatwould sharpentheir skillsinwriting,analysis,and reasoning.And theydgraduate withsome real-life knowledge,such ashowto interviewfor ajob.Thered beno tenurefor faculty,but instructorswouldbemadeto feeltheyre valuedmembersofthe enterprise.And administratorswould constantlyaskthemselves“how canwe preparestudents forwhattheworld needsof themWhileyoure busydesigning yourversion ofthe ideal,I cantake anap orgo fishing,becausesomebody hasalready builtmine:Champlain College.It isdoing everythingIve describedand,intheprocess,is gainingthe attentionofthehigher world.The wordsIve heardusedto describeChamplain includeinnovative,nimble,adaptable.A professorfrom nearbySt.Michaefs Collegetold me,with unabashedadmiration,“Champlain isalways askingitself/What works’Founded in1878and longknown asthe BurlingtonBusiness College,Champlain assumeditscurrent namein1958,whenithad only60students invarious associatesdegreeprograms.Starting bachelorsdegree programsin1991,the collegenow enrolls2000undergraduates-an enrollmentcap itcommitted toseveral yearsago inan agreementwiththe student-rich cityof Burlington.When itlaunched itsbachelors programs,this collegelongknown fortraining secretariesand accountants,begantoreinvent itself,earningrespect forits enterprisingspirit.一The dominantethos ofChamplain that“what works”mentality-intensified whenDavidFinney arrivedfrom NYUin2005to becomepresident.Finney quicklyinstituted whathecalls athree-dimensional educationprogram,an undergraduatecurriculum consistingofinterdisciplinary liberal-arts courses,a life-skills program,and trainingforacareer.Believing that American highereducation hasreally lostits waywith generaleducationcourses/Finney toldmethatwhen hearrived in his newjob,he decidedto spendall ofhishoneymoon capitalas newpresident toreplace thehodge-podge ofcourses thatformed；the liberal-arts core.He assembleda facultytask forceto designa revisedcore aimingtobuild habitsof mindstudents willneed“not justas theyreleaving hereFinney says,butover theirlifetime//A painstakingprocess ofreinvention ledto newcore coursesdesigned tohelp studentsdevelopglobal awareness and strengthentheir analyticaland reasoningabilities,criticalreading skills,and writingproficiency.These courseshave notests.The workis heavilyorientedtoward writing.Classes consistmainly ofdiscussion andproject teamworkratherthan lectures.Students andfaculty areactive learnerstogether.A secondcomponent ofChamplains undergraduateeducation comesthrough itsrequired“Life Experienceand ActionDimension program,which hastwo parts:1some real-worldeducation,emphasizing financialliteracy andsophistication[developing abudget,makingsense ofcredit cards,understanding howemployee benefitswork andwhy theyreimportant,etc.]and jobskills[marketing oneself,negotiating businesscontracts,anddeveloping skillsin interviewing,networking,etc.;and2a community-service elementthatputs studentsto workhelping Burlingtonsneedy andsimultaneously broadeningculturalawarenessanda senseof engagedcitizenship,from WhatWould anIdeal CollegeL【oo参k考Lik译e文A】Lot LikeThis如果你一直在关注以“美国未来”计划为旗号的一系列跟帖，你应该会知道，得布和吉姆•法洛斯正在美国寻找适应力强的小城市，它们要能够孕育有趣的创新发明就在几天前，我去参观了佛蒙特州伯灵顿的三所著名大学中的两个，“美国未来”计划近期的焦点就聚集在这里现在让我们来了解一下第三所大学一一香普兰学院你会明白为什么它契合了计划中“美国独创〃这一主题如果你可以从零开始设计自己理想的大学，它会是什么样子？我的理想型大学大概就像如下描述的那样学生们获得一定的训练帮助他们快速进入职场他们学习人文科学的课程，提高写作、分析和推理的能力同时，他们也必须掌握现实生活的技能，例如怎样面试工作教员们不会获得终身职位，但是一定要让他们在这个事业共同体中感到有价值管理者则应该经常问自己我们如何让学生具备社会所需的能力在你构想自己的理性型大学的时候，我就不用那么费事了，因为已经有人建好了，也就是香普兰学院这里完全符合我的设想，而且它也逐渐引起高等教育界的注意我听到描述香普兰学院的词都是创新、灵活、随机应变等一位来自附近的圣迈克斯学院的教授告诉我说，“香普兰总是在问自己怎样才能真正奏效〃艳羡之情溢于言表年建校后，它一直以伯灵顿商学院著称，直到年才更名香普兰学院，当时整个学院只有名接受各种联合培养项目的学生年香普兰学院开始学士学位培养计划，现在入学的18781958本科生已有名一一这一招生上限是几年前与伯灵顿当局达成的一致意见香普兰学院开始学601991上学位培养计划时，它早已因培养秘书与会计人才而远近闻名，它进行了重新定位，并以开创进取2000的精神而受到人们的尊敬香普兰学院的经典格言便是“怎样才能奏效？”，这一精神在年大卫•芬尼离开纽约大学成为香普兰学院院长后更加激发起来芬尼很快创立了名为“三维教育〃的培养计划，这一本科课程2005包含多学科的人文教育课、生存技能课和职业规划课芬尼相信，〃美国高等教育正在被通识教育课程引入歧途〃他告诉我说，自己刚接手这个工作的时候，决定趁着新鲜劲彻底改变大杂炫式的课程，而这些混杂的课程构成了人文科学的核心他集结了一批教员，专门改进核心课程，旨在重建学生的思维习惯芬尼表示，〃这些习惯将使他们受益终生，而不仅仅只是离开校园的时候〃推倒重建是一个痛苦的过程，意味着设立新的核心课程，帮助学生培养全球化的视野,增强他们的分析推理能力、批判性的阅读技能和熟练写作的能力这样的课程没有考试学生学习成果很大程度上反映在写作上课堂教学以自由讨论、项目协作为主，而不是老师讲座学生听课的模式学生与教员共同学习、相互促进香普兰学院本科教育的另一个组成部分是来自名为“生活体验与活动多维”的培养计划,它又分成两个方面

一、涉及现实生活的教育，强调金融财政方面的熟练程度（开发一项预算、熟悉信用卡、了解员工福利如何实现以及为什么有必要等等）和工作能力（自我推销、商业合同的协商、面试的技巧、社交网络的运用等等）

二、社区服务的环境，让学生通过工作帮助伯灵顿有需要的人群，同时深化他们的文化意识和公民责任感（摘自《理想的大学是什么样的？此处可见一斑》）（）IL Translate thefollowing passageintoEnglish and writeyour translationon theanswers且h夫ee胸t.中无50识p之oi人nt，s即终日勤于学，而亦无益，俗谚谓为『两脚书橱』记诵日多，多益为累及伸纸落笔时，胸如乱丝，头绪既纷，无从割择，中且馁而胆愈怯，欲言而不能言或能言而不敢言，矜持于铢两尺键之中，既恐不合于古人，又恐贻讥于今人如三日新妇，动恐失体又如跛者登临，举恐失足文章一道，本掳写挥洒乐事,反若有物焉以桎梏之，无处非碍矣于是强者必日『古人某某之作如是，非我则不能得其法也』弱者亦日『古人某某之作如是，今之闻人某某传其法如是，而我亦如是也』其黠者心则然而秘而不言，愚者心不能知其然，徒夸而张于人，以为我自有所本也更或谋篇时，有言已尽本无可赘矣，恐方幅不足而不合于格，于是多方拖沓以扩之，是蛇添足也又有言尚未尽，正堪抒写，恐逾于格而失矩度，亟阖而己焉,是生割活剥也之数者，因无识，故无胆，使笔墨不能自由，是为操飙家之苦趣，不可不察也昔贤有言成事在胆文章千古事，苟无胆，何以能干古乎？吾故日无胆则笔墨畏缩胆既讪矣，才何由而得伸乎？惟胆能生才，但知才受于天，而抑知必待扩充于胆邪！吾见世有称人之才，而归美之日『能敛才就法』斯言也，非能知才之所由然者也夫才者，诸法之蕴隆发现处也若有所敛而为就，则未敛未就以前之才，尚未有法也其所为才，皆不从理、事、情而得，为拂道悖德之言，与才之义相背而驰者,尚得谓之才乎？【参考译文】Those who are shortof generalideas aboutwhat they have learnedin theirminds willd内e容riv简e介no benefitsfrom bookseven if they workhard and theyarewhat wecall考研真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，其重要性不只在于做题获得的感受，更在于通过对历年真题的分析把握出题的脉络，将繁复芜杂的知识点串联起来，突出重点和难点，从而控制答题的节奏，这就需要一份权威、正确的参考答案以及详尽的试题分析本书收集了北京外国语大学英语学院英汉互译（笔译）〜年的套考研真题，“812”201120155且所有真题均提供详细的答案解析，真题答案由名校高分研究生整理，解题思路清晰、答案解析准确完整历年真题是考研复习备考最好的资料，通过研习历年考研真题，可以了解到考题难度、风格等，为考生复习备考指明了方向考研真题如有更新或对历年真题予以详细作答，会在第一时间内上传，学员将自动获得最新版本的产品内容真正做到了一次购买，终身使用（）是旗下的考研考博专业网站，提供全国所有院校各个专业的考研考博辅导班【师兄师姐一对一辅导（网授）、网授精讲班等】、考研电子书、考研题库（参考教材章节题库、模拟试题等）、全套资料（历年真题及答案、笔记讲义等）、考研教辅图书等本书特别适用于参加北京外国语大3D学英语学院英汉互译（笔译）”考试科目的考生与传统图书“相8比12，本书具有以下七大特色互动学习摇一摇，找学友，交友学习两不误1摇.一摇，找到学习本书的所有学友，可精确查找学友的具体位置；与学友互动，交流学习（视频、语音等形式），交友学习两不误；学习圈内有学霸解答本书学习中的问题，并配有专职教师指导答疑解惑度立体旋转好用好玩的全新学习体验2带.给7你20超逼真的学习体验，度立体场景，任意角度旋转，模拟纸质书真实翻页效果，让你学起来爱不释手！3D720质量保证每本电子书都经过图书编辑队伍多次反复修改，年年升级3我.们拥有一支强大图书编辑团队，他们专门从事图书的编辑工作，对各类职称考试、考研考博等教材教辅深入研究，以及各类职称考试、考研考博的历年真题进行详尽仔细研究与分析，掌握考试命题的规律和方向，并结合行业最新前沿动态，不断分析整理各个科目的考试要点，把重要考点全部固化为试题形式，形成精准领先及时的备考电子书同时，依托北京高校资源，我们聘请知名高校众多专家组成顾问团队严格审核，确保质量手机扫码即可阅读，精彩内容，轻松分享

4.bookcases withtwo feet”.They morethey committo theirmemories andrecite,the moreburdensthey get.When layingdown papersand startingto writeor draw,they willfindtheir mindas mixedas silkthreads.Now that theyareconfused,they have no ideasaboutwhat canbe givenup andwhat canbe reserved.The morethey know,the moreintimidatedthey become.They losetheabilityto expresswhat theywant toandthecourage to expresswhat theycan express.Rigidly adheringto shallowrules andstipulations,they fearthattheir articlescant complywith thatof precedents,thus beingexposed toridicule ofcontemporaries.They,like newly-wed wives,are afraidtobeindecorous if they movea little,aswellascripples,are fearedthat theymay getstumbled whenascending amountain.In thiscase,they willencounter difficultieseverywhere asiftheyare confinedwhen doingsuch thingslikewriting articlesthatareintended toexpressing happyemotions.There arebound tobesome ostentatiousguys say:There isone personwho ispriortome writing articles inthisway and others butme cannotgrasp it.There arealso timidguys say:There isone personinold timewritingarticlesinthisway andone recentperson alsoimitate him,so Idbetterfollow them.Those cunningguys knowit butrefuse toimpart them to others,while stupidguysknow nothingbut boastthat theirworks haveorigin totrace.There aresome peoplewhohave nothingmuch to write employall kindof waysto enlargetheir articlesfor fearthat their articlewillbedisqualified due to shortlength.In thiscase,it gildsthe lily.Thereare alsosome peoplewhoarenear theclimax ofan articlestop writinghurriedly forfearthat theirarticles willexceed thelimits.In thiscase,it breaksoff thearticle.Short ofknowledge,they have no nervetowritearticle freely.All thoseare lessonsthat creatingisstuck indifficulties and we cannotignore them.Sages oncesaid successlies in courage.An articlemaybepassed downfrom generationtogeneration andhow canone articlebe immortalifthe writer hasno gutsThats whyI saywithoutguts,thewriterwill becometimid.Now thatoneisintimidated,how canhis talentbeexpressed Onlycourage canenhance onestalent butwe onlyknowthattalent isendowedbytheheaven butignore theimprovement oftalent lyingincourage.I knowsomepeople are called talentsandotherspraise themthat theycan confinetheir talentscordingto rules.Such wordscannotbesaid bythose whoknow talents.Talents arefound whererulesare affluent.If talentscanbeconfined intorules,then thosetalents beyondconfinementshavenorules tofollow.The reasonwhy talentsarecalledtalents isbecause itcannotbe gotaccording toreason,things andfeelings.Can thosepeople whosewords thatarecontrary torules,moralities andconnotations oftalents becalled talentedpeopleIIL Essay-writing:write approximately300words foreach essay;50points,25pointsea英ch文.写作

1.Edwin Gentzlerin hiswork ContemporaryTranslation Theories2001points out:Nomatter how good ourtranslations were,they wouldnever conformto certainliteraryexpectations ofthe audience,a problemthat maybe operativeregardless oftheoriginating andreceiving cultures/Analyze thestatement aboveand discusstranslationa【cti参vi考tie范sa文s】cross-cultural eventsin view of culturalrelations,no lessthan300wordsAs globalizationmoves forwardand economydevelops,interaction amongdifferentcountries becomemore andmore frequent.In thisprocess,translation is and culturecommunicationis inevitable.However,duetothe manydifferences amongdifferentcultures,itiscommon fortranslation losing some culturalelements.As EdwinGentzler inhiswork ContemporaryTranslation Theories

[2001]points out:No matter howgood our1translations were,they wouldnever conformto certain/literary expectationsof theaudience,a problemthat maybe operativeregardless ofthe originatingand receivingcultures/As we cannot avoidlosingsomeculture informationintranslation,we shouldtryour bestto convey the exactmeaning aslongasthe translatedtexts canbeacceptedbyreaders of two cultures.First ofall,different countrieshave different historical backgroundsandculturalheritages,so theirculture willhave fewsimilarities.It isimpossible fortranslators toconveytheexactmeanings ofsome Chinesein Englishbecause therearenocounterparts inEnglish.What wecando istoconveythe basicmeanings ofthose words.Second,as economydevelops,moreand moresituations areneed oftranslatorsandinterpreters.They haveto finishtranslatingor interpretingina very short time,and theymay haveno chancesto ponderon whattheyhave translated.Conveying meaningisthefirst thingtheyhavetoconsider.Third,culturewill flourishintheprocess ofabsorbing othercultures.If translationcan conveythe samemeaningintheform thatcomplies withtargeted readershabits,the culturalinteraction willbemeaningless becausetwo culturesgain nothingfrom thecommunication.Translation isa complicatedprocess andwe cantmake readersoftwolanguages allcontentwith ourtranslation nomatterhowgoodourtranslation is.Make meaningclear isthe mostim【p解or析ta】nt thingbecause thisisthebasis thatpeople knoweach other.本文是评论一句话不管一个人的翻译有多好，他还是无法满足两种语言的读者的文学要求，但是这个问题对源语文化和目标语文化来说都是存在的作者第一段引入话题，接着提出自己的观点翻译过程中，文化因素的丢失是不可避免的，我们不能让两种文化都满意，最基本的翻译要求就是传达出原文的意思接下来一段，作者详述了我们为什么不能精确地传达出原文本的文化含义第一，有些文化之间差距太大；第二，翻译是有时间限制的，短的时间内我们不能想出完美的翻译；第三，文化交流是必要的，用目标语的形式传达出源语的意思对两国间的文化交流并没有什么作用最后一段作者重申了自己的观点翻译是个复杂的过程，我们不能让两种语言的读者都满意，只能尽最大努力传达出源语的意思中文写作2当.今世界，各大经济体密不可分，各国文化之间的联系也越来越紧密随之而来的，是口笔译活动的空前活跃，口笔译在经济文化交往中扮演着不可或缺而且日益重要的作用同时,，翻译研究当中产生了一个依托社会学视角以人为中心的新领域，即研究和关注现实生活中口笔译译员的生存状况和诉求，以求促进译员和社会之间的良好互动和共同发展根据你对翻译现状的了解，谈一下你对译员与社会两者之间的关系的看法（用中文答题，不少于字）【参考范文】300各国之间的经济交流不断增加，口笔译活动越来越频繁，越来越多的场合需要译员中国近年来对译员的需求越来越大，也有更多的人投入到翻译这一行业中来但是中国的翻译行业尚未得到规范，翻译在整个社会上的地位并不突出，大家仿佛觉得只要会一点目标语言，人人都可以做译员首先，中国对做翻译的人的要求并不高，当然拥有翻译证书的人会更加受欢迎有的国家只有拥有翻译证书的人才可以做翻译，而中国尚未对此做出规定，故许多没有翻译资格证书的人也在做翻译如此一来，质量差的翻译就涌入市场，中文的规范性就受到了挑战其次，译员的社会地位并不高，压力很大许多的翻译活动都是有时间限制的，译员必须在规定的时间内完成翻译，这对译员来说是个不小的挑战而且翻译活动的数量并不是固定的许多译员可能选择年轻时做几年翻译，接着就找了更加稳定的工作，如教师等这样一来，后面从事翻译的人也会跟着前人的脚步，日后也会更换自己的职业译员与社会之间是相互影响的，译员享有高的社会地位与良好的薪资待遇的话，就会有越来越多的人加入这一行业，也会有越来越多的优秀译员出现，推动社会进步，文化交流【解析】本文讲的是译员与社会间的关系，作者首先说明中国的翻译活动越来越频繁，但是中国的翻译行业尚未得到规范，有许多问题存在第一，社会对译员的要求并不高，这就导致了许多质量差的译文流入市场，对中文的危害甚大；第二，译员的工作压力较大，许多译员可能日后就放弃这一职业，转向别的行业，这对后来的译员也会产生影响，优秀译员数量会减少最后作者总结了自己的观点社会与译员相互影响，译员享有高的社会地位与良好的薪资待遇的话，就会有越来越多的人加入这一行业，也会有越来越多的优秀译员出现，推动社会进步，文化交流年北京外国语大学英语学院英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2015812（］I.Translate thefollowingpassageinto Chineseand writeyour translationon theanswersheet.50pointsBetween Desmondsexcursions helikes to accompany metotheChinese Theatre,of which Ihad becomea ferventvotary.Peking isasmuchthe homeoftheChinese TheatreasHollywood isofthefilms.I hadinvited manyfriends toperformances thatI thoughtwonderful,but aftera veryshorttimethey pleadedearache,headache orfrank boredomandbeat ahasty retreat.Desmond wasoneofthe rareexceptions:he understoodinstinctivelytheChinesedrama wasthemostvital ofthe traditionalarts.”发声）A Pekingeseenthusiast ismainly concerned withthevocal sideofthedrama:he goesto thetheaterto enjoysustained anddifficult flightsof falsettosinging ina sociableatmosphere.The plot,which alwaysdrives homea soundmoral,isasubsidiary attraction,andthesame playsare performedyear inyear outto packedhouses oflisteners ascriticalas the audience ofan operain Italy.As forme,I wasfirst struckby parallelswith theElizabethanstage.The ChineseTheatre providedthat idealsynthesis oftheartswhichIhad alwaysbeenseeking,a synthesiswhich only the RussianBallet hadapproached inEurope.It wasa（哑居）harmonious combinationof dialogue,singing,dancing andacrobatics.The beauty ofcostume,make-up andmovement,the subtletyofthepantomime U,were thrillingevenwhen onewas ignorantoftheplot andindifferent tothe music.The techniqueofChinese actorsmade scenerysuperfluous.Everything onthis stagewas simplifiedandintensified.The stageitself projectedsquarely intotheaudiencewithout adrop curtain,though an1embroidered curtainmight hangattheback betweenthetwodoors foractors entrancesandexits,andthefew stageproperties weresymbolic.On thisbare juttingplatform onlythecomedians wereallowed tobe clumsy;all theothers,who specializedina certain typeofrole fromwhich theynever deviated,had to move withdignity,elegance andgrace.In thepopulardrama,which had been perfectedin Pekingsincetheeighteen century,I preferred（舞台造型）,1the militaryor chronicleplays revivingremote periodsofChinesehistory ina shrill,vivid,stylized successionof tableauxteeming withcharacters insumptuous costumeswhoperformed dazzlingfeats inmimic battle,prodigies ofswift,supple andprecisesword-play,tothestaid andsentimental/civiF plays,with theirdemure heroines,socorrectly Confucianand tantalizinglydeliberate,and theirrighteous elderswarbling intothemost improbableof beards.The rhythmicbeautyofthe battle-scenes wasintoxicating;they heightenedones blood（好战的］pressure.And thetechnical resourcesoftheactors seemedinfinite.Being peaceableby；nature,theChinesereserved theirfew bellicosestrains for the theatre,where theybecamesublimated andpolished byart.Sipping teaand nibblingmelon seedsthey blandlywatchedthe evolutionof generalsmore ferociousthan anythingoutside thejungle.To the（盔甲］clash ofgongs,each carryinghis favouriteweapon,as decorativeasitcould bedangerous,the generalsin gorgeouscoats ofmail struttedup likegiant fightingcocks withvastplumes intheir helmets,showing thethick whitesoles ofbuskin-like bootsas theyadvancedin perfecttempo;then theyjuggled withtheir weaponsto exhibittheir skills.Notwo werealike incostume ormake-up.The generalsformed rankswhile thesupremecommander swaggeredinto theirmidst.In voicesof thunderthey proclaimedthat theywerewolves,tigers andleopards eagerforthefray.The supremecommander boastedthath【is参ar考m译yo文fh】eroes wouldsweep hisenemies offthe faceoftheearth.598words]在四处游历之余，戴斯蒙德喜欢陪我去看京剧，当时我已经深深爱上了京剧北京可以算是京剧之乡，正如好莱坞是电影之乡一般我曾经邀请很多朋友去看京剧演出，那些表演在我眼中精彩万分，但不一会儿，他们便叫嚷说耳痛、头痛或者直截了当说它无聊乏味，然后匆匆离场戴斯蒙德与他们不同，这也并不多见，他天赋异禀，能够理解京剧在中国传统艺术中举足重轻的地位京剧爱好者主要关注京剧的声乐方面他来到剧院，在其乐融融中享受京剧演员连续费力的假声，忽高忽低，忽快忽慢虽然情节总能明德彰理，却不那么吸引人同样的剧本年复一年地上演着，底下例无虚席，他们和意大利歌剧的观众一样富有批判精神就个人而言，这是我第一次意识到京剧与伊丽莎白时期的戏剧有异曲同工之妙京剧将我一直追求的艺术完美糅合在一起，这种糅合只有欧洲的俄罗斯芭蕾能望其项背它集对话、歌唱、舞蹈和杂技于一体，各部分和而不同即使对情节一概不知、对音乐漠不关心，美轮美奂的戏服、明艳动人的妆容、精彩绝伦的动作和杂技也让人惊叹不已中国演员技艺精湛，连景物也黯然失色舞台布置虽然简单朴素，但背后却情感暗涌四四方方的舞台立在观众席中，没有垂下的幕布，但是可能会在演员进出的两个门之间拉上一面绣有图案的幕布，舞台道具不多，但都有象征意义在这立于地面之上的敞亮戏台上，只有喜剧演员笨拙难看，其他演员专门扮演某一特定角色却一直举止得体，每一个动作既富有尊严，又优雅大方流行剧种于世纪在北京日臻成熟，其中我更喜欢武戏或历史正戏，咿咿呀呀声活泼生动，一连串舞台造型风格各异，各类角色身穿华服，用眼花缭乱的动作上演一场战争，奇才异土既能在舞剑18中迅速敏捷而灵活精准，又能在“文戏〃中和矜持的女主人公缓缓演绎爱恨情仇，他们的表演精准体现了儒家思想，其完美诠释让人欲罢不能，而正义化身的长者总要戴上最不现实的长胡子，这一切的一切都让遥远的中国历史片段得以重现打斗场景节奏轻快，其妙不可言让人如痴如醉；看到这些打斗场景，人们总会心跳加速演员的技艺似乎无穷无尽中国人天性和平，却将少有的好战特性留给了京剧，在舞台上加以艺术升华和熏陶观众一边品茶，一边嗑瓜子，他们殷切地注视着将军们的下一个动作，这比丛林之外的任何事物都要残酷猛烈锣声响起，每个演员都拿起自己最爱的武器，武器好看而威力十足，将军们身穿鲜艳华丽的盔甲戏服，像大公鸡般趾高气扬地迈起步子，头盔里插着丰满的羽毛，他们不缓不急地前进时，与高筒靴相似的鞋子会露出厚厚的白色鞋底，然后他们舞刀弄枪，大展技艺即便人数众多,也不会出现两名演员戏服相似或妆容接近的情况将军们一列列排开，元帅意气风发地走到他们中间锣声如雷，他们将自己比作豺狼虎豹，急于攻敌元帅胸有成竹,说他的英勇将士会把敌人杀个片甲不留（）II.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishand writeyourtranslationontheanswers大h宛ee之t.迹*5,0见p咱oi张nt骞s张骞，汉中人，建元*中为郎是时天子问匈奴降者，皆言匈奴破月氏王，以其头为饮器，月氏遁逃，而常怨仇匈奴，无与共击之汉方欲事灭胡,闻此言，因欲通使，道必更匈奴中，乃募能使者骞以郎应募，使月氏，与堂邑氏胡奴甘父俱出陇西经匈奴，匈奴得之，传诣单于单于留之，曰“月氏在吾北，汉何以得往使？吾欲使越，汉肯听我乎？”留骞十余岁，与妻，有子，然骞持汉节•不失居匈奴中，益宽，骞因与其属亡乡*月氏，西走数十日，至大宛大宛闻汉之饶财，欲通不得，见骞，喜，问曰〃若欲何之？”骞曰〃为汉使月氏，而为匈奴所闭道今亡,唯王使人导送我诚得至，返汉，汉之赂遗王财物不可胜言〃大宛以为然，遣骞，为发导绎*,抵康居，康居传致大月氏大月氏王已为胡所杀，立其太子为王既臣大夏而居，地肥饶，少寇，志安乐又自以远汉，殊无报胡之心骞从月氏至大夏，竞不能得月氏要领留岁余，还，并*南山，欲从羌中归，复为匈奴所得留岁余，单于死，国内乱，骞与胡妻及堂邑父俱亡归汉汉拜骞为太中大夫，堂邑父为奉使君初，骞行时百余人，去十三岁，唯二人得还（字］注释480迹形迹此指大宛国的土地山川见同“现”发现建元汉武帝第一个年号（前—前）节符节，使者的凭信物140135乡同响”导向导绎通译，翻译并（傍）同旁，*近大宛b、大ng月,氏、康居古代西域国名【参考译文】Zhangqian wasthefirstonetohave discoveredthecountryof Dawan.Zhangqian,one fromHanzhongregion,was animperial bodyguardin JianyuanPeriod ofHan Dynasty.One dayatthat time,the emperorquestioned Xiongnucaptives abouttheir king,they answeredinaccordance thathe drankwine withthe skullof Yuezhisking afterdefeating Yuezhi.Theother Yuezhipeople ranaway,bearing along-standing feudwithXiongnu,but didntrise upwith them to fightagainst theinvaders.Hearing this,the Hanemperor,who wasmeanttowipe outXiongnu then,wanted to send envoyto Yuezhito formacoalition.However,to gettotheland ofYuezhi requiredgoing viaplaces of Xiongnu,so thegovernmentput upa noticeto seekfor capableperson toserve asthe envoyto Yuezhi.Zhang appliedthis position as animperial bodyguardand wentto Longxiwith Ganfu,theformer slaveofXiongnufrom Tangsicounty.When arrivingattheplace ofXiongnu people,they werecaptured andsent tothe kingChanyu,who wouldntlet themgo.Chanyu said:Yuezhi isatthenorth of our land,how couldyou Hanpeople sendenvoy thereIf Isentenvoy toYue,would youagree”Although Zhangwas forcedto staythere formore thantenyears,during which he hadwife andchildren,he stillkept hisofficial seal.After hestayed thereso longastolet Xiongnuloosen theirguard onhim,he ranaway withhismen forYuezhi.Having walkedfor tensof daystothewest,they eventuallyarrived atDawan,the kingofwhichhad heardthat Hanwas richand prosperousand hadwanted tomakeconnections withHan butfailed.The kingwas pleasedto meetZhangqian andaskedhim warmly:where didyou planto stay”Zhangqian answered:“I actedastheenvoy ofHanto Yuezhi,but wascaptured byXiongnu onthewaythere,which preventedme fromgoingforward.Now thatI camehere,I couldonly pleadyour majestytosendpeopletoaccompanyme toYuezhi.If Icould getthere andmake myway backto Han,there isno doubtthat ouremperorwould sendyou numerousjewelries/The kingof Dawanhad thesame thoughtandsent guidetoaccompanyZhangqian toKangju,who transferredhim toYuezhi.They reachedYuezhionly tofind thatthe kinghadbeenkilled byXiongnu andhis sonwas madethe newkingunderthereign ofDaxia.Since theylived assubjects ofDaxia onthe fertileland withfewenemies,they werededicated tolife ofpeace andharmony.Moreover,there wasa longwaybetween theirland andHan,they hadlittle thoughtof revengingagainst Xiongnu.ThenZhangqian wentto Daxiabut stillcouldnt getthe kingto agreetothewar againstXiongnu.After stayingthere forover ayear,Zhangqian decidedto goback.When theywere neartheSouth Mountain,they decidedto govia theland ofQiang andwas againcaptured byXiongnu.More thanone yearlater,Chanyu diedand itbecame turbulentthere.Zhangqian,togetherwith hisXiongnu wifeand Tangsifu,fled toHan.After theyreturned,the emperorappointedZhangqian asthe palacecounselor andGanfu asthe militarychief.Zhangqian hadoverahundred menwith himwhen settingoff forYuezhi atthe ageofthirteen,among whomonly Zhangqianand Tangsifumanaged tocome back.III.Essay-writingWrite approximately300words foreach essay.50points,25points each]英文写作

1.Jeremy Mundayinhiswork IntroducingTranslation Studies2012pointsout:“Bassnettand Lefeverego beyondlanguage andfocus onthe interactionbetween translationandculture,ontheway inwhich cultureimpacts andconstrains translationonthelarger issues1of context,history andconvention/According towhat youhave knownabout westernandChinese translation theories,analyze thestatement aboveand discussthe interactiverelationbetween translationactivities and their historical context,no lessthan300words【参考范文】Translation andHistorical ContextLanguageis inseparablefromthe culture ofacertainhistory phasefor language,as thecarrierof cultureand history,istheembodiment ofall thesubtle andunnoticeableknowledge.While engagedintranslationactivities,translators shouldnttake forgranted theliteralmeaningofwords butshould gobeyond theliteral levelto explorethe impliedculturalmeaning andspecific historicalmeaning.Focusing onthe textliterally willleadpeople notto seethe woodsforthetrees.Jeremy Mundaysstatement stressesthe culturalaspectoftranslation,which canbe understoodboth atthetheorylevel andthe practicelevel.On theone hand,differenthistoricalstages havedifferent culturalinclinations,whichinfluence thetranslationtheoriesat thattime.When moderntranslation beganto flourish,】；Yan Fufirst putforward threetranslation principlesof faithfulness,“expressiveness andeleganceforthelast ofwhichheexplained thattranslators shouldadopt theornamentalrhetorical languagebefore HanDynasty.This isnot onlyimpractical butcontradictory withtheprinciple of“faithfulness becausein noway shouldthelanguageofthetargettextbeas“elegant asthe rhetoricbefore HanDynasty ifthereismuch rudelanguage inthesourcetext.Later onwhen therecame themovement ofvernacular Chinese,other translationtheoriesconcernedwithculture mushroomedsuch asFu Leissimilarity inspirit andQianZhongshus sublimation”.The changeintranslationtheories broughtby historicaleventswill certainlyhave effectson translationactivities.On theother hand,historicalcontextalso playsa roleinthetranslation materials.When thefirstboom ofChinas translationappeared inTang Dynasty,translators weremainly engagedwithtranslation of Buddhism theoriesbecause peopleat thattime weredesperate toseekcomfort fromthe Buddhaso astogetrid ofsuffering.However,aftertheOpium WarwhenChinese peoplerealized thevalue ofwestern theories,masses ofwestern bookswereintroduced toChina throughtranslation,including Marxism,Socialism andliterarymasterpieces.To putitina nutshell,translation isdependent onthecultureof certainhistorical periodboththeoretically andpractically.Translation activitiestake placeunder certaincontext andarelargely influencedby culture.The factorof culturemust betaken intoconsideration intra中ns文la写tio作n practices.2译.者并不是孤立于社会的人在现实翻译活动当中，译者与主流话语、译者与委托人、译者与出版商、译者与隐含读者之间存在着错综复杂的关系在这一关系网中，译者不同的身份和地位都会对译文产生的过程和结果发生微妙甚至决定性的影响关于译者身份和地位对翻译的影响，你有何见解？（用中文答题，不少于字）【参考范文】300王国维在《人间词话》中提到“以我观物，故物皆著我之色彩”，旨在表达个体身份对理解世间万物的影响在翻译实践中，也是如此译者是社会的人，其身份和地位深深影响着其对翻译的理解，并直接影响翻译质量在从事翻译实践时，译者需要正确评价自己的身份和地位，理性对待自己的作品，既要以一己之个体完成作品的翻译，又要跳出个体之外客观评价译作，以翻译原则为准,接受错误并改正但在现实生活中，却并非如此译者如果在翻译上比较有话语权，其对翻译的传播作用也就越大，如此一来，即使有错误之处，大家或盲目崇拜或耳濡目染，便难以纠正而话语权比较小的译者如刚刚进入翻译领域的新人，迫于出版商压力和委托人要求，往往需要违背翻译原则按照他人的要求修改译文内容囿于译者个体地位和各方的关系，译文质量往往会出现波动然而，抛开一切外部因素，译者应该首先忠于文本、作者和读者，这既是译者基本素养，也是规范翻译活动和翻译市场的途径之一作为国内电子书免费制作与发布平台，已有数千位个人作者和数百家机构通过制作与发布了近万种电子书对于所有上传的电子书，本平台有权对文本修改、引用，有权在必要时删除！部3D分电子书中由作者参考的信息内容，可能转载自其它网站或报刊图书，它们的版权属原作者或出版3D人所有，如发现该问题请联系本平台，我们将第一时间进行下架处理对于恶意利用平台漏洞进行盗版、侵权等侵犯他人权益的个人和机构，保留进一步追究法律责任的权利同时声明这些侵犯他人权益的电子书与本平台无任何关系本书的部分内容参考了部分网络资料及相关资料本平台是出于传递更多信息之目的,并不代表故意侵犯原作者或出版人的版权和利益本平台尊重知识产权，要求所有作者发布的电子书引用的文字、图片等资料均需注明作者和来源但有时由于特殊的原因，比如作者姓名或出处在转载之前已经丢失，或者未能及时与作者取得联系等，因而可能没有注明作者的姓名或出处如果原作者或出版人对本书有任何异议，请与我们联系，我们会在第一时间为您处理!扫码即可在手机阅读，随处随学可以不用客户端不用账号，简单方便！免费升级更新并完善内容，终身免费升级5如.购买本书，可终生使用免费自动升级指我们一旦对该产品的内容有所修订、完善,系统立即自动提示您免费在线升级您的产品，您将自动获得最新版本的产品内容真正做到了一次购买，终身使用当您的电子书出现升级提示时，请选择立即升级功能强大记录笔记、答案遮挡等十大功能6本.书具有“知识点串联列举”、“划线添加笔记”、“答案自动遮挡”、“全文检索”等功能（）知识点串联列举一一相同知识点内容列表呈现，便于读者记忆和复习，举一反三,触类旁通【为考试教辅量身定做】1（）划线添加笔记一一使用颜色笔工具，划一条线，写笔记，提交纠错【独家推出】

（2）答案遮挡一一先看题后看答案，学习效果好【独家推出】3（）全文检索一一输入关键词，本书相关内容一览无余【独家推出】4多端并用电脑手机平板等多平台同步使用7本.书一次购买，多端并用，可以在端（在线和下载）、手机（安卓和苹果）、平板（安卓和苹果）等多平台同步使用同一本书，使用不同终端登录，可实现云同步，即更换不同设备所看的电PC子书页码是一样的（）是一家为全国各类考试和专业课学习提供辅导方案【保过班、网授班、电子书、题库】的综合性学习型视频学习网站，拥有近种考试（含个考试科目）、种经典教材（含3D3D英语、经济、管理、证券、金融等共大类），合计近万小时的面授班、网授班课程10041819416特别说明本书的部分内容参考了部分网络资料及相关资料但由于特殊的原因，比如作者姓名或出处在转载之前已经丢失，或者未能及时与作者取得联系等，因而可能没有注明作者的姓名或出处如果原作者或出版人对本书有任何异议，请与我们联系，我们会在第一时间为您处理！本书在编写过程中，得到了许多专家、学者的启发和帮助，在此一并表示诚挚的感谢但限于时间和水平，书中难免存有不足之处，敬请广大读者批评指正！联系电话（）8:30-00:30（）8:30-00:30详情访问编辑部O2011年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2012年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2013年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2014年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2015年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解年北京外国语大学英语学院英汉互译笔译真题及详解2011812I.Translatethefollowing passagesinto Chineseandwriteyourtranslationontheanswersheet.50points,25points eachPassage1It isthe unanimousviewofour committeethatAmericatoday facesa seriousandintensifying challengewith regardto itsfuture competitivenessand standardof living.Further weappear tobe ona losingpath.We arehere todayhoping bothto elevatethenations awarenessofthisdeveloping situationand topropose constructivesolutions.The thrustofourfindings isstraightforward.The standardof livingof Americansin theyearsahead willdepend toaverylarge degreeonthequality ofthe jobsthattheyare abletohold.Without qualityjobs ourcitizens willnot havethe purchasingpower tosupport thestandardof livingwhich theyseek,and towhich manyhavebecomeaccustomed;taxrevenues willnotbegenerated toprovide forstrong nationalsecurity andhealthcare;andthe lackofavibrant domesticconsumer marketwill providea disincentivefor eitherU.S.orforeign companiesto investin jobsin America.；What hasbrought aboutthe currentsituation Theanswer isthattheprosperity equationhasa newingredient aningredient thatsome havereferred toas“The Deathof Distance.In thelast century,breakthroughs inaviation createdthe opportunitytomovepeople andgoodsrapidly andefficiently oververy greatdistances.Bill Gateshas referredto aviationasthe“World WideWeb ofthe twentiethcentury”.In theearly partofthepresent century,weare approachingthe pointwherethecommunication,storage andprocessing ofinformationare nearlyfree.That is,wecannow movenot onlyphysical itemsefficiently overgreatdistances,andwecan alsotransport informationin largevolumes andat littlecost.276w【or参ds考,R译is文in】g Abovethe GatheringStorms我们委员会一致认为今天的美国，其未来的竞争力和生活水平面临着严峻的挑战未来我们似乎在往一条失败的道路上行进所以我们今天在这里希望提高民族对这一发展形势的警惕，来寻求建设性的解决方案根据我们的调查结果，结论简单明了美国生活水平在今后的几年中将很大程度上依靠人们能获得的工作的质量若工作质量不高，公民将无法拥有足够的购买力来维持他们所希望的生活水平，或之前已经习惯了的生活水平；也不能产生税收收入，为国家安全及卫生保健提供强大的支持；而国内消费市场不景气的话，就不能激励美国或国外公司在美国投资，进而不能产生新的工作是什么导致了目前的形势？答案是因为繁荣方程式增加了一个新的因素，有些人把它叫做“距离消失〃在上个世纪，航海上的突破使远距离人和货物有效快速的移动成为了可能比尔盖茨曾经把航海当做“二十世纪的万维网〃在本世纪早期，信息的沟通、存储和处理接近自由，现在，我们不仅能远距离有效的移动具体物件，还能实现低成本，大批量的信息运输Passage2Germany asa wholeis underemployed.Germans inwork putinanaverage of1,430hours in2006,thethird-lowest rateinthe OECD.Even afterthe labour-market reforms,long-termunemployment remainswell abovetheOECDaverage.More thanhalf amillion immigrantscannotdo thejobs forwhich theytrained becauseGermany doesnot recognizetheirqualifications,a caseof credentialismgone wild.A countryin demographicdecline cannotaffordsuch waste.By2035Germanys GDPper personwill fallby8-15%relative tothat inotherrich Europeancountries andin America.To headoff suchrelative decline,Germany needstore-engineer not onlythewelfare statebutits attitudestowards immigrants,women andpeople over60,Against itsconservativeinstincts ithasmadea start.Inthepast tenyears ithad donemore tointegrate minoritiesthanintheprevious

40.When“guest workersfrom Turkey,Italy andGreece floodedin toalleviatelabor shortagesinthe1950sand60s,Germans thoughtthey wouldeventuallyleave again;during the1980sthegovernment triedto paythemtogo.Now itaccepts thatGermanyisanimmigration country.A citizenshiplaw passedin2000which saidthatpeople notborn Germancould becomeso wasfollowed in2005by animmigration lawthatinched openthe doorsfor skilledforeigners.The governmenthas maintaineda cautiousmomentum,balancing welcomewith ademandthat immigrantsadapt toGerman ways.Under anational integrationplan”orchestrated bythegrand coalition,language trainingfor immigrantsandtheirchildren isbeing expandedandbusinesses havepromised tocreate extratraining placesfor migrants.The coalitionsetup astanding“Islam Conferenceto negotiaterelations betweenthe religionandthestate.；Its mainsuccesses wereto establishthat Muslimssee nocontradiction betweentheir faithandGermanys constitution,and toagree inprinciple toteach Islamin stateschools asJu【d参ais考m译a文nd】Christianity alreadyare.323words整体上德国就业不充分在年，德国平均工作时间为个小时，在经济合作与发展组织中工作时间倒数第三甚至在劳动市场改革后，长时间的失业率仍遥遥超出经济合作与发展组织的20061430平均水平超过五十万的移民因德国不承认其资格而不能从事他们已经受训的工作，文凭主义极度疯狂这在一个人口不断减少的国家是实在再浪费不起的到年德国的人均将比其他富裕的欧洲国家和美国下降2035GDPo为了阻止这种相对下降，德国8-需1要5%给其福利现状重新注入活力，改变对待移民妇女和岁以上人群的态度德国从其保守的本能起步，在过去的十年中，在融合少数群体上比前四十年做的还多60在世纪五六十年代，当土耳其、意大利和希腊的客籍工人涌入德国，本可以缓解其劳动力缺乏的状况的时候，德国认为他们最终会离去在世纪八十年代，政府试图出钱让他们离开现在，19德国接受了其作为移民国家的事实在年通过的公民法律中表明非德国本土出生的人可以成19为德国公民，接连出台的年的移民法又规定大开对技术性国外工人的大门20002005政府维护了一种谨慎的动态，既表示了对移民者的欢迎，又与要求他们适应德国方式平衡起来根据大联盟安排的“民族融合计划”，针对移民及其后代的语言训练正在扩大，而商业方面也保证将为移民提供更多的接受工作训练的场所大联盟还成立了长期的“伊斯兰会议〃来协调宗教与国家的关系，其取得的最大成绩就是让穆斯林消除其信仰对德国宪法的矛盾，像犹太教和基督教一样，大体上赞成在公立学校教授伊斯兰教IL TranslatethefollowingpassagesintoEnglishandwriteyourtranslationontheanswersheet.50points,25points eachP美a国ss公ag务e1员工资制度的建立，实质上还是由市场决定的，各种有关工资的法律制度是根据市场变化产生的美国总统、州长、议员等公务员职务还有人去干，这说明他们接受那样的工资标准，因为没人强迫他们去当公务员，所以，现实中几乎听不到公务员抱怨自己的工资低这好比体育比赛，运动员参加比赛就要遵守早已制定好的比赛规则，不能到了比赛场上，说规则对自己不利，要修改美国公务员工资虽然比私企低，但公务员的好处私企职工是无法比拟的，如名声好听、可以建立起人脉关系、假期多、工作清闲、压力小、比较稳定、失业几率小等字《美国公务员工资制度精要及启示》245【参考译文】Wages systemfor Americancivil servants,in fact,depends onmarket;all sortsof lawsaboutwages arebased onthe changesin market.Since suchcivil servantpositionasAmericanpresident,governor,congressmen andso onhave someonewho iswilling todo thejob,thewages systemis acceptableby them,for noone forcesthemtobeacivil servant.Thus,inreality,wecannothear thecivil servantscomplaining thelowness oftheir wages.This islikea sportsgame;once thesportsman hasattended thegame,they shouldobey alltheregulated rules,andtheycannot askfor changingthe rulesafter comingtothegame byjustsaying therules isnot goodfor them.Although thecivil servantshavenosuch highwages thaninthe private company,they cangetincomparable benefitsthataworker intheprivatecompany cannotobtain,such asreputation,good personalconnections,various vacations,ease inwork,small workpressure,relatively stabilityand lowunemployment rate.P诸a佛ss典ag皆e2在天竺天竺言语，与汉异音云其书为天书，语为天语名物不同，传实不易始者维祗难出自天竺，以黄武三年来适武昌仆从受此五百偈本，请其同道竺将炎为译将炎虽善天竺语，未备晓汉其所传言，或得胡语，或以义出音，近于质直仆初嫌其词不雅维祗难日“佛言，依其义不用饰，取其法不以严其传经者当令易晓，勿失厥义，是则为善“座中咸日“老氏称’美言不信，信言不美’仲尼亦云’书不尽言，言不尽意’明圣人意，深邃无极今传胡义，实宜径达”是以自偈受译人口，因循本旨，不加文饰字245【参考译文】Buddhist scripturescome from India.The pronunciationof Indias language isdifferentfrom Chinese,thus,we regardthe scripturesandthelanguage theyuse asthe booksand thelanguagein heaven.With differentevents andnames,toexpressthe original meaningthrough translationis verydifficult...The beginnerWei Zhinan,who wasfromIndia,in thethirdyear ofHuang Wuemperor,came toWu Chang.From himI receivedfive hundredBuddhistscriptures,so Iinvited hiscompanion ZhuJiangyan totranslate thesescriptureswith me.Jiangyan isgood atIndiaslanguage,but hisChinese isnot goodenough.When heinterpretedthe scriptures,sometimes heused Hulanguageakindoflanguage usedbysome northminority nationin China]or somesounds whichare createdaccordingtothemeaning,which madehis interpretationvery straightin meaning.At first,I complainedthathis useofwordswas notgraceful.Wei Zhinansaid,“The translationof Buddhistscriptures shouldexpress theirreal meaningwithout modification,and alsoshould observethe philosophyofBuddhismstrictly.A goodtranslatorshould ensurethatthetranslationisnotonlyunderstood byothers,but also1conforms totheoriginalmeaning/Then allthe peopleontheseat alsosaid,Lao Zieversaid,Beautiful wordsare notbelievable,the realbelievable wordsarenotbeautiful/Wealso haveConfucius sayingthe bookcannot sayeverything;if can,it willlose itsoriginalmeaning/These wisescholars wordsare deepand profoundin meaning.Now WeiZhinanexpresses thereal meaningin Hu.He infact hashad anaccess tothe Buddhistscriptures/From thenon,when Ilisten tothe interpretationof Buddhistscriptures byothers,I willobservetotheoriginalmeaningwithoutmodificationin words.III.Essay-writing:50points,25points each].

1.English writing:Please readthe passageandwriteall essayno lessthan300words]based onthefollowingquestions:1What isthe issuediscussed inthispassage2Give onemore exampletoillustratethe authorspoint ofview.3How toresolve theloss intranslation Why。