考研真题 山东大学外国语学院817专业英语历年考研真题及详解

Table ofContents内容简介目录2015年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解2016年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解2017年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解2018年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解

2.Of Studies【答案】Francis Bacon

3.Captain Singleton【答案】Daniel Defoe

4.A Modestproposal【答案】Jonathan Swift

5.Elegy Writtenin aCountry Churchyard【答案】Thomas Gray

6.My Heartsin theHighlands［答案】Robert Burns

7.Don Juan【答案］George GordonByron

8.Mansfield Park【答案J JaneAusten

9.Wuthering Heights【答案】Emily Bronte

1.To theLighthouse【答案】Virginia WoolfII.Define the following literaryterms6points:

1.Enlightenment Movement【答案The Enlightenment Movement was a progressivemovement,whichflourished inFrance andswept the whole WesternEurope at the time.It was a furtheranceof theRenaissancefrom the14th to the17th century.Its purposewas toenlighten the whole worldwith thelightof modernphilosophical and artistic ideas.It celebratedreasons orrationality,equality andscience.The eighteenth century markedthe beginningof anintellectual movementin Europeknown as theEnlightenmentMovement.【答案】Ode is a type of lyricalstanza.A classicode isstructured inthree majorparts:the strophe,the antistrophe,and theepode.It is an elaboratelystructured poempraising orglorifyingan eventor individual,describing natureintellectually as well asemotionally.There arethreetypical formsof odes:the Pindaric,Horatian,and irregular.Pindaric odesfollow the form andstyleof Pindar.Horatian odesfollow conventionsof Horace;the odesof Horacedeliberatelyimitated theGreek lyricistssuch asAlcaeus andAnacreon.Irregular odesuse rhyme,but notthethree-part form of thePindaric ode,nor the two-or four-line stanzaof theHoratian ode.To dieto sleep-No moreand by a deepto saywe endThe heart-ache anddiethousand natural shocks Thatflesh isheir to;tis aconsummation Devoutlyto bewishd.To die,to sleep-To sleep,perchance todream-ay,theres thetub,For inthatsleep ofdeath wha【dreams maycome,When\ve haveshuffled offthis mortalcoil,Must giveus pause:there:s dierespect Thatmakes calamityof solong life:III.Identify ANDcomment on the following literary text9points:【答案】1This is an excerptof themonologue byHamlet inHamlet written by WilliamShakespeare.This monologuereflects akind ofdilemma.It evokesa question:is thereanymeaning ofmans existenceafter deathHamlet reflectsShakespeares humanistspirit.Hamlefspersonality ofhesitation causeshis tragedy.2This excerptis asoliloquy ofHamlet.It givesexpressions to a complicatedstate ofmindfeeling ofHamlet andprovides apoint ofview on the eventsof theplay.It seemsthat death is abetterchoice becauseit canput an end to all sorrows and misfortunes.But onhis secondthought,he waswondering aboutwhat wouldhappen afterdeath,because in his eyes,death is a mysteriouskingdom,which mightbe moreterrible thanthis world.From thisexcerpt,it can be seenthatHamlet isfull of anger andresentment andpointed outthe evils and corruptionin thecountry.Theworld wasfull of“slings andsorrows”,life was nothing but a seaof troubles:people arebound tosufferfrom thousandnaturalshocks,so theywere groaningand toiling.IV.Essay question15points:Please discuss the causesfor Tesss tragedy inTess of the d,Urbervilles.【答案】1The externalfactors include:the impoverishmentand decayof smallfarmers,Alec andClare,Tesss ignorantfather andmother andVictorian hypocriticalmoral value.This novelhas foritssetting theagricultural regionof thesouthern countriesof England.

①The writertruthfully depictsthe impoverishmentand decayof smallfarmers whobecomehired fieldhands androam thecountry insearch ofseasonal job.These laborersare mercilesslyexploitedby therich landowners.In this novel,we cansee clearlythat one of thereal reasonsthatlead toher exterminationis herimpoverishment.

②Then,in thisnovel,Hardy describeshow Tess was killedby thetimes shelived inclearly.There are two personswho arevery closelyrelated toTesss fate.She,a daughterof poorpeasantshad beenreduced to a wagelaborer,so Alec-the viciouscapitalist powerof the Victorian TimesandClare-the representativeof liberalbourgeoisie killedher cruellyand withoutmercy.It seemedthatAlec was the primeculprit ofTess,but infact,it wasClare whokilled Tessmore cruelly.

③Thirdly,the attitudesof herparents determinedTessstragedyend in a lagerproperty.Tesssfather is a lazypeddler,and hehated towork hard.Her motherwas awoman with a simplerambitionthat shewanted herdaughter torise in the worldby makinga successfulmarriage.Forthese twofacts,she knewher greatresponsibility towork hardto supportthewholefamily.If Tesswas not bornin this poor familyor herfamily was also anoble onethen,if she wasnot soresponsible for her dutyand she wasnotso kind,maybe herlife woundnot endup in this way.

④The lastbut notthe least,Victorian hypocriticalmoral valueis also a maincause toTessstragedy.In Mid-Victorian societybeliefs about the roleof womenwere firmlyfixed.A womanwas considered to be muchinferior to the maleand waslook upon as hisproperty.In lawthechildren of the familywere also the propertyof thehusband.So in thisnovel,deeply influenced bythis value,as Tesssfather didntwork hardto supporttheir family,Tess tookthe responsibilityfirmly,thus leadingher to a way of tragedy.2The internalfactor is the weakness of her character.Besides thoseexternal reasons,it istheweaknessofhercharacterthat leadsher to a sadfate.Tesswas able tofight against theunfairness of the society.She couldface variousdifficulties in life bravely,yet shecouldntextricate herselffrom traditionalmoral principles.She was aware thatshe was the victimof socialviolenceand moral principles.On the other hand,though shedared to beat backthe unjustness,shecouldnt breakwith traditionalmorality completely.Part ThreeAmerican LiteratureI.Identify theauthors of the following literary works1points:

1.The ManThat CorruptedHadleyburg【答案】Mark Twain

2.Typee【答案】Herman Melville

3.Israfel［答案］Edgar AllanPoe

4.The LastTycoon【答案】F.Scott Fitzgerald

5.Sartoris【答案】William Faulkner

6.The Giftof theMagi【答案】O.Henry

7.Miniver Cheevy【答案】Edwin ArlingtonRobinson

8.The Deerslayer【答案】James FenimoreCooper

9.The SeaWolf【答案】Jack London

10.The DivinitySchool Address【答案】Ralph WaldoEmerson

11.Define the following literaryterms6points:【答案】Satire is a genreof literature,and sometimesgraphic andperforming arts,in whichvices,follies,abuses,and shortcomingsare heldup toridicule,ideally with the intentofshaming individuals,corporations,government orsociety itself,into improvement.Although satireis usually meant to behumorous,its greaterpurpose is often toconstruct socialcriticism,using wittodraw attentionto bothparticular andwider issuesin society.A featureof satireis strongirony orsarcasm,and parody,burlesque,exaggeration,juxtaposition,comparison,analogy,and doubleentendreare allfrequently used in satiricalspeech andwriting.

2.puritanism【答案】Puritanism,in the16th and17th century,a movementfor reformin theChurchof England that hada profound influence on the social,political,ethical,and theologicalideasof England and America.Puritanism is the practicesand beliefsof thePuritans.The Puritanswereoriginally members of adivision of the ProtestantChurch.They were a group of serious,religious people,advocating highlyreligious andmoralprinciples.They acceptedthe doctrineofpredestination,original sin and totaldepravity,and limitedatonement througha specialinfusion ofgraceform God.As aculture heritage,Puritanism didhave aprofoundinfluence on the earlyAmerican mind.American Puritanismalso hadan enduringinfluenceonAmerican literature.III.Identify ANDcomment on the following literary text9points:Shrouded in a thindrooping veil of mist,it hoveredfor amoment in the rainbowair;and thenfellswamping backinto thedeep.Crashed thirtyfeet upwards,the watersflashed for an instantlikeheaps offountains,then brokenlysank in a showerofftakes,leaving tilecircling surfacecreamedlike newmilk roundthe marbletrunk of the whale.【答案】1It is from HermanMelvilles JohnMiltons Moby Dick.2MobyDickis natural,beautiful andelegant.It is a gentlejoyousness-a mightymildnessof reposein swiftness,invested thegliding whale.Not thewhite bullJupiter swimmingaway withravishedEurope clingingto hisgraceful horns;his lovely,leering eyessideways intentupon themaid;with smoothbewitching fleetness,rippling straightfor thenuptial bowerin Crete;not Jove,not thatgreat majestySupreme didsurpass theglorified WhiteWhale as he swamso divinely.3Moby-Dick embodiesthe starkforces ofNature;he is the symbolof imaginativelife,oflife whichsurpasses itselfand continuesbeyond intorealms wherefew mendare follow;and hisstrangewhiteness isboth thesign andveilof his mystery.Critics alsopointsout that the whitenessof Moby-Dick addshim sosurpassing abeauty,so malevolenta cunning.Itsuffices tostate that the whitenessof Moby-Dick makeseveryone insaneand fearfulbecauseMelville saysin essencewhiteness is notsomuch acolor as the visibleabsence ofcolor”.And atthe same timethe concreteof allcolors.IV.Essay question15points:Discuss thethematic concernsand artistic features ofThe WasteLand.【答案】1The WasteLand is a434-line modernistpoem byEliot publishedin

1922.It has beencalled one of the most importantpoems of the20th century.Despite the poems obscurity—itsshifts betweensatire andprophecy,its abruptand unannouncedchanges ofspeaker,location andtime,its elegiacbut intimidatingsummoning upof avast anddissonant rangeof culturesandliteratures—the poemhas becomea familiartouchstone ofmodern literature.2The styleof thework inpart growsout ofEliots interestin exploringthe possibilitiesofdramatic monologue.The WasteLand is not asingle monologue.Instead,it is made upof awidevariety ofvoices sometimesin monologue,dialogue,or withmore thantwo charactersspeaking.3The styleof thepoem overallis markedby thehundreds of allusions andquotationsfrom othertexts classicand obscure;high-brow andlow-brow that Eliot pepperedthroughout thepoem.Tn additionto themany high-brow”references andquotes frompoets likeBaudelaire,Shakespeare,Eliot alsoincluded acouple ofreferences tolowbrow^genres.A goodexample ofthis is Eliofsquote from the1912popular song“the ShakespearianRag bylyricists HermanRubyand GeneBuck.There werealsoanumber oflow-brow referencesin theopening sectionof Eliotsoriginalmanuscript,but theywere removedfrom the final draftafter Eliotcut thisoriginal openingsection.In addition,The WasteLand is notable for its seeminglydisjointed structure,indicative ofthemodernist styleof James Joyces Ulysses.In themodernist style,Eliot jumpsfrom onevoice orimageto anotherwithout clearlydelineating theseshifts for the reader.He alsoincludes phrasesfrommultiple foreignlanguages.4As for the theme,The WasteLand isprimarily regarded as apoem thatepitomizes thechaoticlife ofboth individualsand societyin the20th century.Thematically,it reflectsthedisillusionment and despair of the post-World Warone generation.The WorldthatEliotportrays inhispoem is one in which faithin divinelyordered eventsand arationally organizeduniverse hasbeentotally lost.There issterility andwaste everywherethat hasreplaced traditionalorder andfertility.The poem is notjust areflection of individual hopelessnessanddespair,but apanoramicview of the totalspiritual exhaustionthat hasovertaken themodern world.The sterile,modern-dayhuman societywaits indire distressfor arevival orregeneration thatmay nevercome.Both thevegetationmyths and the GrailRomances that are frequentlyreferred toin thepoem servestounderscore Eliotsmain theme—the questfor spiritualsalvation ormoral regeneration.年山东大学专业英语考研真题及详解2016817Part OneLinguisticsI.Make commentson the following definitionsof linguisticterms The term definedisunderlined20points:

1.The minimalunit ofmeaning istraditionally calledmorpheme.【答案】Morpheme is the smallestunit of language in terms of the relationshipbetweenexpression andcontent,a unitthat cannot be dividedinto furthersmaller unitswithoutdestroying ordrastically alteringthe meaning,whether it is lexicalor grammatical.Morphemes areusuallyarbitrary.There isno naturalconnection between their soundand theirmeaning.

2.Syntax is the study of howwords combineto form sentences.【答案】In linguistics,syntax refers to the study of the rulesgoverning the waywords are combined to formsentencesin a language,or the study of the interrelationships betweenelements insentence structures,or simply,the study of the formation of sentences.Therefore,itstrue.

3.Predication analysisis animportant approach to the analysis ofsentential meaning.【答案】Predication analysiswas proposedby theBritish linguistG.Leech,whichapplies toall formsof a sentence,including statements,imperative and interrogative forms.Ifs awayto analyzethe meaning of sentences.

4.According to the Politeness Principle PPfor short,one needsto minimizeother thingsbeingequal the expression ofimpolite beliefs.【答案】PolitenessPrincipleshows thatone not only needsto minimizetheexpression ofimpolite beliefsbut alsoto maximizetheexpressionof politeones.Thus,thedefinition given is not totally correct.

5.Language isthe systematic,conventional useof sounds,signs,or writtensymbols in ahuman societyfor communication and self-expression.David Crystal【答案】Language is a systemof arbitraryvocal symbolsused forhumancommunication.And language is vocalbecause theprimary mediumfor alllanguages issound.Thus,the definitiongivenisnottotallycorrect.II.Analyze the following15points:-Noun•Verb-Adjectiveeyeball horsemandaybreak ice-richlighdiouse spoon-feedNoun-spotlight lip-read headstrong一chain-smdcediread-bareVerb-pick-pocket snapshotcrash cairyallcrybabytell-tale landsleepwalkgreenhouse一Adjective-whitewash drybitter-s^Tatblack-holeYlean fine-tune all-new deaf-muteblueprint1Comment on the word formation processas illustratedin the following table.【答案】All the words formedin the table belongto thecompositional typeof the word formation.That means they usuallyconsist ofmore thanone lexicalmorpheme orjust twoseparate words toproduce asingle form.According to thetable,the compoundscan beformed withdifferent classes.For example,noun compoundscan be N+N,V+N,Adj+N,V+N;verb compoundscan beN+V,adjectivecompounds can beN+Adj,Adj+Adj.【答题思路】本题考查英语构词法的相关知识表格中的单词都可视为复合词,即由一个以上词汇语素构成的词，或者由两个独立的词连接起来构成新的形式bigsmall sin*married parentchild2What are the senserelations in the followingpairs of words Explain.【答案】3“big andsmall”are gradableantonymyFirstly,the members of a pair differ interms of degreeand usually they can be modifiedbyvery”.Secondly,antonyms of this kind are gradedagainst differentnorms.Lastly,one memberofa pair,usuallytheterm for the higherdegree,serves asthe coverterm which isusuallyunmarked.4single andmarriecT are complementary antonymyThe membersof apairin thistype arecomplementary toeach other.That is,they divideupthe wholeof asemantic fieldcompletely.Not onlythe assertionof onemeans the denial of theother,thedenialof onealso meansthe assertionof the other.That means,not single”equals“married”and itsalso rightthe otherway around.5“parent andchild“are converseantonymyThemembersof thispair showthe reversalof arelationship betweentwo entities.Thats tosay,X isthe parentof Ymeansthe same asY isthe childof X.It isthe samerelationship seenfromtwo differentangles.【答题思路】本题考查“反义关系”反义关系可分成等级反义关系、互补反义关系及反向反义关系III.Distinguish the following linguisticspairs20points:

1.voiceless andvoiced sounds【答案】1Speech soundswhich areproduced with the vocalCORDS vibratingare called“voiced”.Such vibrationcan befelt whentouching theneck in the regionof theLARYNX.Forexample,vowels areusually voiced,and,in English:

①the/d/in/den/den is a voicedstop;

②the/z/in/ziijk/zinc is a voicedfricative.2Speech soundswhich areproduced without vibration of the vocalcords are called“voiceless”.For example,in English:

①the/t/in/tin/tin is a voicelessstop;

②the/s/in/sasd/sad isa voiceless fricative.3When a speech soundwhich isnormally voicedis pronouncedwithoutvibrationoronly slightvibration,thisiscalled devoicing.Devoicing ofvoiced consonantsoften occursinEnglish when they areat the end of a word.【答题思路】本题考查清音和浊音的区别答题时，需引用例子来辅助说明什么是清音及什么是浊音

2.dialect andregister【答案】1Traditionally,the notiondialect”is restrictedto thekind of language showingvariationin space.It is different fromlanguage inthat it is considereda distinctentity,yet notdistinctenough from other dialectsof thelanguage to be regarded as a different language.Today,the interpretationof dialectis multidimensional.It takesinto accountall variationsarising fromdifferencesamong users,namely,the space,the temporalfactor and the socialdistance.2Register is aspeechvariety usedby a particular groupof people,usually sharingthesame occupatione.g.doctors,lawyers orthe sameinterests e.g.stamp collectors,baseball fans.A particularregister oftendistinguishes itselffromotherregisters byhaving anumber ofdistinctivewords,by usingwords orphrases ina particularway e.g.in tennis:deuce,love,tramlines,and sometimesby specialgrammatical constructionse.g.legal language.【答题思路】本题考查方言和语域的区别首先分别陈述两者的概念，然后简单阐述区别IV・Make commentson the following statementsandexplain howfar youagree ordisagreewith itthem15points:Modern English isdifferentfrom Old English inthat theformer isa synthetic language whilethelatter is an analyticlanguage.【答案】1All languageschange overtime thoughthey doso ratherslowly,such asthe longprocessfrom Old English toModern English.And thechanges can be foundat differentlinguisticlevels such as in the phonology,morphology,syntax,lexicon andsemantic componentsof thegrammar.2Changes atphonological levelare particularlynoticeable andvaried.But itspossible towork out patternsof pronunciationchanges throughoutthe historyof the English language.3Morphological andsyntactic changesalso occurin thehistory.Morphological changesaremainly from the addition and loss of affixes;syntactic changes are from the word order andsentencestructure.However,there arealso somerelation between OldEnglish and ModernEnglish.For example,the wordorder ofOldEnglishwas somehowvariable fromthat ofModernEnglish.4The lexicalchangesarecomparatively moreobvious andnoticeable,which isusuallyby theways of additionandloss of words such as coinage,clipped words,blending,acronyms,back-formation,functional shiftand borrowing.5The wordmeanings alsochange overtime,such asthe processesof widening,narrowingand shiftin meaning.For exampleJhoHday”is anexample ofsemantic broadening;while,deer isacase ofsemantic narrowing.6On theone hand,there aremany differences betweenOldEnglishandModern Englishthroughthose changesdiscussed above,and itsnot onlyconcerned withwhether asyntheticlanguage or analytic one.On the other hand,there arealso closerelationshipsbetweenOld EnglishandModern Englishaccording to the explanationsof syntacticchanges orchanges ofwordmeaning.【答题思路】本题考查现代英语和古英语的差异首先从语音、形态、句法以及语义等层面探讨现代英语的变化，然后总结观点Part TwoBritish Literature（）I.Identify theauthors of the following literary workslOpoints:

1.Jude theObscure【答案】Thomas Hardy【解析】Jude theObscure（《无名的裘德》）是托马斯•哈代的作品

2.Lady Chatterley,s lover【答案】D.H.Lawrence【解析】Lady Chatterley*slover（《查特莱夫人的情人》）是劳伦斯的作品

3.The DevilsDisciple【答案J GeorgeBernard Shaw【解析】The DevilsDisciple（《魔鬼的门徒》）是萧伯纳的作品

4.The Idylls of the King【答案】Alfred Tennyson【解析】The Idyllsof theKing（《国王叙事诗》）是阿尔弗雷德•丁尼生的作品

5.The Millon theFloss【答案】George Eliot［解析］The Millon theFloss（《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》）是乔治•艾略特的作品

6.Great Expectations【答案】Charles Dickens【解析】Great Expectations（《远大前程》）是查尔斯•狄更斯的作品

7.Ode toa Nightingale【答案】John Keats【解析】Ode toa Nightingale（《夜莺颂》）是约翰•济慈的作品

8.Essay onCriticism【答案】Alexander Pope【解析】Essay onCriticism（《批评论》）是亚历山大•蒲柏的作品

9.The Vicarof Wakefield【答案】Oliver Goldsmith【解析】The VicarofWakefield（《威克菲尔德牧师传》）是奥利弗•戈德史密斯的作品

10.The Tamingof theShrew【答案】William Shakespeare【解析】The Tamingof theShrew（《驯悍记》）是威廉•莎士比亚的作品

11.Define the followingliteraryterms（6points）:

1.Humanism【答案】A19th-century termfor thevalues andideals of the EuropeanRenaissance,which placeda newemphasis on the expansionof humancapacities.Reviving thestudyofGreekand Romanhistory,philosophy andarts,the Renaissancehumanists developedan imageof“MarTmore positiveand hopefulthan that of medievalascetic Christianity:rather thanbeing amiserablesinner awaitingredemption froma pitof fleshlycorruption,“Man”was asource ofinfinitepossibilities,ideally developingtowards abalance ofphysical,spiritual,moral and intellectualfaculties.

2.Conceit【答案】Aside fromits commonusage,signifying excessivepride”,in literaryterms,a conceit isanextended metaphorwith acomplex logicthat governsa poeticpassage orentirepoem.（）

111.Identify ANDcomment on the followingliterary text9points:Forlorn!the veryword islike abelt Totoil meback from thee tomy soleself Adieu!the fancycannot cheatso wellAs she is famdto do,deceiving elf•【答案】1The poemis takenfrom Ode toaNightingale byJohn Keats.2The poemwas composedatatime whenthe poetwas sufferingan emotionalupheaval oftheutmost intensity.In thepoem,“forlorn“means“long pastaswellas“sorrowfill；in theformerstanza,the poetvisualizes himselfenjoying themusic of the nightingale.Then the above poemdepictsthe fadingof thebird-song,and thecoming backof the poet to face the reality.The poemisvery freein itsmovement,very sensuousin imageryand isfilled withpassion withoutanyembedded philosophy.It appealsdirectly to the heartfor itsimmediate response.It hassince beenrankedamong thebest lyricsin the English language.IV・Essay question15points:Please brieflydiscussthesimilarities anddifferencesbetweenJane Eyreand WutheringHeightsin artistic features and themes.【答案】1Similarities:Jane Eyreby CharlotteBronte andWuthering Heightsby EmilyBronte belongto the English19lh centuryVictorian periodnovels.The twonovels belongto realisticnovel,which isacombination betweentherealityand imagination.The twonovels portraytypical personalitiesinthe typicalenvironment withGothic elementsand they are bothlong narrativesof a storyconcerning femalecharacters.2Differences:

①Jane Eyreis CharlotteBrontes bestnovels whichintroduces to theEnglishnovel the firstgoverness heroineby thefirst-person narrativechronically.Thematically,in thisnovel,Charlotteexpresses herdemocratic protestagainstthesuppression ofpersonality inVictorian England.Alsoshe attackedthe greed,petty tyrannyand lack of cultureamong thebourgeoisie andsympathizedwith thesufferings of the poorpeople.More importantly,inthisnovel,Charlotte claimsequalitybetween menand womanthrough Janesrelations withRochester.Stylistically,in writingJane Eyre,Charlotte chieflyresorts to the realisticapproach,but herrealism isheightened byher sparkleofromantic imagination.The novelis markedthroughout byintensity:intensity ofvision in thedescriptive passages,intensity offeeling in the emotionalscene.The passionateinvolvement of theheroine inevery situationendows the novel with the qualityof poetry,even in the mediumof prose.

②Withering Heightshasbeenexalted byrecent westerncriticism as among thegreatest novelsof theVictorianage.The storyis unfoldedinanunusual way,being begunnear thedenouement andtracedback tothe eventslong before.The main narrative istold by Nelly,Catherines oldnurse,toMr.Lockwood,a temporarytenant atGrange.The lattertoo givesan accountof whathe seesatWuthering Heights.In the mainnarrativebyNellyinserts thesub-narrative toldthrough Isabellaslettersto Nelly.While thecentral interestis maintained,the sequenceof itsdevelopment isconstantlydisordered byflashbacks;this makesthe storyall the more enticingand genuine.Thetheme of thenovelon thesurface isclass persecutionbrought byclass prejudice,and theterriblerevenge asretaliation.But indepth it can betaken as an allegoryof theconflicts betweentheprinciples ofstorm andcalm.It isastoryof howharmony isdestroyed andreestablished.Part ThreeAmerican Literature（）I.Identify theauthors ofthefollowingliterary works10points:

1.Leaves ofGrass【答案】Walt Whitman【解析】Leaves ofGrass（《草叶集》）是沃尔特•惠特曼的作品

2.Rappaccinis Daughter【答案】Nathaniel Hawthorne【解析】RappaccinisDaughter（《拉巴契尼的女儿》）是纳撒尼尔•霍桑的作品

3.Invisible Man【答案】Ralph Ellison【解析】Invisible Man（《隐形人》）是拉尔夫•艾里森的作品

4.The Beautifuland theDamned【答案】Francis ScottFitzgerald【解析】The Beautifuland theDamned（《美丽与毁灭》）是弗朗西斯•菲茨杰拉德的作品

5.Absalom,Absalom!【答案】William CuthbertFaulkner【解析】Absalom,Absalom!（《押沙龙，押沙龙！》）是福克纳的作品

6.The Titan【答案】Theodore Dreiser【解析】The Titan（《巨人》）是西奥多•德莱塞的作品

7.The Cantos【答案］Ezra LoomisPound【解析】The Cantos（《诗章》）是埃兹拉•庞德的作品

8.The Pathfinder【答案】James FenimoreCooper【解析】The Pathfinder（《探路人》）是詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库柏的作品

9.The WhiteFang【答案】Jack London【解析】The WhiteFang（《白牙》）是杰克•伦敦的作品（）

1.Self-Reliance【答案】Ralph WaldoEmerson【解析】Self-Reliance（《论自助》）拉尔夫•瓦尔多•爱默生的作品II.Define thefollowingliteraryterms（6points）:

1.local color【答案】Local Colorismor Regionalismas atrend firstcame toprominence in thelate19th centuryin America.The localcolorists weredevoted tocapturing theunique customs,manners,speech,folklore,and otherqualities of a particularregional community,usually inhumorousshort stories.The mostfamous ofthe localcolorists wasMark Twain,with hismasterpieceThe Adventuresof HuckleberryFinn;others worksbelonging toLocal ColorismincludedBret HartesThe Luckof RoaringCamp,George WashingtonCables Kincaidsbattery,Joel ChandlerHarriss UncleRemus,Kate ChopinsThe Awakeningand SarahOrne JewettsCountryofthePointed Firs.

2.allusion【答案】A referencetoaperson,a place,an event,or aliterary workthat awriterexpects thereader torecognize andrespond to.An allusionmay bedrawn fromhistory,geography,literature,or religion.III.Identify ANDcomment on thefollowingliterary text9points:When itmost closelyallies itselfto Beauty:the death,then,of abeautiful womanis,unquestionably,themostpoetical topicin the world-and equallyis itbeyond doubtthat thelips bestsuitedfor suchtopic arethose of a bereavedlover.【答案】The passageis takenfromthePhilosophy ofcompetition byEdgar AllanPoe.Poe developeda theoryof poetry.The aboveparagraph isrelated toPoes theoryabout themesofhis works.He holdsthat poetry isthecreation ofbeauty,which isthe solelegitimate provinceofa poem.The toneof itshighest manifestationisoneof sadness.The deathof abeautiful womanisthe mostpotential topic.The immediateobject of poetryispleasure,not truth.This objectisindefinite,not definitepleasure.Both inhis poetryandinhis fictionhe wroteabout dyingladies,about sickness,about abnormalrather thannormal love.He continuallyemphasized estrangement,disappearance,silence,oblivion,and allideas whichsuggest nonbeing.Poe isgenerally regarded asa pioneeringaesthetician,psychological investigator,literary technician and hisinfluence onAmericanliterary circlescan neverbe overrated.IV.Essay question15points:Discuss the themes andartisticfeaturesof Emily Dickinsons poems.【答案】1themes:

①Love,death,pain and nature aresubjects Dickinsondwells onand Dickinsonspoems areusuallybased onher ownexperiences,her sorrowsand joys.Among thesethemes,deathisthe mostimportantone.

②EmilyDickinsonwasapessimistic poet,Dickinson hada tragicmessage.Dickinson seemstohave accepteddeath as an inevitableconclusion oflife.Her greatestlyrics areon the theme ofdeath,personified asa monarch,a lord,or akind butirresistible lover,yet hermoods variedwidelyfrom melancholyto exuberance,grief tojoy andleadened despairto spiritualintoxication.Shesensed theinherent beautyand thefrightening coldnessoftheworld.She perceivedbeauty in thewholeness andharmonious relationshipsof nature,and herworks reflecteda spiritualunrest and anawareness ofthe humanpredicament thatdefied alleasy categories.

③She wroteof God,man,andnaturewith aknowledge thatseemed impossiblefor aperson solimitedlyexperienced.She knewlove anddeath asfew wouldhave knownthem.2artisticfeatures:

①Her poemis short,condensed andoften based onasingle imageor symbol,it isremarkablefor itsvariety,subtlety,and richness.Dickinsons poetryis uniqueand unconventionalin itsownway.Her poemshave notitles,hence arealways quotedby theirfirst lines.©Influenced byChristian tradition,she usedthe Biblicallanguage andallusions andstrikinglyilluminated hiddenrecesses in the humansoul.She wasreligiously oriented.She wrotepoems thatcouldbe sung,asamatter offact,just likea Christianhymn.

③Use ofthe personaT.She wouldpretend to be asmall girland writecute littlepoems withwhichshe examinedpersonal emotion.

④Use ofparadox andirony,unorthodox syntaxand punctuation.For example,she usedthesubjunctive wherethe indicativeshould be used.She oftendid not inflect thethird personsingularform ofthe verb.She justleft ituninflected.Her capitalizationand dasheswere oftenused willfully.

⑤Counter-poetic style.Her counter-poetic styleis characterizedby lexicalsurprises,frequentuse ofoxymoron andsynaesthesia,which createa worldof resonantpossibility.©Innovation in rhyme.She wasnot restrictedby fullrhyme.Moon,soon,coon,swoon”arefull rhymeswith the same voweland the same consonant.But sheused consonance”which meanssimilarityof finalconsonants,but notvowels such as reach—touch/5And theother kind of rhymesheused isassonance.For assonance,thefinalvowel soundscorrespond,but theconsonants aredifferent.Consonance andassonance breakthe rulesofpoetry.3On thewhole,her poetryis irregularinrhymeand rhythm.Dickinsons styleischaracteristic offrequent useof dashes,sporadic capitalizationof nouns,convoluted andungrammaticalphrasing,off-rhymes,broken meters,bold andunconventional andoften startlingmetaphors,and aphoristicwit.年山东大学专业英语考研真题及详解2017817Part OneLinguisticsI.Define thefollowing terms20points,4points each:

1.glottal stop【答案】Glottal soundsare madewiththetwo piecesof vocal folds pushedtowardseach other.The glottalstop isformed bybringing togetherthe vocalfolds,building uppressurebehind themas for a stop and thenreleasing thevocalfolds.Because ofsuchagesture,it is more ofthelack ofsound thana sound.

2.lexeme【答案】A lexemeisa unit oflexical meaning that existsregardless ofthe numberofinflectional endingsit may have orthe numberofwordsit maycontain.It isa basicunit ofmeaning,and theheadwords ofa dictionaryare alllexemes.Put moretechnically,a lexemeis anabstractunit ofmorphological analysisin linguistics,which roughlycorresponds toa set of formstakenbyasingle word.For example,in theterminology language,run,runs,ran andrunning areformsofthesame lexeme,conventionally writtenas run.

3.exocentric construction【答案】Exocentric constructionrefers toa constructionwhose distributionis notfunctionallyequivalent to any of its constituents,none ofwhich servesasanoticeable heador acenterofthewhole.Like theprepositional phraseon thedesk,thewholeconstruction hasadifferent grammaticalfunction fromeither itsconstituents onorthedesk.They cannotsubstitutefor eachother.

4.lingua franca【答案】A lingua franca,also knownasabridge language,common language,trade language or vehicularlanguage,isa language ordialect systematicallyused tomakecommunication possiblebetween peoplewho do not sharea nativelanguage ordialect,particularly whenit isa thirdlanguage that is distinctfrom bothnative languages.Pidgins andcreolesoften functionas linguafrancas.

5.ethnography of communication【答案】The ethnographyof communicationEOC,formerly called theethnography ofspeaking,istheanalysis ofcommunication withinthe widercontext ofthe socialand cultural practicesand beliefsofthemembersofaparticularculture orspeech community.It isa method ofdiscourse analysisin linguisticsthat drawsontheanthropological fieldof ethnography.Unlike ethnographyproper,though,EOC takesinto accountboth thecommunicative form,whichmay includebut isnot limitedto spokenlanguage,and itsfunction withinthe givenculture.II.Analyze thefollowing15points:

1.Which segmentsinthefollowing phrasesare mostlikely tobe affectedby coarticulationeffects7points1Black people2East China【答案】1Coarticulation in its generalsense refers toasituation in which a conceptually isolatedspeech sound isinfluencedby,and becomesmore like,a precedingor followingspeech sound.There aretwo typesof coarticulation:anticipatory coarticulation,when afeature orcharacteristicof aspeech soundis anticipatedduring theproduction ofa precedingspeechsound;and carryoverorperseverative coarticulation,whentheeffects ofa soundare seenduring theproduction ofsounds thatfollow.2In the given twophrases,the segmentofthe ending sound[k]of black”may beaffectedby theco-articulation effectsdue tothe influenceofthefollowing sound[p]inthephrase“blackpeople”.Because[k]isavoiceless velarstopand[p]isavoiceless bilabialstop,the sound of[k]may beslightly omitted.Similarly,inthephrase“east China”,the endingsoundofeast[t]may beaffectedby thefollowing sound[tj],avoicelessaffricate,and beomitted too.【答题思路】本题考查协同发音的相关知识首先解释协同发音的含义，然后结合题干中的词组进行分析

2.It hasbeen foundthat inhuman brainBrocas areais mainlyresponsible fbrspeechproduction,while Wernickesarea primarilyfbr languagereception.Indicate whichofthe内容简介考研真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，有效指明复习方向为了帮助参加山东大学外国语学院“817专业英语”考试科目的考生复习备考，精心编著了配套辅导用书手机端及电脑端均可同步使用

1.山东大学外国语学院817专业英语历年考研真题及详解

2.山东大学外国语学院817专业英语考研全套资料

3.山东大学外国语学院817专业英语考研题库【历年真题+章节题库+模拟试题】本书收集了山东大学外国语学院“专业英语”2015〜2018年的考研真题，且所有真题均提供详细的参考答案及解析说明本书精心搜集了市面上的历年真题，并整理了答案详解，备考价值尤为珍贵！若需要纸质内容，可以申请定制打印版，详情咨询在线客服！为公司旗下的主营业务网站，主要销售公司的10万种电子书视频、题库、直播；同时通过电子书平台，任何人都可以免费制作自有版权的富媒体电子书APP下载/app联系电话8:30-00:308:30-00:30编辑部following-utterances ismade by1Brocas aphasicsand which ismadeby2Wernickes aphasics,and giveyour reasons.8pointsa.Goodnight andinthepansy Icant saybut intoa flipdooryou cansee it.b.Well...sunset...uh...horses nine,no,uh two,tails wantswish.,c.Oh,...if Icould Iwould,andasick oldman disflineda sinter,minter.d.Words...words...words...two,four,six,eight,...blaze amhe.【答案】1Aphasia isa communicationdisorder thatresults fromdamage orinjury to languageparts ofthe brain.Aphasia getsinthewayofa personsability to use orunderstand words.Aphasiadoes notimpair thepersons intelligence.People whohave aphasiamayhavedifficulty speakingandfinding theright“wordstocomplete theirthoughts.They mayalso haveproblemsunderstanding conversation,reading andcomprehending writtenwords,writing words,and usingnumbers.2Brocas aphasiais causedby damageto ordevelopmental issuesin anteriorregions ofthebrain andis characterizedby thelossofthe abilityto producelanguage.Sufferers ofthis formofaphasis exhibitthe commonproblem ofagrammatism.For them,speech isdifficult toinitiate,non-fluent andhalting.Intonation andstress patternsare deficient.Language isreduced todisjoindedwords and sentence constructionispoor,omitting functionwords andinflections.Thussentence bandsentencedare the symptomsof Brocasaphasia.3Wernickes aphasiais alsoknownasreceptive aphasia and fluentaphasia.People withthis kind ofaphasia canspeak withnormal grammar,syntax,rate,intonation andstress,but theyareunable tounderstand language initswritten orspoken form.They speaknormally butuserandom orinvented words;leave outkey words;substitute wordsor verbtenses,pronouns orprepositions;and uttersentences thatdonotmake sense.They can also havea tendencyto talkexcessively.Thus sentenceaandsentence caretheperformance ofWernickes aphasics.【答题思路】本题考查失语症的相关知识布洛卡失语症的主要特征是无法正常使用语言进行表达，而韦尼克氏失语的主要表现是无法准确理解语言，前者是语言产出能力的丧失，后者是语言输入理解能力的丧失III.Distinguish thefollowing linguisticpairs20points,10points each:

1.descriptive approachand prescriptiveapproach【答案】1Descriptive approachto languagetries toexplain thingsas theyactually are,not aswewish themtobe.Descriptive approachtolanguagetries tofind theunconscious rules that peoplefollowwhen theysay things.2Descriptive usagesare generallyunderstood anddont need tobetaught,especially tonativespeakers.Because descriptivistsmore easilyaccept changedue tosyntax modificationsandcultural influences,they believelanguage islearned orunderstood,rather thantaught.For example,you dontneedtoteach studentsthat yourvoice goesdown at theend ofastatement andup attheend ofa question.However,prescriptive rulesmust betaught andoften involvevalue judgments,according topresent-day linguisticsprofessors.3Prescriptive anddescriptive theoristsdiffer ontheir approachto instruction.Prescriptivists typicallyabide bytraditional elementsthat striveto preservelong-lastinggrammatical rules,word forms,processes,or behaviors,even if the rulesare outdated.Descriptivists allowfor changeand arewilling toforgo somerules tofit currentnorms.Forexample,descriptivists mightallow studentsto useeither“slow orslowly”to modifya verbbecausepeople oftenuse the words interchangeably.However,prescriptivists wouldsay“slowly“istheonly formofthe word slowthat shouldbe usedasanadverb.4Prescription seeksto definestandard languageforms andgive adviceon effectivelanguageuse,and canbe thoughtof asa presentationofthefruits ofdescriptive researchin alearnableform,though italso drawson moresubjective aspects of languageaesthetics.Prescriptionand descriptionarecomplementary,but havedifferent prioritiesand sometimesare seentobeinconflict.Descriptivism isthe beliefthat descriptionismoresignificant orimportant toteach,study,and practicethan prescription.【答题思路】本题考查规定语言学和描述语言学的区分首先总体阐述二者的侧重点，然后可以结合具体的例子分别阐述二者在语言研究和实践等方面的差异

2.anaphora and cataphora【答案】1Anaphora andcataphora are both akind ofcohesive devicein orderto achievecohesionand coherence.Cohesion isthe grammaticaland lexicallinking within a textor sentencethat holdsa text togetherand givesit meaning.It isrelated tothe broaderconcept ofcoherence.2In linguistics,anaphora isthe useof an expression whoseinterpretation depends uponanother expressionin contextits antecedentor postcedent.In anarrower sense,anaphora istheuse of anexpression that dependsspecifically uponan antecedentexpression andthus iscontrastedwith cataphora,which isthe useof anexpressionthatdependsupona postcedentexpression.Theanaphoric referringterm iscalled an anaphor.For example,inthe sentence Sallyarrived,butnobody sawher,the pronounher isananaphor,referring backtotheantecedent Sally.In thesentenceBefore herarrival,nobody sawSally,the pronounher refersforward tothe postcedentSally,so heris nowa cataphorandananaphor inthe broader,but notthe narrower,sense.Usually,an anaphoricexpression isa preformor someother kindof deicticcontextually-dependent expression.3Both anaphoraandcataphoraare speciesof endophora,referring tosomethingmentioned elsewhereinadialog ortext,which isopposite toexophora,which isreference tosomethingextralinguistic,i.e.notinthesametext.【答题思路】本题考查回指和后指的区分首先分析二者的相同点，即都属于衔接手段中的照应境内照应；然后比较二者的差异IV.Discuss atleast twomajor waysinwhichlanguage helpsshape ourculture15points:【答案】1Language isan indispensablecarrier of culture.Culture findsa betterrepresentationthrough languageuse.2Language isan essentiallya vehiclefor transmittinginformation andideas,so languagecanbe seenprimarily asa vehiclefor transmittingthe culture.Through language,we cancommunicatewith eachother andduring thisprocess,different culturesare exchangedand thespeakerscan knowmore aboutthe cultureofthelanguage theytalk andhelp transmittheir culturetoothers byusing languageasamedium.3On theother hand,language issymbolic actionthat createsthe substanceofculture.People uselangauge tocreate andindicate thosethings thatbecome regardedas importantandsignificant.4According toSapir-Whorf Hypothesis,our languagehelps mouldour wayof thinkingandconsequently,different languagesmay probablyexpress theirunique waysof understandingtheworld.Following hisargument,two importantpoints couldbe capturedinthistheory.On theonehand,language maydetermine ourthinking patterns;ontheother,similarity betweenlanguagesis relative.For twodifferent speechcommunities,the greatertheir structuraldifferentiationsare,themorediverse theirconceptualization oftheworldwill be.For thisreason,this hypothesishas alternativelybeen referredto aslinguistic determinismand linguisticrelativity.Thus itis evidentthat languageplays animportant rolein creatingand transmittingculture.【答题思路】本题考查语言和文化的关系分别从语言对文化创造，传播及人们思考方式的影响等角度进行分析Part TwoBritish LiteratureI.Identify theauthors ofthefollowingliterary works10points:

1.Ivanhoe【答案】Sir WalterScott【解析】《劫后英雄传》是沃尔特・斯科特的中世纪传奇小说

2.Dombey andSon【答案】Charles Dickens【解析】《董贝父子》描述了一位英国资产阶级典型代表人物董贝先生所经历的悲剧

3.Finnegans Wake【答案】JamesJoyce【解析】《芬尼根的守灵夜》是爱尔兰作家詹姆斯・乔伊斯的作品在书中乔伊斯将他的意识流技巧和梦境式的风格发挥到了极致该小说彻底背离了传统的小说情节和人物构造的方式，语言也具有明显的含混和暧昧的风格

4.Moll Flanders【答案】Daniel Defoe【解析】《莫尔・夫兰德》又称《凤舞红尘》，作者丹尼尔・笛福该故事发生于17世纪中期的英国，讲述了女主人公摩尔・弗兰德斯的苦难命运

5.Ode tothe WestWind【答案】Percy ByssheShelley【解析】《西风颂》是英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱的诗作全诗共五节，始终围绕作为革命力量象征的西风来加以咏唱全诗气势雄阔，境界奇丽宏伟，具有浓郁的革命浪漫主义特色，通篇采用了象征、寓意手法，含蕴深远

6.IdyllsoftheKing【答案】Alfred Tennyson【解析】《国王的叙事诗》也叫做《国王之歌》或《亚瑟王传奇》，是丁尼生根据流传的亚瑟士故事写著的一部叙事诗，是关于亚瑟上传说的经典版本之一

7.Doctor Faustus【答案】Christopher Marlow【解析】《浮士德博士的悲剧》是马洛最杰出的作品之一它是根据新译成英国的德国民间故事书而写成的，叙述浮士德把灵魂卖给魔鬼，魔鬼供他驱使二十四年，到期他的灵魂被魔鬼劫往地狱的故事

8.Loves LaboursLost【答案】William Shakespeare【解析】《爱的徒劳》是莎士比亚讽刺性最强的一部喜剧，也是一部宫廷喜剧他在剧中以巧妙的情节创造出许多使观众捧腹的笑料，嘲笑了摒弃爱情的禁欲主义，也嘲笑了爱情的盲目性

9.The Schoolfor Scandal【答案】Richard BrinsleySheridan【解析】《造谣学校》是谢立丹的名篇被世人成为风尚喜剧剧中，作者把兄弟两描画成鲜明的对比谢立丹呵斥英国上层社会的虚荣，贪婪和虚伪

10.Clarissa【答案】Samuel Richardson【解析】《克拉丽莎》是英国18世纪重要小说家塞缪尔・理查逊的代表作o这部著名的悲剧小说讲的是美丽娴雅的富家小姐克拉丽莎・哈洛在婚姻上的不幸遭遇

11.Define thefollowingliteraryterms6points:

1.Parody【答案】Parody isan imitationofaparticular writer,artist ora genre,exaggeratingit deliberatelyto producea comiceffect.The humorous effect inparody isachieved byimitatingand overstressingnoticeable featuresofafamous pieceof literature,as incaricatures,where certainpeculiaritiesofaperson arehighlighted toachieve ahumorouseffect.

2.Renaissance【答案】Renaissance inliterature refers to Europeanliterature which wasinfluenced by the intellectualandculturaltendencies associatedwiththe Renaissance.It ischaracterizedby theadoption ofa humanistphilosophy and the recoveryoftheclassical Antiquity.For thewriters oftheRenaissance,Greco-Roman inspirationwas shownboth inthethemesof theirwritingandinthe literaryforms theyused.The worldwasconsideredfrom ananthropocentricperspective.I fallupon±e thornsof liferI bleed!A heavyweight ofhours haschaind andbowd Onetoo liketfiee:tameless,and swift and proud.III.Identify ANDcomment onthefollowingliterary text9points:【答案】1This excerptis fromShelleys poemOdetothe WestWind”.This isa lyricpoem,inwhich the poet turnstothe west windfor help,treating it asakindofsymbol.In hisheart,the westwindstands for the moraland thespirit,since it can givepeople power.In addition,the variousrhetoricmethods makethepoemimpressive andvivid.2The poetexpresses hisyearning forrebirth andresurrection inthis poem.He wants to beastameless,swiftandproud asthe WestWind,forhesuffers endlessly.He hasgone throughenoughemotional distress“I bleed!on accountof unpleasantlife experiencesI fallupon thethornsof lifband needsto putanendtothepain.3The poetsays thatif hewereadead leaforacloud oran oceanwave thatrides thepowerof theAtlantic butis lessfree thanthe uncontrollablewest windor ifeven hewere asstrong andvigorousashewas whenhewasa boyand couldaccompany thewandering windintheheavensand couldonly dreamof travelingfaster,he wouldnever haveprayed tothe westwind ashe isdoingnow inhis hourof need.4Referring againto imageryinthefirst three stanzas,the poetasks thewind tolift him asit woulda wave,a leaf,oracloud;for hereon earthheisexperiencing troublesthat prickhim likethornsand causehim tobleed.He isnow carryinga heavyburden that一though heis proudandtameless andswift likethewestwind-has immobilizedhim inchains andbowed himdown.5In thisstanza,the poetjust wantsto dancefollowing thewind thatcan destroythe oldworldand createa newpicture.In otherwords,thepoetwishes tojoin the revolution tooverthrowthe oldforces.Even ifthepoetwill suffera lotof misery,he stillwantstodo it.Only thewindaccepts him,can hebear anysuffering.This isthe heartofthepoet.【答题思路】本题考查雪莱的诗歌《西风颂》的赏析分别从诗歌的主题，诗中象征手法的运用以及其他写作技巧的角度进行赏析IV.Essay question15points:Please analyzethethemeof A Tale of Two Cities.【答案】1A Taleof TwoCities isoneof Charles Dickensmain worksinhisold time.The authortookthe French Revolution asthe backgroundand tookhumanitarianism asthe flagto displaythebloody horroroftherevolution throughseveral families,tragic storyandadeplorable lovestory.Dickens aimedfor appealingthe authoritytouse benevolence to resist violenceand usemercy tosavethe massin Britain.The authorscolorful humanitarianismviews were fully expressedin thisnovel.2ATaleofTwoCities hasprofound significance.From the historical angle,it vividlydisplayedthe causeoftheFrenchRevolutionand theintense classconflict inFrance andEngland,also thisbook fullydescribed peoplestribulation beforetherevolution;fromtherealistic angle,theauthor sawthe incisivecontradictions throughthe prosperoussurface inEngland,just likethepre-revolutionary France,therefore,he hopedthe rulerscould getexperience fromFrance anddidnot makethesamemistake.3Dickens comparedthetwocities,one waspeaceful,theotherone wasunstable;onecultured apeaceful angel,theotherone cultureda“Godless ofRevenge”.Dickens thoughtrevolutionwas purerevenge and its veryharmful.In thestory,Doctor Manettecould usebenevolencetofacehis enemyand gota newlife,sothecountry shoulddo likethis,thatistochoose peacetoresistrevolution.Taking violenceto revengeonly canbring greatpains toitspeople.Lucy,the peacefulangel,used herlove tohave relievedthe resistancebetween twogenerations.For acountry,the governmentcan playthe roleof Lucytoo;itcanuse peaceto relieveresistancesamong differentclasses atthat time,the mainclasses inEngland werefeudal andbourgeoisie.The humanbeings mustusebenevolenceto savethem bythemselves.That isthemain themeofthisnovel and the purposeofCharlesDickens.【答题思路】本题考查狄更斯作品《双城记》的主题分析首先简要该作品的主要背景和情节，然后在此基础上分析该小说的主题Part ThreeAmerican LiteratureI・Identify theauthors ofthefollowingliterary works10points:

1.Octopus【答案】Frank Norris【解析】弗兰克・诺里斯早期创作有明显的自然主义倾向他晚年所写的《小麦史诗》三部曲，尤其第一部《鲜鱼》，真实地描写了美国西部垄断资本主义对农民的压迫和掠夺，揭示财产不断集中、贫富两极分化不断加剧的过程作品以鲜明的主题，控诉美国垄断资本的势力对美国人民的迫害

2.1919【答案】John DosPasses【解析】多斯・帕索斯的代表作是《美国》三部曲，包括《北纬四十二度》《一九一九年》和《赚大钱》

3.Walden【答案】Henry DavidThoreau【解析】《瓦尔登湖》是美国作家亨利・戴维・梭罗所著的一本著名散文集,记录了作者隐居瓦尔登湖畔，与大自然融为一体，在田园生活中感知自然、重塑自我的奇妙历程

4.My Antonia【答案】Willa Cather【解析】《我的安东妮亚》着力表现的主人公安东妮亚从困惑到顿悟，从艰辛到幸福这一动态过程向来是成长小说的显著主题之一

5.Poor RichardsAlmanac【答案】Benjamin Franklin【解析】《穷人理查德历书》一种箴言集，因为都是写在日历本上，所以叫做年鉴该书每年由本杰明・富兰克林所写，富兰克林用“穷理查”或刊登“理查德桑德斯”化名

6.Emperor Jones【答案】Eugene ONeill【解析】《琼斯皇》是奥尼尔现实主义戏剧和现代派戏剧的转折点，融表现主义、象征主义和现实主义戏剧美学思想为一体

7.Main Street【答案】Sinclair Lewis【解析】《大街》是刘易斯的成名作,作品艺术地再现了二十世纪初美国社会的现实，批判地揭露了资产阶级市价的庸俗心理和生活，向人们揭示了美国病态社会的某些局部细节

8.Young GoodmanBrown【答案】Nathaniel Hawthorne【解析】霍桑的“原罪”创作主题在其有名的短篇力作《小伙子布朗》中被刻画得淋漓尽致，惟妙惟肖，从中读者可以充分明了“原罪”主题的丰富内涵及深刻的社会历史背景

9.Mending Walls【答案】Robert Frost【解析】弗罗斯特在《修墙》中运用他特有的朴素语言和人们熟悉的自然场景，揭示了现代社会人与人之间的关系缺少交流沟通使人们处于冷漠，孤独和封闭的困境之中O

10.Sanctuary【答案】William Faulkner【解析】《圣殿》描绘了一幅被败坏了的南方社会的场景，堪称福克纳揭露和抨击美国南方丑恶现实的最有力的作品

11.Define thefollowingliteraryterms6points:

1.symbol【答案】Symbol isan object,animate orinanimate,that stands for orpoints toareality beyonditself.The cross,for example,isoftenused torepresent suffering.Symbols,however,also indicatetheir ownreality.For example,a crossnot onlystands forsuffering,but italsostandsforChristian suffering.A sunrisenotonlyrepresents newbeginnings butthe beginningofa newday.

2.nihilism【答案】Nihilism isa philosophicaldoctrine thatsuggests thelackofbelief in oneor morereputedly meaningfulaspectsoflife.Most commonly,nihilism ispresented intheformofexistential nihilism,which arguesthat lifeis withoutobjective meaning,purpose,or intrinsicvalue.Thetermis sometimesusedinassociation with anomie toexplain thegeneral moodof despairat aperceivedpointlessness ofexistence thatone maydevelop uponrealising there are nonecessarynorms,rules,or laws.I died for Beauty-but wasscarce Adjusdindie TombWhen Onewho died for truthwas lainIn anadjoining roomIII.Identify ANDcomment onthefollowingliterary text9points:【答案】1This excerptisfrom“I Diedfor Beauty-but WasScarce，whichwaswrittenbyEmilyDickinson.The contentis twodead peoplehaving aconversation abouttheir previouslives.One ofthemdiedfor truth,theotherone diedfor beauty.And thenthey talkedtill mosscomes andcoversup thenames onthe tombs.The themeofitis aboutdeath andmans insignificanceover thecourseof time.2There arethreestanzasinthepoem.The firststanza showsus therearetwocharactersthat bothhave died.The firstperson who diedforbeauty isthe narrator.According tothe word“scarce“we couldeasily knowthat hedid notconform tosociety whenhewasalive.This stanzaalsointroduces anddescribes a new characterthat diedfortruth.The narratorusing amorehonorable toneto introduceshimasifthenarrator feelsthat thisperson diedforagood case.3The toneofthepoemisslight andsoft.The twodifferent peoplesymbolize thepeoplewho havedifferent socialclasses andacceptance.The narratoris placedinoneroom,and theonewho diedfor Truthis placedin another.From theslight changein tonetothevery charactername,the newperson seemsto almosthave dieda hero.The newcharacter isextremely sociallyacceptable,yet thenarrator,whodiedan outcast,isnot.The talkingbetween roomsshows thatafterdeath,societal boundariesare nolonger aseminent asinlife.【答题思路】本题考查迪金森的诗歌《我为美而死》赏析分别从所选片段的内容，主题，基调等角度进行赏析IV.Essay question15points:Why WilliamFaulkners worksare oftencalled the Yoknapatawpha saga”【答案】1Yoknapatawpha Countyisafictional Mississippicounty createdbytheWilliamFaulkner basedupon andinspired byLafayette County,Mississippi,and itscounty seatof Oxford,Mississippi whichFaulkner renamedJefferson.Faulkner oftenrefeiTed toYoknapatawphaCounty as“my apocryphalcounty”.From Sartorisonwards,Faulkner wouldset allbut fourof hisnovelsinthecounty SoldiersPay,Pylon,The WildPalms andA Fablewere setelsewhere,aswell asover50ofhisstories.Absalom,Absalom!includes amap ofYoknapatawpha Countydrawnby Faulkner.2Similar tothewayThomas Hardychronicled thelife oftheEnglishWest chronicledthelife oftheEnglishWest Country,theYoknapatawphaseries iscomposed of14novels andmanystories.It mirrorsthe declineoftheSartoris,Compson,Sutpen,and McCaslinfamilies,therepresentative ofthe oldSouth,and therise ofthe unethicalSnopes familywhich supplantsthosefour bigold families.目录2015年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解2016年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解2017年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解2018年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解3The storiesdeal withthehistorical period fromthe CivilWar uptothe1920s whenfromthe CivilWar uptothe1920s whenthe WWI brokeout,and peoplethe WWI brokeout,andpeople caughtbetweenthepast andthe present,including thearistocrats,the newrich,the poorwhitesandtheblacks.As aresult,Yoknapatawpha Countyhas becomeananallegory ora parableofthe Old Southallegory ora parableoftheOldSouth.4With thisfictional YoknapatawphaCountry asthemainsetting,Faulkner createdaseries ofliterary works.In thisimagined Southernsociety,he portrayedthe upsand downsof somefamiliesandthefamily members9lives whichwerefullof frustrations.He elaboratedthe realsituationsofthehistoricalperiodfromtheend ofthe CivilWar totheearly20thcentury,whichreflected thecultural andpsychological impactontheSoutherners duringthis stateof socialflux.That iswhy Faulkner5s worksare oftencalledtheYoknapatawpha saga”.【答题思路】本题考查福克纳的“约克纳帕塔法县“世系小说分别从该系列小说的地点背景及社会背景，主要内容和主题三个角度进行分析年山东大学专业英语考研真题及详解2018817Part OneLinguisticsI.Define thefollowing terms20points,4points each:

1.polysemy【答案】When a word hastwo ormore meaningsthat arerelated conceptuallyorhistorically,itissaid tobe polysemousor polysemic.Words ofthis kindarecalledpolysemic orpolysemouswords.For example,the wordfoot canmean thepart ofthe bodyattheend ofthe leg,a measurementof lengthabout onethird ofa meterorthebottom ofsomething likethe footof amountain.

2.conversational implicature【答案】Conversational implicature isatypeofimplied meaning,which isdeducedonthebasis ofthe conventionalmeaning ofwords together withthecontext,under theguidanceoftheCP and its maxims.In thissense,implicatureiscomparable toillocutionary forceinspeech acttheory inthat theyarebothconcerned withthe contextualside ofmeaning,or言夕卜之意in Chinese.

3.communicative dynamism【答案】Communicative dynamismCD isbasedonthe factthat linguisticcommunicationisnota staticphenomenon,butadynamic one.It ismeanttomeasure theamountof informationan elementcarries ina sentence.The degree of CD istheeffect contributedby alinguisticelement,foritpushes thecommunication forward

99.Thus ifexamined initsnon-marked use,thesentenceHe wascross couldbe interpretedfromthedegree ofCD asfollows:The lowestdegreeofCDis carried byHe,the highestiscarriedby cross,andthedegree carriedbywas rankingbetween them.

4.linguafranca【答案】Lingua francameans alanguage thatis usedfor communicationbetweendifferent groups of people,each speakingadifferentlanguage.The linguafranca couldbe aninternationallyused language ofcommunication,the nativelanguageofoneof年山东大学专业英语考研真题及详解2015817Part OneLinguisticsI.Make commentsonthefollowing definitionsof linguisticterms Theterm definedisunderlined20points:

1.Linguistics isoften definedasthescience oflanguageorasthe scientific studyoflanguage.【答案】Linguistics isthescientificstudyofhuman language.Linguistics canbebroadly brokeninto threecategories orsubfields:thestudyoflanguageform,that oflanguagemeaning,andthatoflanguageinabroader context.The firstsubfield oflinguistics,thestudyoflanguage structureor grammar,focuses onthe elaborateand formalsystems ofrulesthat arefollowed byfluent languagespeakers.This subfieldencompasses morphology,syntax andphonology.The secondsubfield,thatofmeaning,focuses onhow languageusers maketheinferences requiredto fullyunderstand anotherpersons statementand howambiguity canarise.This subfieldencompasses semanticsand pragmatics.Many othersubdisciplines oflinguisticstackle languagewithinabroader context.These othersubdisciplines oflinguistics include:evolutionary linguistics,historical linguistics;sociolinguistics;psycholinguistics;neurolinguistics;language acquisition,and discourseanalysis.

2.The minimalunit ofmeaning istraditionally calledmorpheme.［答案］Moipheme isthe smallestunit oflanguageinterms ofthe relationshipbetweenexpression andcontent,aunitthat cannotbe dividedinto furthersmaller unitswithoutdestroying ordrastically alteringthe meaning,whether itis lexicalor grammatical.Morphemes areusuallyarbitrary.There isno naturalconnection betweentheir soundand theirmeaning.

3.The techniquefrequently usedintheanalysis ofthe structure ofsentenceswas immediateconstituentanalysis IC analysis,whichisamethodof analyzingsentences intotheir componentparts.【答案】IC analysisreferstotheanalysisofa sentence intermsofits immediateconstituents—words groups,which arein turnanalyzed intothe immediateconstituentsof theirown,andtheprocess goeson untilthe ultimateconstituents arereached.As anewapproachtosentence study,thiskindof puresegmentation issimply dividingasentenceinto itsconstituentelements withouteven knowingwhat theyreally are.ICanalysisisnotarbitrarysegmentation.It mustbe basedonaset ofprinciples,two ofwhich arebasic ones.The firstone isthatdivisions shouldconform tomeaningful relations,i.e.divisions dependon meaningfulrelationsbetween morphemes.Another principleis thatdivisions shouldbe compatiblewith morphologicalrules,the rulesthat determinehow morphemesarecombinedtoformnew words.

4.Presupposition referstothecontext forthe intendedmeaning ofasentencetoberegarded asacceptable.【答案】A presuppositionisanimplicit assumptionabouttheworld orbackgroundbelief relatingto an utterance whosetruth istaken forgranted indiscourse.It issomething thespeaker assumes tobe thecase priorto makinganutterance.So itisthe speaker,not sentence,thathas presuppositionsandthespeakerassumesitis known bylisteners.A presuppositionmust bemutuallyknown orassumed bythespeakerand addresseeforthe utterance tobe consideredappropriatein context.It willgenerally remaina necessaryassumption whetherthe utterance isplaced intheformof anassertion,denial,or question,and canbe associatedwithaspecific lexicalitemor grammaticalfeature presuppositiontrigger intheutterance.

5.Coherence isthe relationshipwhich linksthe meaningof utterancesor sentencesin adiscourse.【答案】Coherence iswhat makesa textsemantically meaningful.It isaconcepttodo withdiscourse ortext ratherthan withsyntax,and itreferstorelations ofmeaningthatexistwithin thetext,and definesitasatext.Discoursal/textual coherencecanberealized byemployingcarious cohesivedevices:conjunction,ellipsis,lexical collocation,lexical repetition,reference,substitution,etc.II.Analyze thefollowing15points:

1.Although wordsarethesmallest ofthe linguisticunits inspeech andwriting,they haveaninternal structure.That is,theyaresaid tobe madeupofmeaningful unitsof theirown,asexemplified inthefollowing.Analyze thestructureofthese words.carefUl一care+fulsadness一sad+nessrealize一real+ize【答案】1carefbl-care+fulThe wordcarefiil canbe analyzed into two parts:“care and-fulinwhich“care”isa freeroot,a basepart ofword“carefUl”.Whats more,itcan also be used without being added to anyother morphemes,“-fill”is regardedas suffix,as itis placedattheend ofthewordand meanwhileitcan onlybe usedtogether withother morphemes.From theabove word,one canwork outa rule:anew wordformofadjective canbe createdby adding-ful”toanoun,such asmeaningful^orhelpfUl”.2sadness一sad+nessThe wordsadness canbe analyzedinto twoparts:sad and-ness“where sadisafreeroot,a basepart ofword“sadness”,and itcanalsobe used without beingadded to any othermorphemes,-ness isregardedassuffix,as itis placedattheend ofthewordand meanwhileit canonlybe usedtogetherwithothermorphemes.From this word,one canwork outa rule:a newwordform ofnoun canbe createdby adding“-ness”toanadjective,such as“happiness orbrightness”.3realize一real+izeThe word“realize“canbeanalyzedintotwoparts:real and-ize wherereal isafreeroot,a basepart ofword“realize”,anditcanalsobeusedwithoutbeingaddedtoany othermorphemes,-ize isregardedassuffix,as itis placedattheendofthewordanditcan onlybeusedtogetherwith othermorphemes.According tothisword,one canworkouta rule:anewwordformof verbcanbe createdby adding“-ize”toanadjective,such as“modernize”or visualize”.

2.Ambiguity involvesexpressions withmore thanone normalinterpretation.Disambiguatethe followingsentence.“Flying planescanbedangerous.”【答案】1The ambiguitycomes from“flying planes”.It canbe decipheredastheplanes that areflying or“to fly planes.Thus,thegivensentence canbe interpretedas“The planesthatareflyingcan bedangerous.or Toflyplanescanbedangerous.As fortheabovetwo meanings,they havethesame surfacemeanings,but theydifferindeep meanings,which canbe clearlyshown bytheirtree diagrams.2The treediagram ofthefirstmeaning:3The treediagram ofthe secondmeaning:III.Distinguish thefollowing linguisticspairs20points:

1.denotation andconnotation【答案】Denotation referstotheliteral meaningofaword,the dictionarydefinition.^For example,if youlook uptheword“snake“inadictionary,you willdiscover thatoneof itsdenotative meaningsis“any ofnumerous scaly,legless,sometimes venomousreptiles,havinga long,tapering andcylindrical bodyand foundin mosttropical andtemperate regions.Connotation,ontheother hand,referstothe associationsthatareconnected toa certainwordortheemotional suggestionsrelated tothat word.The connotativemeanings ofawordexist togetherwiththe denotativemeanings.The connotationsfortheword snake“could includeevil ordanger.

2.syntheticlanguageand analyticlanguage【答案】A syntheticlanguage isalanguagewithahigh morpheme-per-word ratio,as opposedtoalow morpheme-per-word ratioin whatis describedasanisolating language.Thislinguistic classificationis largelyindependent ofmorpheme-usage classificationssuchasfusional,agglutinative,etc.,although thereisacommon tendencyfor agglutinativelanguages toexhibitsynthetic properties.An analyticlanguageisalanguagethat conveysgrammatical relationshipswithoutusing inflectionalmoiphemes.A grammaticalconstruction cansimilarly becalled analyticifit usesunbound morphemes,which areseparate words.IV.Make commentsonthefollowing statementsandexplain howfar youagree ordisagreewith itthem15points:Chinese is typically anintonation languagewhile Englishisa tone language.【答案】Intonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns,each ofwhichisusedwithaset ofrelatively consistentmeanings,either onsingle wordsor ongroupsofwords ofvarying length.In a tone language,different toneslike inmusic,but notas manywill changethe meaningof thewords,even ifthe pronunciationoftheword isthesameotherwise.It isimproper tosay that Chinese istypically anintonation languagewhile Englishisatonelanguage.On thecontrary,its betterto concludethatChineseistypicallyatone language whileEnglishisanintonation language.In atonelanguage,as ismentioned above,tone changesare usedinadifferent way,affectingthe meanings ofindividualwords.In ChinesePutonghua,a syllablesuchasfpa]can haveat leastfourmeanings dependingonthetone onwhich itis spoken.More meaningsare foundif weconsiderthe differentcharacters withthesamepronunciation andtone form.So language,likeChinese,isknownas tonelanguage.However,in English,thereareno tonesexisting ina wordwhichcan distinguishmeaningsofthat word.So Englishcannotberegardedasatonelanguage.As intonationinvolvestheoccurrenceofrecurringfall-rise patterns,in English,for example,the fall-rise tonetypically involvesthe meaningofacontrast withina limitedsetofitems statedexplicitlyor implicitly.The difference in tonechanges themeaningofa groupofwordsand,whenthis happens,itiscalled adifferenceinintonation.The risingtone attheendofanutteranceisoftenused forasking yes-no questionsand showingpoliteness orsurprise,whereas thefalling tonesometimesleads torudeness andabruptness.Thus,its bettersaying thatEnglishisan intonationlanguage.Part TwoBritish LiteratureI.Identify theauthors ofthefollowingliterary works1points:

1.Romeo andJuliet【答案】William Shakespeare。