政法大学博士英语试题和答案

政法大学博士英语试题和答案

一、词汇与语法结构（本题型共15题，每题1分，共15分）（本部分共15题，每题只有一个正确答案，请从每题的四个选项中选出最佳答案）

1.The governmenthas proposednew________to regulatetheuse ofAI incriminal investigations,aiming tobalancetechnological progresswith privacyprotection.A.legislations B.regulations C.laws D.acts

2.After yearsof negotiation,the twoparties finallyreacheda________agreement on the distributionof publicresources,which wasseen as a breakthroughin theirlong-standing dispute.A.plausible B.compatible C.feasible D.viable

3.The judgeemphasized that the defendant’s actionswerenot justa mistakebut adeliberate________of the law,which wouldresult in a heaviersentence.A.violation B.invasion C.obstruction D.disruption

4.It iswidely believedthat________in the legal systemcanlead toa morefair andefficient justiceprocess,butimplementing suchreforms requirescareful considerationofsocial consequences.A.innovate B.innovative C.innovatively D.innovation第1页共15页

5.The professor’s lectureon“The EvolutionofInternational HumanRights Law”was so________that manystudentsstayed afterclass todiscuss furtherdetails.A.illuminating B.confusing C.boring D.tedious

6.The companywas finedfor________to complywithenvironmental protectionlaws,which hadcaused severepollutionto thelocal river.A.failing B.neglecting C.refusing D.omitting

7.The newevidence presentedin court________the previousconclusion,forcing thejury toreconsider thecase.A.undermined B.supported C.strengthened D.confirmed

8.In legalpractice,lawyers oftenneed to________betweenabstract legal principles andconcrete real-world scenariosto provide effectiveadvice to their clients.A.differentiate B.distinguish C.separate D.divide

9.The SupremeCourt’s decisionto hearthe appealhas________the attentionof theentire legalcommunity,as itmayset anew precedentfor similarcases.A.drawn B.attracted C.captured D.focused

10.The lawyerargued that the defendant’s mentalstate atthetime of the crimewas________,and thushe shouldnot beheldfully responsiblefor hisactions.A.impaired B.damaged C.hurt D.injured

11.By theend of the19th century,the________ofconstitutional rightshad beenexpanded significantly,第2页共15页granting moreprotections tocitizens againstgovernmentoverreach.A.scope B.range C.extent D.boundary

12.The internationaltreaty aimsto________transnationalcrime byestablishing commonstandards forlaw enforcementcooperationamong participatingcountries.A.combat B.fight C.struggle D.oppose

13.It iscrucial forlegal professionalsto stayupdatedwith thelatest legal________,as the legal landscapeisconstantly evolvingwith socialchanges.A.evolutions B.developments C.advancements D.innovations

14.The witness’s testimonywas________by contradictionsinhis earlierstatements,making itdifficult forthe jurytotrust hiscredibility.A.weakened B.undermined C.destroyed D.damaged

15.The newlegal frameworkrequires companiesto________more transparencyin theirfinancial reporting,to preventfraudulentpractices.A.enforce B.implement C.carry D.apply

二、阅读理解（本题型共10题，每题2分，共20分）（阅读下列短文，每篇短文后有5个问题，请从每题的四个选项中选出最佳答案）Passage One第3页共15页The roleof legal education inmodern societyhas been asubject ofdebate fordecades.Traditional legaleducationoften focuseson caseanalysis andlegal principles,preparing studentsfor careersin lawfirms,courts,orgovernment agencies.However,with therapid development oftechnology andthe increasingcomplexity of social issues,there isa growingcall forlegaleducation to bemoreinterdisciplinary,integrating fieldssuch aseconomics,sociology,and computerscience.Dr.Li,a professorattheChina Universityof PoliticalScienceand Law,argues that“thelegalprofession todaycannotafford tobe narrow-minded.A lawyerwho onlyknowsthe law is likea doctorwho onlyknows anatomy—they lackthe ability toaddress thefull complexityof aproblem.”Heemphasizes thatinterdisciplinary learninghelps law studentsunderstand thesocial,economic,and politicalcontexts inwhichlaws operate,enabling themtoprovidemore effectivesolutionsto clients.Another keyarea ofreform ispractical training.Many legaleducatorsbelieve thatlaw schoolsshould partnermore withcourts,legal aidorganizations,and businessesto offerinternshipsand mocktrials.These experiencesallow studentstoapply theoreticalknowledge inreal-world settings,develop criticalthinking skills,and buildprofessionalnetworks.For example,a recentsurvey oftop lawfirms found第4页共15页that87%of hiringmanagers prioritizepractical experienceoveracademic performancewhen selectingnew graduates.However,some criticsargue thatadding moreinterdisciplinary courses andpractical trainingwill dilutethefocus on core legalknowledge.They believethat lawstudentsshould firstmaster thefundamentals beforeexploringother fields.Dr.Wang,a seniorfaculty member,responds:“The coreof legaleducation—understanding legalprinciplesand reasoning—should neverbe replaced.Butintegrating otherdisciplines is not aboutreplacing law;it’s aboutenhancing it.A deeperunderstanding ofeconomics,for instance,helps lawyersbetter adviseclients onregulatorycompliance ina globalmarket.”Despite thesedebates,most legal scholars agreethat legaleducationmust evolveto meetthe challengesof the21stcentury.As oneprominent legalreformer putit,“The lawisa toolfor socialchange,and itseffectiveness dependsonhow wellit isapplied in the contextof realhumanproblems.”

1.What is the maintopic of the passageA.The futureof legalcareersB.Reforms in legal educationC.The roleof interdisciplinarylearning in lawD.Practical traininginlawschools第5页共15页

2.According toDr.Li,what is the limitationof alawyerwho onlyknows the lawA.They cannotwork incomplex cases.B.They lacktheabilityto understandsocial contexts.C.They are not preparedfor governmentcareers.D.They cannotanalyze legalprinciples effectively.

3.What doesthe surveymentioned inthe passageshowA.Law firmsprefer academicperformance overexperience.B.Practical experienceis highlyvalued byemployers.C.Most lawstudents needmore internships.D.Mock trialsarenoteffective trainingmethods.4Why dosome criticsoppose reformsinlegaleducationA.They believelawstudentsshould focus oncoreknowledgefirst.B.They thinkinterdisciplinarycoursesare toodifficult.C.They arguepractical trainingis unnecessary for lawcareers.D.They fearreforms willreduce the number of law graduates.

5.What is the conclusionof the passage regardinglegaleducation reformA.Reforms shouldbe delayeduntil moredata isavailable.B.Reforms arenecessary tomeet21st-century challenges.C.Core legalknowledge shouldbe replacedbyinterdisciplinary learning.第6页共15页D.Practical trainingis more important thanacademicknowledge.Passage TwoJudicialindependence iswidely regardedasacornerstone ofthe rule of law.It meansthat judgescan make decisionsbased solelyonthe law andevidence,without interferencefrompolitical parties,government officials,or otherexternalforces.However,achieving truejudicialindependence is not alwaysstraightforward,especially incontextswhere the judiciary isunder pressureto alignwiththe government’s policyagenda.In recentyears,there hasbeen growingconcern abouttheerosion of judicial independencein somecountries.Onecommon tacticis theappointment of judges whoare perceivedtobe politicallybiased.Critics argue that suchappointmentsundermine publictrust inthe judiciary,aspeople questionwhether theircases willbe decidedfairly.To addressthis,many legalexperts advocatefor atransparentand independentjudicial selectionprocess,suchas onethat involvesnon-partisan commissions.Another challengeistheinfluence of public opiniononjudicial decisions.In anera ofsocial mediaand24-hournews cycles,judges mayfeel pressuredto considerpublicsentiment ratherthan thefacts ofa case.This isparticularlyproblematic inhigh-profile cases,where public第7页共15页opinion canbe shapedby media coverage andpoliticalrhetoric.Legal scholarsarguethatjudges mustremainimpartial andfocusonlegalprinciples,even whenpublicpressure ishigh.However,judicial independence is notabsolute.In democraticsystems,the judiciaryis subjectto oversightby otherbranchesof government,such asthe legislatureand executive,to ensureaccountability.This balancebetween independenceand accountability iscrucial.As onelegal philosophernoted,“A judiciarythat iscompletely unaccountablebecomes athreatto democracy,while onethat isoverly controlledlosesits abilityto protectrights.”In China,the conceptof judicialindependenceisdefinedwithin theframework of the country’s socialistlegal system.The Constitutionstipulates that thejudiciaryacts inaccordancewith thelaw andis independentin itswork,freefrom interferenceby anyadministrative organ,publicorganization,or individual.In practice,the Chinesejudiciaryhas madesignificant effortsto enhanceindependence,such asestablishing separatejudicial regionsto reduce localinterference andimproving theselection andpromotionof judgesbased onprofessional competence.Despite theseefforts,challenges remain.For example,thehandling ofsensitive casesinvolving politicalor economicinterestsstill requirescareful balancingbetween ensuringa第8页共15页fair trialand maintainingsocial stability.Legal reformsinChina continueto focuson strengtheningjudicialindependence,transparency,andaccountability,with theultimategoal ofensuring thatjustice isdone forallcitizens.

6.What isthe mainidea ofthe secondparagraphA Theappointment processofjudgesin somecountries.B.The erosionof judicialindependence andits causes.C.The roleofpublicopinion injudicial decisions.D.The relationshipbetween judiciaryand government.

7.Why dolegal scholarscriticize judgesconsidering publicsentimentA.It violatesthe principleof judicialimpartiality.B.It leadsto moremedia coverageof cases.C.It reducesthenumberof high-profile cases.D.It makesjudges moreaccountable to the public.

8.What doesthe passagesay aboutthe balancebetweenjudicial independenceand accountabilityA.They areconflicting andcannot bebalanced.B.Accountability ismoreimportantthan independence.C.Independence shouldbe absoluteto ensurefairness.D.Both arenecessaryfora democraticsystem.

9.According to the passage,how doesChina ensurejudicialindependenceA.By allowingjudges tobe appointedby the government.第9页共15页B.By separatingjudicial regionstoreducelocal influence.C.By limitingmediacoverageof high-profile cases.D.By makingjudges accountabletothelegislature.

10.What isthepassagemainly discussingA.The definitionofjudicialindependence.B.Challenges toand effortsfor judicialindependence.C.The roleofthejudiciary indemocratic systems.D.The relationshipbetween judiciaryand publicopinion.

三、完形填空（本题型共20题，每题1分，共20分）（阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳答案，使短文连贯、完整）The rule of lawisthefoundation ofany modernsociety.Itensures thatall individualsand institutions,including thegovernment,are subjecttothelaw,and thatjustice isapplied

11.Without the rule of law,societies wouldlackstability,and conflictswould beresolved throughforcerather thanreason.One ofthe keyprinciples ofthe ruleof lawis legality—theidea thatall actionsofthegovernment mustbe basedonclear legalprovisions.This meansthat thegovernment cannotactarbitrarily;its powersare definedand limitedby law.For example,inademocracy,laws12thegovernment’sauthority tomakedecisions,and citizenshave theright tochallengeany actionthat exceedsthis authority.第10页共15页Another importantprinciple isequality beforethelaw.Thismeans thatno oneis abovethelaw,regardless oftheirsocial status,wealth,or politicalpower.In practice,thisrequires thatthelegal system treatsall individuals13,providing equalaccess tojustice andfair treatmentincourts.However,the ruleoflawisnotjust abouthaving lawson thebooks;it isalso abouthow theselaws are

14.Even themostcomprehensive legal system isineffective iflaws arenotenforced fairlyand consistently.This iswhy legalprofessionals,including judges,prosecutors,and lawyers,play acritical rolein ensuringthatthelawisapplied

15.In recentyears,the riseof digitaltechnologies hasposednew challengestotheruleoflaw.For instance,the spreadofonline platformshas madeit easierfor criminalstooperate acrossborders,and newforms ofevidence such asdigital datahave16questions abouthow toapplytraditional legalprinciples.Legal systemsmust adapttothese changesto ensure that theyremain17and effective.Another challengeisthegap betweenlegal theoryandpractice.In manycountries,laws maybe well-drafted,butthe implementationprocess isoften hinderedby corruption,inefficiency,or lackof resources.This gapunderminespublic trustinthelegalsystem,as citizensmay perceive第11页共15页thatthelaw benefitsonly certaingroups ratherthan societyasa whole.To addressthese challenges,governments andlegalprofessionals mustwork togetherto strengthentheruleoflaw.This includesimproving legaleducationto培养法律人才,enhancing judicialindependence,and increasingtransparencyin legalprocesses.It alsorequires investingin theinfrastructureofthelegalsystem,suchasmodern courtsandefficient lawenforcement agencies.Ultimately,theruleoflawisnota staticconcept;itevolves associeties change.As onelegalscholarobserved,“The lawmust keeppace withthe needsofthepeople,andthe peoplemust respectthelawif itis toserve themwell.”By upholdingthe principlesof legality,equality,and fairness,societies canbuild amore justand stablefuture.

11.A.fairly B.equally C.justly D.honestly

12.A.restrict B.limit C.control D.restrict

13.A.differently B.similarly C.equally D.fairly

14.A.written B.enacted C.applied D.established

15.A.correctly B.fairly C.properly D.uniformly

16.A.raised B.brought C.posed D.created

17.A.relevant B.applicable C.effective D.functional

18.A.training B.educating C.cultivating D.developing

19.A.even B.still C.yet D.also第12页共15页

20.A.by B.with C.in D.on

21.A.However B.Moreover C.Therefore D.Otherwise

22.A.but B.and C.or D.so

23.A.such B.these C.those D.the

24.A.process B.procedure C.practice D.execution

25.A.trust B.confidence C.belief D.faith

26.A.needs B.demands C.requirements D.requests

27.A.together B.hand inhand C.side byside D.collectively

28.A.enhancing B.improving C.increasing D.building

29.A.static B.fixed C.rigid D.unchanging

30.A.serve B.help C.benefit D.assist

四、翻译（本题型共10题，每题3分，共30分）（本部分共10题，分为A、B两节，A节为英译汉，B节为汉译英，请将划线部分或句子翻译成中文或英文，每小题3分）A.英译汉（本题共5题，每题3分，共15分）

31.The legalsystem mustbalance theprotection ofindividualrights withthe maintenanceofsocialorder,asboth areessential fora functioningsociety.

32.In recentyears,there hasbeenagrowing recognitionthatAI technologies,if notproperly regulated,may posesignificantrisks toprivacy anddue processoflaw.

33.The judge’s decisionto excludethe evidencewas basedonthe argumentthat ithad beenobtained throughan illegal第13页共15页search andseizure,violating thedefendant’s constitutionalrights.

34.Legal professionalsare expectedto actwith integrityanduphold thehighest ethicalstandards,as theirrole insocietyis toensurethatjustice isadministered fairly.

35.The rapiddevelopmentofinternational tradehas ledtoan increasein cross-border disputesthat requirea moreunifiedand flexibleinternational legalframework.B.汉译英（本题共5题，每题3分，共15分）

36.法律的权威源于人民的内心拥护和真诚信仰，这是法治建设的根本所在

37.在法治社会中，每个公民都应享有平等的权利，也应承担相应的义务，法律面前人人平等是社会公平正义的基石

38.司法公正是社会公平正义的一道防线，司法机关必须严格依法办事，确保每一起案件都经得起法律和历史的检验

39.随着全球化的深入发展，法律人才需要具备国际视野和跨文化沟通能力，以应对日益复杂的跨国法律问题

40.法律教育不仅要传授法律知识，更要培养学生的批判性思维和解决实际问题的能力，为社会输送高素质的法律人才

五、写作（本题型共1题，共25分）（请根据以下题目和要求，撰写一篇不少于250词的英语短文，观点明确，逻辑清晰，并注意语言的准确性和连贯性）题目On theResponsibilities ofLegal Scholarsin theDigitalAge要求第14页共15页

1.分析数字技术对法律领域带来的主要挑战；

2.阐述法律学者在应对这些挑战时应承担的责任；

3.结合实例说明法律学者如何履行这些责任答案汇总

一、词汇与语法结构

1.B

2.D

3.A

4.D

5.A

6.A

7.A

8.B

9.C

10.A

11.A

12.B

13.B

14.B

15.B

二、阅读理解

1.B

2.B

3.B

4.A

5.B

6.B

7.A

8.D

9.B第15页共15页。