英文逻辑考试专项试题及答案

英文逻辑考试专项试题及答案

一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）

1.Ifallstudentsstudyhard,thenallstudentspasstheexam.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueiftheconclusionisfalseA.Somestudentsdonotstudyhardandsomestudentspasstheexam.B.Allstudentsdonotstudyhardandallstudentspasstheexam.C.Somestudentsdonotstudyhardandallstudentspasstheexam.D.Allstudentsdonotstudyhardandsomestudentspasstheexam.【答案】A【解析】TheoriginalstatementisIfP,thenQ.IfQisfalse,Pmustalsobefalse.However,amongtheoptions,onlyAlogicallyfitsthiscondition.

2.WhichofthefollowingisavalidlogicalargumentA.Allmenaremortal.Socratesisaman.Therefore,Socratesisnotmortal.B.Allbirdscanfly.Pigeonsarebirds.Therefore,pigeonscanfly.C.Allsquaresarerectangles.Somerectanglesarenotsquares.Therefore,somesquaresarenotrectangles.D.Alldoctorsareintelligent.Somedoctorsarenotintelligent.Therefore,someintelligentpeoplearenotdoctors.【答案】B【解析】OptionBfollowstheformofavalidcategoricalsyllogism.

3.Inalogicalsequence,whichstatementshouldcomenext

1.Allmammalsarewarm-blooded.

2.Whalesaremammals.

3.Therefore,whalesarewarm-blooded.

4.Fisharenotmammals.A.1B.2C.3D.4【答案】D【解析】Thelogicalsequenceshouldfollowthepremisesandconclusioninacoherentmanner.

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisanexampleofdeductivereasoningA.Theskyisbluebecauseitreflectsthebluelightofthesky.B.Ifitrains,thegroundwillbewet.Itisraining.Therefore,thegroundiswet.C.Ilikereadingbooks.Therefore,Imustbeastudent.D.Allapplesarefruits.Thisisanapple.Therefore,itisafruit.【答案】B【解析】OptionBisaclassicexampleofdeductivereasoningwithaclearconditionalstructure.

5.WhichofthefollowingisalogicalfallacyA.AppealtoauthorityB.RedherringC.CircularreasoningD.Alloftheabove【答案】D【解析】Alltheoptionslistedarelogicalfallacies.

6.IfAllcatsareanimalsandAlldogsareanimals,whichofthefollowingstatementsmustbetrueA.Allcatsaredogs.B.Allanimalsarecatsordogs.C.Somecatsaredogs.D.Someanimalsareneithercatsnordogs.【答案】D【解析】Thestatementsgivendonotimplyanydirectrelationshipbetweencatsanddogs.

7.Inalogicalargument,whichofthefollowingisavalidconclusionA.Allbirdscanfly.Penguinsarebirds.Therefore,penguinscanfly.B.Allmenaretall.Johnisaman.Therefore,Johnistall.C.Allsquaresarerectangles.Somerectanglesarenotsquares.Therefore,somesquaresarenotrectangles.D.Allstudentsstudyhard.Somestudentspasstheexam.Therefore,allstudentspasstheexam.【答案】B【解析】OptionBfollowsavalidformofcategoricalsyllogism.

8.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisanexampleofinductivereasoningA.Allmenaremortal.Socratesisaman.Therefore,Socratesismortal.B.Thesunhasriseneverymorning.Therefore,thesunwillrisetomorrow.C.Ifitrains,thegroundwillbewet.Itisraining.Therefore,thegroundiswet.D.Allapplesarefruits.Thisisanapple.Therefore,itisafruit.【答案】B【解析】OptionBisanexampleofinductivereasoningbasedonobservation.

9.WhichofthefollowingisavalidlogicalequivalenceA.PimpliesQ.Therefore,QimpliesP.B.PorQ.Therefore,notPimpliesQ.C.IfP,thenQ.Therefore,ifnotQ,thennotP.D.PandQ.Therefore,PimpliesQ.【答案】C【解析】OptionCrepresentsthecontrapositive,whichisavalidlogicalequivalence.

10.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisatautologyA.PornotPB.PandnotPC.PimpliesPD.Alloftheabove【答案】A【解析】OptionAisatautologybecauseitisalwaystrueregardlessofthetruthvalueofP.

二、多选题（每题4分，共20分）

1.WhichofthefollowingareexamplesoflogicalfallaciesA.AppealtoauthorityB.RedherringC.StrawmanD.CircularreasoningE.Adhominem【答案】A、B、C、D、E【解析】Alltheoptionslistedareexamplesoflogicalfallacies.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaretrueinlogicalreasoningA.IfPimpliesQ,thennotQimpliesnotP.B.IfPorQ,thennotPimpliesQ.C.IfPandQ,thenPimpliesQ.D.IfPimpliesQ,thenQimpliesP.E.IfPorQ,thenPimpliesQ.【答案】A、B、C【解析】OptionsA,B,andCarevalidlogicalimplications.

3.WhichofthefollowingareexamplesofdeductivereasoningA.Allmenaremortal.Socratesisaman.Therefore,Socratesismortal.B.Thesunhasriseneverymorning.Therefore,thesunwillrisetomorrow.C.Ifitrains,thegroundwillbewet.Itisraining.Therefore,thegroundiswet.D.Allapplesarefruits.Thisisanapple.Therefore,itisafruit.E.IfP,thenQ.Therefore,ifnotQ,thennotP.【答案】A、D、E【解析】OptionsA,D,andEareexamplesofdeductivereasoning.

4.WhichofthefollowingareexamplesofinductivereasoningA.Allmenaremortal.Socratesisaman.Therefore,Socratesismortal.B.Thesunhasriseneverymorning.Therefore,thesunwillrisetomorrow.C.Ifitrains,thegroundwillbewet.Itisraining.Therefore,thegroundiswet.D.Allapplesarefruits.Thisisanapple.Therefore,itisafruit.E.IfP,thenQ.Therefore,ifnotQ,thennotP.【答案】B【解析】OptionBisanexampleofinductivereasoningbasedonobservation.

5.WhichofthefollowingarevalidlogicalequivalencesA.PimpliesQ.Therefore,QimpliesP.B.PorQ.Therefore,notPimpliesQ.C.IfP,thenQ.Therefore,ifnotQ,thennotP.D.PandQ.Therefore,PimpliesQ.E.PornotP【答案】C、E【解析】OptionsCandEarevalidlogicalequivalences.

三、填空题（每题4分，共16分）

1.Inalogicalargument,ifPimpliesQandQisfalse,then______mustbefalse.【答案】P

2.Thelogicalfallacywhereanargumentispresentedasvalidbyusingirrelevantinformationiscalled______.【答案】Redherring

3.Astatementthatisalwaystrueregardlessofthetruthvalueofthecomponentsiscalleda______.【答案】Tautology

4.Theprocessofdrawinggeneralconclusionsfromspecificobservationsiscalled______.【答案】Inductivereasoning

四、判断题（每题2分，共10分）

1.IfPimpliesQ,thenQimpliesP.（）【答案】（×）【解析】Thisisnotnecessarilytrue.Theimplicationdoesnotgobothways.

2.Alllogicalfallaciesarethesameintheirstructureandimpact.（）【答案】（×）【解析】Logicalfallaciescanvarywidelyintheirstructureandimpact.

3.Deductivereasoningalwaysleadstoatrueconclusionifthepremisesaretrue.（）【答案】（√）【解析】Deductivereasoning,ifvalid,alwaysleadstoatrueconclusionifthepremisesaretrue.

4.Inductivereasoningcanleadtofalseconclusionsevenifthepremisesaretrue.（）【答案】（√）【解析】Inductivereasoningisbasedonprobabilityandcanstillleadtofalseconclusions.

5.Atautologyisastatementthatisalwaysfalse.（）【答案】（×）【解析】Atautologyisastatementthatisalwaystrue.

五、简答题（每题4分，共12分）

1.Whatisthedifferencebetweendeductiveandinductivereasoning【答案】Deductivereasoningstartswithageneralstatementandexaminesthepossibilitiestoreachaspecific,logicalconclusion.Inductivereasoningstartswithspecificobservationsandmovestowardageneralconclusion.

2.Whatisalogicalfallacy,andwhyisitimportanttoidentifytheminarguments【答案】Alogicalfallacyisanerrorinreasoningthatweakensthevalidityofanargument.Identifyinglogicalfallaciesisimportanttoensurethatargumentsarebasedonsoundreasoningandtoavoidbeingmisledbyflawedlogic.

3.Whatisatautologyinlogic,andcanyouprovideanexample【答案】Atautologyisastatementthatisalwaystrue,regardlessofthetruthvalueofthecomponents.Example:PornotP.

六、分析题（每题10分，共20分）

1.Analyzethefollowingargumentanddetermineifitisvalidorinvalid:Allbirdscanfly.Penguinsarebirds.Therefore,penguinscanfly.【答案】Theargumentisinvalid.ThepremiseAllbirdscanflyisfalsebecausenotallbirdscanflye.g.,penguins.Therefore,theconclusiondoesnotlogicallyfollowfromthepremises.

2.Analyzethefollowingargumentanddetermineifitisvalidorinvalid:Ifitrains,thegroundwillbewet.Itisnotraining.Therefore,thegroundisnotwet.【答案】Theargumentisvalid.Itfollowstheformofavalidcontrapositive.IfthepremiseIfitrains,thegroundwillbewetistrue,thenIfthegroundisnotwet,itisnotrainingisalsotrue,makingtheconclusionvalid.

七、综合应用题（每题20分，共40分）

1.Considerthefollowingpremises:-Allmammalsarewarm-blooded.-Alldogsaremammals.-Somedogsarenotpets.Basedonthesepremises,whatconclusionscanbelogicallydrawnProvideastep-by-stepreasoningprocess.【答案】Step1:FromAllmammalsarewarm-bloodedandAlldogsaremammals,wecanconcludethatalldogsarewarm-blooded.Step2:FromSomedogsarenotpets,wecanconcludethatthereexistsatleastonedogthatisnotapet.Therefore,theconclusionsare:-Alldogsarewarm-blooded.-Thereexistsatleastonedogthatisnotapet.

2.Considerthefollowingargument:-Ifitissunny,thenitisnotraining.-Itissunny.Therefore,itisnotraining.IsthisargumentvalidProvideastep-by-stepreasoningprocess.【答案】Step1:TheargumentisintheformIfP,thenQ.P.Therefore,Q.Step2:Here,PisItissunnyandQisItisnotraining.Step3:Theargumentisvalidbecauseitfollowstheformofavalidconditionalstatement.IfthepremiseIfitissunny,thenitisnotrainingistrue,andthepremiseItissunnyistrue,thentheconclusionItisnotrainingmustalsobetrue.Therefore,theargumentisvalid.---标准答案

一、单选题

1.A

2.B

3.D

4.B

5.D

6.D

7.B

8.B

9.C

10.A

二、多选题

1.A、B、C、D、E

2.A、B、C

3.A、D、E

4.B

5.C、E

三、填空题

1.P

2.Redherring

3.Tautology

4.Inductivereasoning

四、判断题

1.（×）

2.（×）

3.（√）

4.（√）

5.（×）

五、简答题

1.Deductivereasoningstartswithageneralstatementandexaminesthepossibilitiestoreachaspecific,logicalconclusion.Inductivereasoningstartswithspecificobservationsandmovestowardageneralconclusion.

2.Alogicalfallacyisanerrorinreasoningthatweakensthevalidityofanargument.Identifyinglogicalfallaciesisimportanttoensurethatargumentsarebasedonsoundreasoningandtoavoidbeingmisledbyflawedlogic.

3.Atautologyisastatementthatisalwaystrue,regardlessofthetruthvalueofthecomponents.Example:PornotP.

六、分析题

1.Theargumentisinvalid.ThepremiseAllbirdscanflyisfalsebecausenotallbirdscanflye.g.,penguins.Therefore,theconclusiondoesnotlogicallyfollowfromthepremises.

2.Theargumentisvalid.Itfollowstheformofavalidcontrapositive.IfthepremiseIfitrains,thegroundwillbewetistrue,thenIfthegroundisnotwet,itisnotrainingisalsotrue,makingtheconclusionvalid.

七、综合应用题

1.Alldogsarewarm-blooded.Thereexistsatleastonedogthatisnotapet.

2.Theargumentisvalidbecauseitfollowstheformofavalidconditionalstatement.IfthepremiseIfitissunny,thenitisnotrainingistrue,andthepremiseItissunnyistrue,thentheconclusionItisnotrainingmustalsobetrue.。