完整毕业设计—《设计心理学》

The Frustationsof EverdayLifeIf Iwere placedin thecockpit ofa modernjet airliner,my inabilityto perfromgracefully andsmoothlywould neithersurprise morbother me.But Ishouldnt havetroulb withdoors andswitches,water faucets】「and stoves.Doors canhear thereader sayingyou havetroublr openingdoors yes.I pushdoorsthat aremeant tobe pulled,pull doorsthat should be pushed,and walkinto doorsthat should be slid.Moreover,I seeothers havingthe sametroubles—unnecessary trouble.Thereare psychologicalthat canbefollowed tamake thesethings understandableand usable.Consider the door.There isnot muchyou cando to a door:you canopen itor shutit..Suppose youarein anoffice building,walking downa corridor.You cometo a door.In whichdirection doesit openShouldyoupull orpush,on theleft ortheright Maybethe doorslides.If so,in whichdirection Ihaveseen doorsthat slideup into the criling.A doorposes onlytwo essentialquestions:In whichdirectiondoes itmove Onwhich sideshould onework itThe answersshouldbegiven bythe design,without anyneedfor wordsor symbols,certainly wihoutany needfor trialand error.A friendtolld meof thetime hegot cappedin the doorway ofa postoffice ina Europeancity.The entrancewas animposingrow ofperhaps sixglass swingingdoors,followed immediatelyby asecond,Identical row.thats astandard design:it helpsreducethe airflowand thusmaintain theindoor temperatureof thebuildingMy friendpushed on the side of one of theleftmost pairof outerdoors.It swunginward,and heentered thebuilding.Then,before hecould getto thenext rowof doors,he wasdistracted andturned aroundfor aninstant.He didn7realize itat thetime,hut he had movedslightly tothe right.So whenhe cametothenext doorand pushedit,nothing happened.“Hmm,he thought,“must helocked.So hepushed the side of the adjacejtdoor.Nothing.Puzzled,my feienddecided togo outsideagain.He turnedaroundand pushedagainst thesideofa door.Nothing.He pushedabjacent door.Nothing.thedoorhehadjust enteredno longerworked.Heturned aroundonce moreand triedthe insidedoors again.Noting.Concern,then mildpanic.He wastrapped!Just then,a groupof peopleon the other sideof theentranceway tomy friendfs rightpassed easilythrough bothsets ofdoors.My friendhurriedover tofollow theirpath.How couldsuch athing happenA swingingdoor hastwo sides.One containsthe supportingpillar andthe hige,the otherisunsupported.To openthedoor,you mustpush ontheunsupported edge.If youpushonthe hingeside,nothing happens.In this，case,the designeraimed forbeauty,not utilityNo distractinglines,no visiblepillars,no visiblehiges.So howcan theordinaryuser knowwhich sideto pushon Whiledistracted,my friendhad movedtoard theinvisiblesupporting pillar,so hewas pushingthedoors onthe higedside.No wondernoting happened.Pretty doors.Elegant.Probably wona designprize.The doorsstoiy illustratesoneof the mostimportant principlesof design:visiblity.The correctpartsmust bevisible,and theymust conveythe correctmessage.With doorsthat push,the designermustprovide signalsthat naturallyindicate whereto push.These neednot destroythe aesthetics.Put averticalplate onthesidetobe pushed,nothing ontheother.Or makethe supportingpillars visible.The verticalplateand supportingpillars arcnatural signals,naturally interpreted,without anyneed tobe consciousofthem.I callthe useof naturalsignals naturaldesign andelaborate onthe approachthroughout thisbook.Visibility problemscome inmany forms.My friend,trapped betweenthe glassdoors,sufferedfrom alackof cluesthat wouldindicate whatpart ofadoorshouldbeoperated.Other problemsconcernthe mappingsbetween whatyou wantto doand whatappears tobe possible,another topicthar willbeespanded uponthroughout thebook.Consider onetype ofslide projector.This projectorhas asinglebutton tocontrol whetherthe slidetray movesforward orbackward.One buttonto detwo thingsWhatis themapping Howcan youfigure outhow tocontrol the slides Youcant Nothingis visibleto givetheslighest hint.Here iswhat happenedto mein oneof themany unfamiliarplaces Fvelectured induringmy travelsas aprofessor:The Leitzslide projectorillustrated infigure

1.3has shownup severaltimes,it ledtoarather dramaticincident.Aconscientious studentwas incharge ofshowing myslides,[started mytalk andshowed thefirst slide.When Ifinished withthe firstslideand askedfor thenext,the studentcarefully pushedthe controlbutton anwatched indismany asthe traybacked up,slid outofthe projectorandplopped offthe tableonto thefloor,spilling itsentire contents.We hadto delaythe lecturefifteen minuteswhileI struggledto reorganizethe slides.It wasn7the student,s fault.It wasthe faultof theelegant projector.With onlyone buttontocontrolthe slideadvance,how couldone switchfrom foi^ard toreverseNeither ofus couldfigure outhow tomakethe controlwork.Allduring thelecture theslides wouldsometimes goforward,sametimes backward.Afterward,we foundthe localtechnician,who explainedit tous.A briefpushofthebutton andtheslidewould goforward,a longpush andit wouldreverse.Pity theconscientiousstudent whokept pushingit hard-and long-to makesure thatthe switchwas makingcontact.what anelegant design.Why,it managedto dotwo functionswith onlyone button!But howwas afirst-time useroftheprojector toknow this日常生活中的烦恼如果我不能熟练灵活地使用现代喷气式飞机驾驶舱内的仪表，我不会感到惊讶或不按但我不应该在使用门、开关、水龙头和炉子时出现问题我似乎听见读者在说“门？你不会开门吗？”是的本来应该拉的门，我却用手去推，•应该推的门，我却用手去拉；有时还会撞在滑动推拉门上我看见其他人遇到过也遇到过同样的麻烦一一不必要的麻烦，这里有些心理学原理可以帮助我们设计出用户看得懂而且又方便使用的产品以门为例我们在使用门时，无外乎两种动作；开或关假设你走在办公楼内的走廊上,然后一扇门前停下来，应该从哪个方向开这扇门？是推是拉？从左边是是从右边？也许这是一个滑动拉门，如果真是这样，应该往哪个方向华东？我曾见过往上方开的门，令我颇感惊讶使用门时，我们只会遇到两个基本问题，门应该朝哪个方向开，用户应该往那边用力这些问题的答案应该在门的设计上找到，而无需用文字或字符加以说明，更不应该让用户在英国反复的实验和出错后再找到答案一位朋友向我讲述了他被困在欧洲某城市一家邮局的门道里出不来的情景邮寄的入口很气派，六扇双开式的弹簧门排成一排，紧接着还有一排同种样式的门这是一种标准设计,目的是为了减少空气的流通，从而保持楼内的温度恒定我的这位朋友推开了外边靠左的那扇门，走进了大楼在来到第二排玻璃门之前，他因为某事分心转了个身，当时没有意识到自己往右边移动了一点他来到第二排门前，用力一推，没反应”一定是锁上了”他心想，于是又去推旁边那扇门，还是打不开我的朋友一脸迷惑，决定沿原路返回，便转身去推外面的那扇门，没动静退旁边的那一扇，仍旧没反应他刚刚从这扇门走进来，还是打不开他开始担心起来，甚至有些惊慌一一自己被困在门道里了！正在这时一群人从入口的另一边（我朋友在右边）很轻松的通过了这两道门,于是他赶紧跑过去，跟他们走进了邮局怎么会发生这样的事？双开式弹簧门有两边，一边又固定缓缓走和钱链，另一边可以自由开关开门时，你必须推可以自由开关的那一边，如果推有钱链的那一边，门就不可被打开在上述情景中，设计人员只注意到了门的美观，而未注意到门的易用性结果是，用户在使用这些门时看不到旋轴，一个普通的用户正忙可能知道从一边开门？我的朋友在精力分散时，走到了有固定旋轴一边，他用力推有钱链的那一侧，难怪门纹丝不动不过这些门却相当漂亮雅致，可能还荣获过设计奖呢以上例子说明了设计中的一项重要原则客观性正确的草垛部位必须显而易见；而且还要向用户传达出正确的信息在设计那些用力推才能打开的门时，设计人员必须让用户一看见门，就知道往哪个部位推应该推的那一侧贴上垂直金属板，或将固定旋轴显露出来一一这并不影响门的美观垂直金属板和固定旋轴属于自然信号，可以被用户直接感知到我爸这种对自然信号的使用称作自然设计，并还将在本书中详细探讨这一方法可视性问题有多种表现形式我的朋友呗困在两排玻璃门之间，是应为他看不到任何有关操作部位的线索可视性问题的其他表现形式是关于用户操作示意图和可能的操作方法之间的匹配，这是本书将要讨论的另一个话题以某种类型的投影仪为例，这种投影仪仅靠一个按钮来控制幻灯片槽的前后运动一个按钮被赋予两种功能？如何进行匹配？你怎样才能知道控制幻灯片的方法？你不可能知道，应为你在投影仪上看不到任何操作方法的提示一下是我在某个不熟悉的地方讲学时遇到一件事我在各处讲学的过程中，有好几次看到莱茨牌的投影仪首次使用时，发生了一起戏剧性的事故那次是一名办事认真的学生负责帮我放映幻灯片当我讲完第一张幻灯片，需要用第二张幻灯片时，那名学生很细心地按下了控制钮只见幻灯片槽开始往后移动，竟然滑出了投影仪，从桌上“哗啦”一声掉下来槽内的幻灯片洒落一地学生大为惊愕，我也赶紧重新整理幻灯片，讲座因此推出即了分钟但这不是学生的过错，而是这台式样雅致的投影仪的问题/5只用一个按钮来控制幻灯片的前后运动我们谁也搞不明白该如何操作在讲座的整个过程中，有需要幻灯片往前放，有时需要往后倒后来，我们向当地的技术人员求救他解释说，轻轻按一下控制钮，幻灯片就会往前放；按的时间长一些，幻灯片就会往后翻转而我那位可怜的学生！他很认真，在按控制钮是相当卖力，为确保按钮接触到开关，他还特意多按了一会儿多么雅致的设计，一个按钮竟然具有两个功能！但初次使用这种投影仪的人怎么可能知道这些？.A《设计心理学》唐纳德.诺。