初二下期中英语阅读主旨概括专练及答案

期中英语阅读主旨概括专练ASome primaryschoolchildren have been raisedin homeswith moregreen spacearound.They arelikelyto comewith larger volumes of white and grey matter in certainareas of the brain.Thesedifferences areassociated（关联）with beneficialeffects oncognitive function（认知功能）・This isthemain conclusionof astudy ledby theBarcelona Institutefor GlobalHealth.（接触）The study was performedamong253schoolchildren inSpain.Lifelong exposureto greenspacein theliving placeswas recorded-using theinformation on the childrensaddresses frombirth upthroughto thetime of the study.Brain structurewas studiedusing3D（）（注意力不集中）magnetic resonanceimaging MRI.Working memoryand inattentivenessweregraded withcomputers.This isthe firststudy thatshows theassociation betweenlong-term exposureto green space andbrainstructure.Says Dr.Payam Dadvand,the leadingresearcher of the study.Our findingssuggestthat exposureto green space earlyin lifecould resultin beneficialstructural changesin the brain.”The findingsshow thatlong-term exposureto greennessis positivelyassociated withwhite andgreymatter volumesin severalparts of thebrain.Some of them arerelated tohigher scoreson cognitivetests.Moreover,largervolumesofwhiteandgreymatterinthose partsmight leadto betterworkingmemory andless inattentiveness.Exposure to nature has been thoughtto benecessary forbrain developmentin children.Anotherstudy of2,593children showsthat childrenin schoolwith moregreen spacehave agreater increaseinworking memoryand agreater decreasein inattentiveness.Humans arebelieved to be tiedto nature.Playing ingreener areasoffers childrenopportunities tosearchand learn.Accordingly,greenspaceis thoughtto promptimportant exercisesin discovery,creativity andrisk taking.These exercisesin turnpositively influencebrain development.Dr.Dadvands studysuggests howsuch structuralchanges couldbring aboutthe beneficialeffectsof greenspaces oncognitive development.It alsoadds to the proofthat suggeststhe lastingeffects ofearlylife exposureto greennesson ourhealth and the benefitsof increasinggreenness incities.，Further studiesare neededto provethe findingsin otherpopulations settingsand climates.Andresearchers needto examinedifferences accordingto thenature andquality ofgreenspace.

27.The secondparagraph ismainly about__________________________________________How thestudywasperformedHuge WavesDestroying ArcticIce Fasterthan Expected（北冰洋）Ice coversmuch of the ArcticOcean Somepieces ofice arehuge,like movingislands.As temperatureshave increased,however,some of the icehas begunto disappear.Scientists have（海浪）discovered huge waves in the arcticwaters.The waveswere discoveredby accidentin May,

2010.Scientist AlekseyMarchenko andhisstudents setout ona trip.They wantedto studythe icy waters.On May2,the shiptraveled eastand stoppednext to a largechunkof icearound50miles fromthe smallisland ofHopen.Marchenkoprepared tolead hisstudents outonto the ice.We wereready togo butwhen Iwent out,I discoveredmany（裂缝）cracks around,he remembers.He decidedto movethe shipdeeper into the ice to keepsafe.The fartherin theywent,he thought,the harderthe icewould become.As theypushed forward,however,the shipexperienced smallwaves,and thenbigger ones.Soon,the wavesbroke up theicearound theship intothousands ofsmaller pieces.Within anhour,Marchenko andhis teamsaw awave thatwas about13feet high.The ships（航行）navigation systemfinally recordedthe largestwaves.They weremore than20feet inheight.Thewaves wereso strongthat theyforced hugepieces ofice tojump upand down,breaking theice intosmallerpieces withinjust onehour.Scientists hadnever imaginedthat the process couldhappen sofast.The wavesin theseareas usedto besmall.The speedand forceofthehuge wavesthere makesit impossibleto knowin advancewhen theyarecoming.That couldbe dangerousfor navigatorsand localcommunities whoare unpreparedfor hugewavesor dependon seaicetoprotect them.Wildlife likepolar bearsand walrusesthat dependon seaiceto liveis alsoin danger.Some scientiststhink peoplewill soonsee evenbigger wavesin theseicywaters.As wavesbreakup ice,the seaswill becomemore open,andthewaves willget evenstronger.There arestormy timesahead.

38.What isParagraph7mainly aboutTheimpact ofhuge waveson humansand wildlifein Arctic.The dangersofthehugewavesto peopleand wildlifein Arctic.CNature and culture areoften seenas oppositeideas.What belongstonaturecannot bethe resultofhuman activitiesand,ontheother hand,cultural developmentis achievedagainst nature.However,thisis notthe onlyopinion onthe relationshipbetween natureandculture.Studies in the development ofhumans suggestthat culture,whether takenas aneffort againstnature ora naturaleffort,is part ofthe（物种）.developmentofthe human species（斗争）Several modernwriters sawtheprocessof educationas astruggle againsthuman nature.Weare bornwith wildnatures,such aseating andbehaving ina disorganizedway oracting selfishly.Education usesculture as a way to getus out of ourwildest natures；it isthanks toculture that the human（适应）,species couldlearn to adapt progressand raiseitself aboveand beyondother species.Over thepast centuryand ahalf,however,studies inthe historyof humandevelopment haveshown（打that theformation of culture ispartofthe biologicaladaptation.Consider,for example,hunting猎）.It seems to be an adaptation,which allowedhumans tomove intonew anddifferent areas,opening（武器）uptheopportunity tochange livinghabits.At thesame time,the developmentof weaponsisrelated tothat adaptation-from rocksand stonestoaset ofhunting tools,and fromhunting toolsto rulesrelatingtotheproper useof weapons.Hunting alsoseems to be responsiblefor awhole setof bodilyabilities,such asbalancing onone foot.Just thinkof howthis verysimple thingis closelyrelated todance,a keyexpression ofhuman culture.It isthen clearthat biologicaldevelopment andculturaldevelopment areclosely tied.The transmissionof cultureseemsto be directlyrelated towhats inour blood.Just assnails carrytheirshell,so dowe bring along ourculture.However,culture is also passedon amongpeople ofthesame timesor amongpeople belongingto differentpopulations.We canlearn howto makejiaozi evenifwe wereborn fromRussian parentsin Parisjust aswe canlearn howto speakEnglish evenif none of ourfamilyor friendsspeaks thatlanguage.

30.What isParagraph2mainly aboutEducationpushes thehuman speciesto progress.（适应）Education usesa toolof cultureto pushhuman speciestoadaptand progress.Education usesa toolofcultureto promotethe adaptationand progressofthehumanspecies.DIts somethingwe knownaturally:flowers make people happy.Thats whywe givethem asgifts tootherswhen theyneed cheeringor buysome forour homeswhen wewant tobringalittle lifeand joy.But isthis justa matterof traditionor isthere reallysomething specialabout flowersthat makespeoplelift spiritsThetruth is that theidea that flowers havea noteworthyability to makepeoplehappy isntjust an（观察）,unplanned observationits actuallya judgmentsupported byscience.A behavioralstudy conductedat Rutgers,the StateUniversity ofNew Jersey.122men andwomenwere giveneither aflower orother things.Those who got flowerssmiled moreand talkedmore.Researchers foundthatflowerscan immediatelyinfluence peopleshappiness,making themsmile andexpressjoy whenthey receivethem.（参与者）However,this effectisnt disappearing.In thelong-term,participants ofthe studyreportedfeeling lessstressed andanxious afterreceiving flowers,and expresseda highersense ofenjoymentand lifesatisfaction.Most interestingly,these positiveeffects dontstop atjust them;theyalso reachtheir friendsand families.Tn thestudy,the presenceof flowersled toincreased relationwithfamily andfriends.（明显We cansee thatthe positiveeffects ofhaving flowersaround thehouse aremeasurable的）,but canwe understandwhy it isthatflowers areso goodat makingus happyDr.Jeannette,aProfessor ofPsychology atRutgers,says,“Flowers canmake thespace morewelcoming andcreate asharingenvironment.Indeed,being ableto helppeople connectwith oneanother couldbeapossibleexplanation fbrflowers powerfulinfluence,as closerelationships havebeen shownto bethe biggest（因素）factor thatkeeps peoplehappy.The Rutgersresearchers thoughtthatthehappy-making effects（刺激）of flowerscould comedown tothe sensorystimuli theyprovide,like pleasantsmells andbeautifulcolors,or theircommon meanings,having longbeen seenasasymbol ofpositive thingslikelove,friendship,and caring.In anyevent,for whateverreason itmay bethe case,theres nodoubt thatflowers justlight upsomethinginside of us thatmakes usfeel happyand alive.

29.What doesParagraph5mainly tellusHow flowershave positiveeffects onpeople.How flowerspositively affectpeople bycreating awarm environment,providing sensoryStimuli,and carryingpositive meanings./sti mjolai/.段落内容分析1第五段主要描述了花通过以下具体方式提升幸福感营造温馨环境（如促进人际连接）；提供感官刺激（如香味和颜色）；象征积极意义（如爱和友谊）这些内容更侧重于具体机制和方式（how）,而非探讨花为何（why）能产生这些效果.语言线索2段落开头提到“我们可以看到花的积极作用是可测量的，但我们能理解**为什么**花如此让人开心吗？”（暗示是一个问题）“why”后续内容则通过列举具体机制（如环境、感官、象征）来解释“how”，而非深入探讨的本质原因“why”.结论3如果选择会让人误以为段落是在探讨花产生效果的根本原因（如生物学或心理学机制），“why”,而实际内容是描述具体方式因此，更符合段落主旨“how”EDo youknow thatover1/3of allfood producedinthe world goesto wasteAccording tothe（）（十亿）United NationsUN,every yeararound theworld,about onebillion tonsof food is wasted.At thesame time,there arenearly onebillion peoplewhogohungry.Simply1/4ofthe food wastedisenough tokeep themoutofhunger.In addition,the wastedfood producesover threebillion tonsof（）（气候）carbon dioxideCO2,which speedsup climatechange.What canwe doto solvethis foodwasteproblem（需求）.One effectivesolution isbalancing foodproduction withdemand Inhotels andothersimilar places,special instrumentsshould beused sothat cookingspecialists justprepare andcook foodasit isordered.（减少）Another effectivesolution isstarting programsto reducefood waste.Stores andbuyerscan trytheir besttobecreative infood wastereduction.For example,stores canprovide customerswithinstructions tellingthem howto makefull useof food.Buyers cantry notfixing theireyes onlyon food（质量）.ofthebest qualitySometimes,thefoodof non-top qualityisalsogood enoughto eat,or canbebought andthen usedtomakedelicious dishes.One ofthe hardestsolutions toachieve isfor eachand everyone tobuy andprepare foodwith aplanof theirown sothat lessfoodiswasted.Challenging asitis,the useof mealplans inpreparing foodcanplay animportant rolein endingfood wasteinthefamily.Food recyclingis oneoftheknown solutions.Efforts arenow alreadyin progress.Food thatis notsafefor humansto eatis recycledinto otherproducts suchas animalfeeds andclothing.Yet,there isstilla longwaytogo andmuch forimprovement inthis area.In aword,food wastehasbeenoneofthe biggestproblems intheworldthat haveinfluenced usgreatly.Many solutionshavebeenfound andmany moreare yettobeworked out.If eachofuscan putinmore efforts,food wasteis suretobereduced forthe goodof ourfuture.family arehard toput intopractice.

3.What isthe passagemainly aboutSolutionstothefood wasteproblem.。